原发性急性闭角型青光眼视网膜神经纤维层厚度变化研究

目的 观察原发性急性闭角型青光眼(APACG)首次发作后6个月内视网膜神经纤维层厚度(RNFLT)变化规律.方法 用光学相干断层扫描仪(OCT)测量首次单侧发作的APACG患者(24例)在眼压控制后3 d内、2周、1月、3月和6月时的双眼RNFLT,比较双眼各时间点RNFLT.对侧眼在发作眼眼压控制后3d内及6月时的RNFLT与正常人(55名55只眼)比较.结果 发作眼平均RNFLT在眼压控制后3 d内(121.49±23.84)μm,较对侧眼明显增加(P＜0.01);2周(107.22±24.72)μm和1月(93.58±18.37)μm与对侧眼的差异无统计学意义(P=0.31和0.08);3月(84.10±19.89)μm和6月(78.98±19.17)μm较对侧眼明显减少(P＜0.01).发作眼不同时间点的RNFLT变化均有统计学意义(P＜0.01～0.048).对侧眼在发作眼眼压控制后3 d内及6月的RNFLT和正常人比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.13～0.98).结论 APACG发作后RNFL厚度即有明显增加,发作后2周至1个月RNFL厚度趋向正常,1个月后RNFL厚度逐渐变薄,至术后6个月RNFL厚度较对侧眼和正常人明显减少.     

Changes in retinal nerve fibre layer, optic nerve head morphology, and visual field after acute primary angle closure

Aims/Purpose

To determine and correlate the long-term changes in retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness, optic nerve head (ONH) morphology, and visual fields after a single episode of acute primary angle closure (APAC).

Methods

This was a cross-sectional comparative study of patients at National University Hospital (Singapore) from 2000 to 2006 after an episode of unilateral APAC. The peripapillary and macular RNFL were measured using Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) and ONH configuration was assessed using Heidelberg Retina Tomography (HRT)-III. Humphrey perimetry was also performed, and the presence of disc pallor was noted. APAC eyes were compared with fellow eyes as matched controls.

Results

Twenty-five patients were assessed at a median of 33 months (range, 11–85 months) after APAC. OCT showed that there was a reduction in the peripapillary and outer macular RNFL thickness in APAC eyes compared with controls. Humphrey perimetry revealed significantly reduced mean deviation (P=0.006) and increased pattern standard deviation (P=0.045) in APAC eyes compared with controls. HRT-III showed no difference in mean rim area, rim volume, or cup–disc ratio between APAC eyes and controls. Disc pallor was present in nine APAC eyes (36%) but was absent in fellow eyes (P=0.002), and was associated with peripapillary RNFL thinning, visual field loss, and an increased interval between the onset of symptoms and normalization of intraocular pressure (P=0.023).

Conclusion

APAC results in peripapillary and outer macular RNFL loss, visual field defects, and optic disc pallor, even in cases in which the ONH configuration remains unchanged.     

Longitudinal changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness after acute primary angle closure measured with optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE: Longitudinal follow-up of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness after an episode of acute primary angle closure (APAC) using Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: Seventeen patients who had experienced a single unilateral APAC episode (intraocular pressure, >50 mm Hg) were enrolled. The average and superior, temporal, inferior, and nasal quadrant RNFL thicknesses of the affected and fellow eyes at 1, 4, and 12 weeks after remission were compared by using StratusOCT. The relationship between average RNFL thickness and interval of follow-up were evaluated with regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean duration of the APAC episode was 13.8 hours (range, 3-40). Comparison of the average and four quadrant RNFL thicknesses in the affected eyes longitudinally showed significant differences between 1 and 4, and 1 and 12 weeks, but not between 4 and 12 weeks. The average and four-quadrant RNFL thicknesses for the affected eyes were greater than the analogous values for fellow eyes at 1 week. In contrast, the inferior- and superior-quadrant RNFL thicknesses for the affected eyes were lower at 4 and 12 weeks, whereas the average and nasal quadrant values for the affected eyes were lower than those in fellow eyes at 12 weeks. Average RNFL thickness for the affected eyes was correlated with the interval of follow-up by using inverse regression analysis (P < 0.001; R(2) = 0.60). Controlling for duration of APAC episode, the interval of follow-up on RNFL thickness reduction remained significant (P < 0.001, r = -0.69). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated an initial increase in diffuse RNFL thickness after a single APAC episode, followed by a subsequent decrease.     

