Metabolic fate of indeloxazine hydrochloride: alpha-glucoside formation in rats

1. After oral administration of indeloxazine hydrochloride ((+/-)-2-[(inden-7-yloxy)methyl]morpholine hydrochloride) to rats, two conjugates, which were labile to alpha-glucosidase hydrolysis but refractory to beta-glucosidase, were isolated from the urine. 2. Mass spectral and n.m.r. analyses confirmed that these conjugates were alpha-D-glucopyranosides of M-2 (trans-4-(2-morpholinylmethoxy)-1,2-indandiol) and M-3 (trans-6-[[(1,2-dihydroxy-4-indanyl)oxy]-methyl]-3-morpholinone). 3. These are probably the first examples of foreign compounds conjugated with glucose in the alpha-configuration.     

2,2 and 1,2-Bisaralkylmercapto- and -aralkylsulfonylpropanes

2,2- and 1,2-Bisaralkylmercapto- and -aralkylsulfonyl-propanes Condensation of aralkyl mercaptans 2 with acetone by means of hydrogen chloride affords 2,2-bismercapto-propanes 1 , which undergo cleavage to mercaptans 2 and isopropenyl sulfides 3 when heated in the presence of oxygen. Dependent on starting materials and reaction conditions 2 and 3 add together again to give 2,2-bismercapto-propanes 1 or 1,2-bismercapto-propanes 4 , which can be identified by n.m.r. spectroscopy or via the sulfones 5 and 8 , respectively. The addition of mercaptans to isopropenyl sulfides 3 or 9 also allows the preparation of different substituted 2,2- and 1,2-bismercapto-propanes, which can be oxidized to the corresponding dissulfones 10 – 17 .     

Synthesis of 2-[1,2-dihydropyrazol-4-yl]-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents

The synthesis of some 2-[1,2-dihydropyrazol-4-yl]-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives is performed by reacting 4-dithiocarboxylic acid hydrazides of 3-amino-1,2-dihydro-5H-pyrazol-5-one and 3-amino-1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-5H-pyrazol-5-one with carboxylic acid derivatives. The unusual behaviour of 3-amino-1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-5H-pyrazol-5-