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the fellow eyes of normal-tension glaucoma patients with unilateral visual field defect

PURPOSE: To quantitatively evaluate retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in the fellow eyes of normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients with unilateral visual field defect. DESIGN: Observational case-control study. METHODS: Twenty-nine NTG patients with unilateral visual field defect were enrolled in this study. All 29 fellow eyes showed normal visual field. Thirty-one normal eyes of 31 subjects served as controls. The RNFL thickness around the optic disk was determined using Fast RNFL thickness (3.4) of optical coherence tomography. Average and segmental (4 quadrants and 12 clock- hours) RNFL thickness measurements were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: RNFL thicknesses were significantly different among the three groups in the average, superior quadrant (11 and 12 clock-hour segments), and inferior quadrant (6 clock-hour segment) (P = .00, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests). CONCLUSIONS: RNFL thickness reductions are already present in the fellow eyes of NTG patients with unilateral visual field defect.     

Measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer in primary acute angle closure glaucoma by optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE: To detect the objective structure changes of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in primary acute angle closure glaucoma (PAACG) and to evaluate the efficacy of quantitative assessment of RNFL thickness with optical coherence tomography (OCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty patients who had unilateral PAACG attack in the first 4 months after remission and 40 single eyes from 40 normal controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. For all cases, PAACG had resolved after treatment. Using the Stratus OCT, the RNFL was assessed in both eyes within 2 weeks after PAACG, and again after 4 months. The OCT parameters were compared among normal controls, the unaffected fellow eyes, and the attacked eyes within 2 weeks and at 4 months after remission. Of the 40 patients, 14 PAACG patients underwent 5 times measurements, respectively, within 2 weeks and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months after intraocular pressure was controlled. Differences between affected eyes and fellow eyes for the mean RNFL thickness at various periods after remission were also compared. RESULTS: RNFL of the PAACG eyes became thicker (average: 142.6+/-22.9 microm) within 2 weeks and thinner (average: 83.6+/-19.8 microm) at 4 months after acute strike compared with the fellow unaffected and normal eyes. Significant differences were demonstrated comparing the average and 4-quadrant RNFL thicknesses for the attacked eyes with those of the normal controls (P<0.001 to 0.001) and fellow eyes (P<0.001 to 0.002) using 1-way analysis both within 2 weeks and at 4 months after remission. There was significant difference in the RNFL thickness among the 5 time points after intraocular pressure controlled in the acute strike group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using OCT, RNFL thickness was found to increase in eyes immediately after an episode of PAACG followed by a decrease in RNFL thickness over time (up to 3 mo). This detection can aid in better understanding the pathologic retinal changes involved in PAACG, and help in the assessment and management of these patients.     

FD—OCT对原发性急性闭角型青光眼视网膜厚度和体积的测量

背景原发性急性闭角型青光眼（PAACG）大发作后可引起不同程度的视功能损害,了解PAACG发作眼视盘及黄斑区视网膜的结构改变对于判断患眼的预后具有重要的临床意义。傅里叶域OCT（FD-OCT）是测量视网膜结构的有用工具。目的采用FD—OCT对PAACG大发作后视盘区视网膜神经纤维层厚度（RNFLT）、黄斑区厚度以及黄斑区体积的变化进行测量,并与正常眼进行比较。方法采用病例对照临床试验方法。收集2011年4月至2012年2月在温州医学院眼视光医院确诊为PAACG且有一侧眼大发作的患者25例,并纳入同期年龄和性别相匹配的正常志愿者25人25眼为正常对照眼,于PAACG患眼大发作后2周由同一位操作熟练的检查者采用FD—OCT测量患者发作眼、对侧眼和正常对照眼RNFLT、黄斑区厚度及黄斑区体积。结果PAACG发作后2周内发作眼组视盘区平均RNFLT值为（125．72±28．57）μm,明显高于对侧眼组的（108．36±9．31）μm和正常对照眼组的（106．10±10．97）μm,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;此外,发作眼组视盘上方、下方、鼻侧象限RNFLT值均明显高于对侧眼组和正常对照眼组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而视盘颞侧象限和颞下象限RNFLT值的差异均无统计学意义（P=0．081、0．766）。发作眼组、对侧眼组和正常对照眼组黄斑区视网膜平均厚度分别（283．72±18．33）、（280．28±16．85）和（289．14±10．60）“m,3个组间黄斑区各象限视网膜厚度值差异无统计学意义（FH镕=2．048,P=0．136）,其中对侧眼组视网膜厚度值均明显低于正常对照眼组（P〈0．05）,发作眼组与正常对照眼组间差异无统计学意义（P=0．224）。发作眼组、对侧眼组和正常对照眼组黄斑区总体积分别为（5．589±O．355）、（5．532±0．325）和（5．720±0．241）mm。,黄斑区各象限体积比较差异无统计学意义（F＊。=1．027,P=0．363）。各组外环各象限厚度值均明显小于内环厚度值,内环及外环黄斑区视网膜厚度值均呈鼻侧〉上方〉下方〉颞侧的趋势。PAACG患者发作眼和对侧眼在视盘内环颞侧、上方、鼻侧、下方和外环颞侧、中央区黄斑区厚度值及其体积值均明显低于正常对照眼,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论PAACG发作眼发作2周内视盘区RNFL水肿比黄斑区更明显,发作眼和对侧眼的黄斑区视网膜均比正常对照眼变薄,其黄斑区体积均小于正常对照眼。     

Changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness after acute primary angle closure

PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in the first 16 weeks after acute primary angle closure (APAC) using scanning laser polarimetry (SLP). DESIGN: Prospective, observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-seven Asian subjects with APAC. METHODS: For all cases, APAC had resolved after treatment, and the study was conducted during the follow-up period after the acute episode. Using the GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer (Laser Diagnostic Technologies, San Diego, CA), the RNFL was assessed in both eyes 2 weeks after APAC, and again after 16 weeks. The SLP parameters were compared between week 2 and week 16 within affected and fellow eyes. A multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to analyze factors likely to influence RNFL outcome. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Superior and inferior average RNFL thickness. RESULTS: The mean age of study subjects was 60.1+/-10.3 years (range, 46-91 years), and most subjects were female (68%) and Chinese (86%). In APAC eyes, the superior average RNFL thickness decreased from 63.8+/-13.6 microm to 61.4+/-11.2 microm (P = 0.04) and the inferior average RNFL thickness decreased from 69.5+/-14.4 microm to 66.3+/-12.6 microm (P = 0.005). There was also a decrease in inferior ratio (P = 0.008) and ellipse modulation (P = 0.02). In the fellow eyes, there was no difference found between week 2 and week 16 for any of the SLP parameters studied. Logistic regression analysis showed no significant association between developing a 10% reduction in either superior or inferior RNFL thickness with age, gender, history of ischemic risk factors, duration of symptoms during APAC, the level of presenting intraocular pressure (IOP), or the development of a rise in IOP between study visits. CONCLUSIONS: After an episode of APAC, superior and inferior average RNFL thickness was found to decrease significantly from week 2 to week 16.     

急性闭角型青光眼大发作后视网膜神经纤维层厚度的变化

目的观察急性闭角型青光眼大发作后视网膜神经纤维层厚度的改变。方法应用相关光断层扫描（OCT）测量急性闭角型青光眼大发作患者发病及治疗后的视网膜神经纤维层厚度的改变,在同期测量36只眼正常成人的视网膜神经纤维层厚度作为对比。病例入选标准为急性闭角型青光眼单眼大发作患者,能够配合进行OCT检测。测量时间为人院后当天、经治疗眼压下降至正常范围后1、3、6个月。结果符合人选标准并完成随访的病例共36例。在入院当天视网膜神经纤维层厚度较正常对照组增加（P〈0．05）。眼压正常后1、3、6个月,平均视网膜神经纤维层厚度较正常对照均明显下降（P〈0．05）,并随时间推移呈逐渐下降趋势。在眼压下降到正常范围后的1—3个月内视力逐渐上升,而在3～6个月内视力基本稳定。眼压下降到正常后,在整个随访期内均处于正常范围,但是随着时间的推移有逐渐上升的趋势。结论眼压的急性升高在早期可造成视网膜神经纤维层平均厚度增加,以上、下方为主。在经过治疗眼压降至正常范围内后,视网膜神经纤维层厚度逐渐下降、变薄。     

Scanning laser polarimetry in patients with acute attack of primary angle closure

PURPOSE: To compare the retinal nerve fiber layer measurements of attacked eyes with their fellow eyes after a single unilateral attack of acute primary angle closure (APAC). METHODS: Patients with a single episode of APAC in 1 eye, successfully treated with laser peripheral iridotomy, were recruited. Eyes with persistently raised intraocular pressure (IOP) after resolution of the acute attack were excluded. Scanning laser polarimetry was carried out at 6 months after remission of the acute attack. The various parameters between the attacked and the fellow eyes were compared using the Student t-test. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients (24 female and 2 male, mean age 66.9+/-8.1 years) were recruited. The duration of the APAC ranged from 5 to 98 hours (mean, 36.3 hours). The mean presenting IOP during the acute attack was 62.0+/-9.4 mm Hg. Only the mean inferior ratio and the ellipse modulation showed a statistically significant difference between the attacked and the fellow eyes among the 12 standard scanning laser polarimetry measurement parameters. CONCLUSION: No severe retinal nerve fiber layer damage was documented in eyes that suffered a single episode of APAC with duration of attack up to 48 hours. With duration of attack longer than 48 hours, retinal nerve fiber layer damage was detected.     

急性闭角型青光眼急性发作早期的视网膜神经纤维层厚度变化特征分析

目的　观察急性闭角型青光眼急性发作早期视网膜神经纤维层厚度的变化特点。方法　收集急性闭角型青光眼单次急性发作患者４５例,在病程２周内采用光学相干断层扫描（ｏｐｔｉｃａｌｃｏｈｅｒｅｎｃｅｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＯＣＴ）测量双眼视网膜神经纤维层（ｒｅｔｉｎａｌｎｅｒｖｅｆｉｂｅｒｌａｙｅｒ,ＲＮＦＬ）厚度,将发作眼与对侧眼的数据进行比较,并分析ＲＮＦＬ厚度与治疗前眼压、高眼压持续时间和年龄的相关性。结果　急性发作眼ＲＮＦＬ厚度为（１１８．８０±３８．４５）μｍ,上方、下方、鼻侧、颞侧分别为（１４８．６７±５８．５９）μｍ、（１５９．８０±５７．８２）μｍ、（８９．６０±３１．３７）μｍ、（７９．４７±２７．５４）μｍ;对侧眼ＲＮＦＬ厚度为（９８．２０±１６．８９）μｍ,上方、下方、鼻侧、颞侧分别为（１２０．１３±２３．６１）μｍ、（１３１．６０±２７．４１）μｍ、（７４．０１±１８．０７）μｍ、（６７．８０±１３．４１）μｍ。急性发作眼比对侧眼的ＲＮＦＬ厚度增加,且发作眼上方、下方、鼻侧和颞侧各个象限的ＲＮＦＬ较对侧眼均增厚,差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。急性发作眼的ＲＮＦＬ厚度与治疗前眼压呈正相关（ｒ＝０．３７０,Ｐ＜０．０５）,与高眼压持续时间呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６０３,Ｐ＜０．０１）;与年龄无关（ｒ＝－０．３１７,Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论　急性闭角型青光眼单次急性发作后,ＲＮＦＬ明显水肿,这种变化可持续到发作后２周,且治疗前眼压越高、高眼压持续时间越长,ＲＮＦＬ水肿越严重。     

Quantification of optic nerve head topography in optic neuritis: a pilot study

AIMS: To investigate optic nerve head topography in patients with optic neuritis compared to controls using the Heidelberg retina tomograph-II (HRT-II) and to determine if detected changes are related to visual function and electrophysiology. METHODS: 25 patients with a previous single episode of unilateral optic neuritis and 15 controls were studied with HRT-II, visual evoked potentials, and pattern electroretinogram. Patients also had testing of visual acuity, visual field, and colour vision. RESULTS: In affected eyes compared to fellow eyes, there was reduction of both the mean retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness at the disc edge (p = 0.009) and the neuroretinal rim volume (p = 0.04). In affected eyes compared to control eyes, the three dimensional optic cup shape measure was increased (p = 0.01), indicative of an abnormal cup shape. There were no other significant differences in HRT-II measures. Within patient interocular difference correlation was used to investigate the functional relevance of these changes and demonstrated associations between RNFL thickness change and changes in visual acuity, visual field, and colour vision. Colour vision change was also associated with change in neuroretinal rim volume. CONCLUSIONS: HRT detects functionally relevant changes in RNFL thickness and neuroretinal rim volume between eyes affected by optic neuritis and unaffected fellow eyes.     

The damage patterns of retinal nerve fiber layer in acute and chronic intraocular pressure elevation in primary angle closure glaucoma

 Purpose: To observe the differences of damage patterns of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) between acute and chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: Twenty four patients (48 eyes) with unilateral acute PACG (APACG) attack in the 6 months after remission and 36 patients (64 eyes) with chronic PACG (CPACG) were included in this prospective study. For all cases, IOP has been controlled less than 21 mm Hg after treatment. Using stratus OCT, the RNFL thickness was assessed in eyes with PACG within 3 days, 2 weeks, 1, 3 and 6 month after IOP controlled. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the time course of changes after IOP controlled in RNFL thickness in both acute attack and unaffected fellow eyes of APACG and eyes with CPACG. Results: The mean RNFL thickness (μm) for the APACG-attacked eyes increased significantly within 3 days (121.49±23.84) after acute strike and then became thinner along with time (107.22±24.72 at 2 week, 93.58±18.37 at 1 month, 84.10±19.89 at 3 month and 78.98±19.17 at 6 month). In APACG-attacked eyes, there were significant differences of average RNFL thickness among 5 different times after IOP was controlled (P ＜ 0.001). In the APACG unaffected fellow eyes and CPACG eyes, there were no significant differences in mean RNFL thickness among 5 different times (F = 0.450, P = 0.104 in APACG unaffected fellow eyes and F = 1.558, P = 0.200 in CPACG eyes). There was significant difference for interaction between time periods and groups (F = 1.912,P = 0.003). Conclusion:  RNFL damage patterns are different under different IOP elevated courses. In APACG, RNFL was found to be swollen and thickening right after acute attack and then becomes thinning and atrophy along with the time, while RNFL was found to be diffused thinness in CPACG.     

急性闭角型青光眼视网膜神经纤维层改变的一年动态观察

目的观察急性闭角型青光眼视网膜神经纤维层（RNFL）厚度在发病后不同时间段的变化特征。设计前瞻性病例系列。研究对象2007—2009年就诊的急性闭角型青光眼单眼发病者35例35眼。方法人选患者经过临床治疗后眼压控制正常，利用相干光断层扫描（StratusOCT3）技术在发病后2周、3个月、6个月和12个月进行双眼RNFL扫描，并对发作眼压与RNFL厚度进行相关性分析。主要指标RNFL厚度。结果发作后2周发作眼RNFL明显较对侧眼增厚，分别为（141．85±25．22）μm、（112．95±10．54）μm（P=-0．000）；第3个月时两眼没有差异，RNFL厚度分别为（112．38±16．15）μm、（112．26±16．04）μm（P=0．966）；6个月时发作眼较对侧眼稍薄，分别为（101．22±14．06）μm、（108．65±15．03）μm（p=0．021）；12个月时发作眼明显较对侧眼薄，分别为（92．29±13．05）um、（106．77±14．90）μm（P=0．000）。发作眼在观察期内RNFL进行性变薄（阽51．48，P=0．000），而对侧眼则无显著改变（F=1．599，P=0．192）。早期（3个月内）眼压越高，RNFL越厚（r=0．692，P=-0．000），但在12个月RNFL的变化中，发作眼压与之无显著相关（r=0．242，P=0．081）。结论急性闭角型青光眼发作眼缓解后RNFL仍进行性丢失，发作时眼压的高低并不是决定最终病变的惟一因素；对侧眼在12个月的观察中也存在一定程度RNFL损害，其临床意义有待进一步研究。     

Changes in circumpapillary retinal vessel density after acute primary angle closure episode via OCT angiography

Purpose

To investigate the changes and evaluate the diagnosis value of circumpapillary vessel density (VD) in cases of acute primary angle closure (APAC).

Design

Case–control study.

Methods

APAC patients with a history of unilateral acute attack were enrolled. The eyes with acute episode constituted the case group while the contralateral eyes without attack consisted of the control group. Ophthalmic examinations including slit-lamp examination, best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure and visual field were carried out. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) were measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, while VD was assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography.

Results

The whole en face image vessel density (wiVD), circumpapillary vessel density (cpVD) and inside disk VD for both all vessels and capillary were all significantly lower in the APAC eyes compared to the fellow eyes (P?<?0.01 for all). In APAC eyes, the wiVD, inside disk VD and cpVD both for all vessels and capillary were all positively correlated with RNFL and GCC thicknesses but negatively correlated with the mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD) and the duration of acute attack (all P?<?0.01). From the ROC curve, the cpVD_cap, wiVD_cap, cpVD_all and wiVD_all all showed comparable diagnostic ability with RNFL, GCC and MD to differentiate eyes with APAC from the fellow eyes (all P?>?0.05). The inside disk VD_cap and VD_all demonstrated significant lower diagnostic ability than the cpVD_cap, wiVD_cap, cpVD_all and wiVD_all (all P?<?0.001).

Conclusions

In APAC eyes, circumpapillary VD decreased significantly compared with the fellow unaffected eyes. They were significantly correlated with thicknesses of RNFL and GCC, and visual field MD and PSD in the APAC eyes. The patients with longer duration of acute attack were more likely to have lower cpVD. For APAC, the diagnostic ability of wiVD and cpVD was similar with RNFL, GCC and MD and was higher than inside disk VD.

     

In vivo retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography predicts visual recovery after surgery for parachiasmal tumors

PURPOSE: Restoration of visual function after neurosurgery for parachiasmal tumors is variable and unpredictable. The current study was conducted to determine whether in vivo retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements predict the visual recovery of such patients. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing surgical resection of parachiasmal lesions were prospectively assessed before surgery with a neuro-ophthalmic examination, involving standard automated visual field (VF) testing and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of RNFL thickness, which was the prespecified marker for axonal loss. Tests were repeated within 6 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Thinner preoperative RNFL thickness was associated with worse visual acuity (VA) and VF mean deviation (MD). Patients with normal preoperative RNFL had significant improvement in mean VA after surgery, from 20/40 to 20/25 (P = 0.028), whereas patients with thin RNFL did not improve (20/80 to 20/60, P = 0.177). Eyes with normal RNFL showed improvement in MD (-7.0 dB before surgery, -3.5 dB after surgery, P = 0.0007) unlike eyes with thin RNFLs, which had no significant improvement after surgery (-15.3 dB before and -13.3 dB after surgery, P = 0.191). RNFL thickness increased by 1% after surgery among all eyes (P = 0.04). Eyes with severe VF defects (MD 相似文献   

Choroidal expansion as a mechanism for acute primary angle closure: an investigation into the change of biometric parameters in the first 2 weeks

BACKGROUND/AIM: Choroidal expansion with anterior movement of the lens was recently proposed as a mechanism for acute primary angle closure (APAC). The aim of this study was to compare the biometric parameters, central anterior chamber depth, limbal chamber depth, lens thickness, and lens position, within 24 hours of presentation and 2 weeks later in eyes with APAC. METHODS: This was a prospective observational case series of 41 subjects with APAC. Subjects who presented with APAC were treated with medical therapy followed by laser iridotomy (LI) in both eyes once the acute attack was broken. Ocular biometry was performed in affected and fellow eyes before LI (baseline) and then 2 weeks later. Optical pachymetry was used to measure central anterior chamber depth (ACD) and the limbal chamber depth (LCD) was graded at the slit lamp. A-scan ultrasound was used to measure lens thickness (LT) and axial length (AL). Lens position (LP) was defined as ACD +(1/2)LT. RESULTS: The majority of subjects were Chinese (83%) and female (61%), and the mean age was 60.4 (SD 10.3) years. In affected eyes, the ACD was 1.81 (0.29) mm before and 1.80 (0.28) mm 2 weeks after LI (p = 0.63), while in fellow eyes, the ACD was 1.83 (0.29) mm and 1.81 (0.38) mm, respectively (p = 0.21). There was no significant change in lens position, relative lens position, or axial length in both affected and fellow eyes over the 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: There was no change observed in central anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, or lens position at the time of the acute attack compared to 2 weeks later in both APAC affected and fellow eyes. The findings do not support the hypothesis of lens movement due to choroidal expansion in APAC.     

Quantitative assessment of structural damage in eyes with localized visual field abnormalities

PURPOSE: To evaluate the pattern of structural damage in the macula and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser polarimetry (SLP-VCC) in glaucomatous eyes with localized visual field defects. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional analysis. METHODS: Complete examination, automated achromatic perimetry (AAP), Stratus OCT imaging (512 A-scans) of the peripapillary retina and macula, and SLP-VCC imaging of the peripapillary RNFL were performed. Thickness values in the retinal segments associated with the visual field defect (glaucomatous segments) were compared with corresponding segments across the horizontal raphe (nonglaucomatous segments) and age-matched normal controls. RESULTS: Forty eyes of 40 patients (20 normal, 20 glaucomatous) were enrolled (mean age, 71 +/- 10 years; range, 50 to 89). Mean RNFL thickness using SLP-VCC and OCT in the nonglaucomatous segments of glaucomatous eyes (54.0 +/- 9.7 microm, 64.7 +/- 19.0 microm) were significantly (P =.009, <0.0001) reduced compared with the thickness measurements in the corresponding segments of age-matched normal subjects (62.5 +/- 9.2 microm, 105.6 +/- 19.0 microm) respectively. No significant (P =.4) differences in the macular thickness measurements were observed between nonglaucomatous (239.0 +/- 19.4 microm) and normal segments (243.5 +/- 15.0 microm). Compared with age-matched controls, RNFL thickness in the nonglaucomatous segment was abnormal in 15 of 20 patients (75%) with SLP-VCC and in 18 of 20 patients (90%) with OCT. Macular thickness in the nonglaucomatous segment was abnormal in 11 of 20 patients (55%). CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse RNFL and retinal ganglion cell loss is present in eyes with localized visual field abnormalities. Detection of localized changes in macular thickness is limited by measurement overlap among normal and glaucomatous eyes.     

Evaluation of changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual functions in cases of optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis

Context:

Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning has been demonstrated in cases of optic neuritis (ON) and multiple sclerosis (MS) in Caucasian eyes, but no definite RNFL loss pattern or association with visual functions is known in Indian eyes.

Aim:

To evaluate RNFL thickness in cases of ON and MS, and to correlate it with visual function changes in Indian patients.

Settings and Design:

Cross-sectional case-control study at a tertiary level institution.

Materials and Methods:

Cases consisted of patients of (i) typical ON without a recent episode (n = 30:39 ON eyes and 21 fellow eyes), (ii) MS without ON (n = 15;30 eyes) while the controls were age-matched (n = 15; 30 eyes). RNFL thickness was measured using the Stratus 3°CT. The visual functions tested included the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, stereopsis, visual evoked responses, and visual fields.

Statistical analysis used:

Intergroup analysis was done using ANOVA and Pearson''s correlation coefficient used for associations.

Results:

RNFL thickness was reduced significantly in the ON and MS patients compared to the controls (P-0.001). Maximum loss is in the temporal quadrant. Lower visual function scores are associated with reduced average overall RNFL thickness. In ON group, RNFL thinning is associated with severe visual field defects while contrast sensitivity has strongest correlation with RNFL in the MS group.

Conclusions:

RNFL thickness is reduced in ON and MS cases in a pattern similar to Caucasians and is associated with the magnitude of impairment of other visual parameters. Contrast sensitivity and stereoacuity are useful tests to identify subclinical optic nerve involvement in multiple sclerosis.     

Heidelberg retina tomography and optical coherence tomography in normal, ocular-hypertensive, and glaucomatous eyes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) appearance in normal, ocular-hypertensive, and glaucomatous eyes undergoing confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT). DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-eight eyes of 78 consecutive normal (n = 17), ocular-hypertensive (n = 23), and glaucomatous subjects (n = 38) were enrolled. METHODS: Each patient underwent complete ophthalmic examination, achromatic automated perimetry, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Heidelberg Retinal Tomography [HRT]), and OCT. Topographic HRT parameters (disc area, cup-disc ratio, rim area, rim volume, cup shape measure, mean RNFL thickness, and cross-sectional area) and mean OCT-generated RNFL thickness were evaluated in each group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: OCT and HRT assessment of optic disc and RNFL anatomy. RESULTS: OCT RNFL thickness showed no difference between normal and ocular-hypertensive eyes (P = 0.15) but was significantly less in glaucomatous eyes (P < 0.001). HRT measurements of rim area, cup-disc ratio, cup shape measure, RNFL thickness, and RNFL cross-sectional area were significantly less in glaucomatous eyes (all P < 0.005) and were correlated with mean OCT RNFL thickness (all P < 0.02). RNFL thickness using OCT or HRT was highly correlated with visual field mean defect during achromatic perimetry (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Both HRT and OCT can differentiate glaucomatous from nonglaucomatous eyes. RNFL thickness measurements using OCT correspond to disc topographic parameters using HRT.     

Interpretation of RNFLT values in multiple sclerosis‐associated acute optic neuritis using high‐resolution SD‐OCT device

Purpose: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as the technique of choice in measuring the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) quantitatively. It is suggested that RNFL reduction may correlate with lesion burden and diffuse axonal degeneration in the whole CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, RNFL changes because of optic neuritis (ON) must be taken into account. Methods: Twenty‐three patients with acute ON (46 eyes) associated with clinical definite MS (23 ON eyes, 23 fellow eyes) and 23 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls were studied. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT) was measured at baseline, using a high‐resolution spectral domain OCT (SD‐OCT) applying circular, peripapillary OCT scans with a novel eye‐tracking mechanism. Results: The internal OCT software was able to identify RNFL atrophy in three out of five of the acute ON eyes and one out of four of the fellow eyes with previous ON episodes. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness of two ON (8.7%) and five fellow eyes (21.7%) was overestimated, thus located within the 95% and 5% confidence interval of the company standard values (not marked pathologic). In contrast, our comparison with age‐ and sex‐matched controls revealed RNFL atrophy suggestive of prior, clinically silent RNFL loss in ON and fellow eyes (30.4%). Conclusion: Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measurements at a single time‐point seem to have a limited role in detecting prior clinically silent optic nerve injury. Our data suggest that affected eyes should be compared with the fellow eyes and a sufficient number of age‐ and sex‐matched controls to allow the detection of even subtle RNFL changes at baseline. The role of OCT for disease monitoring of MS must be evaluated in detail, as ON is often the initial symptom of MS.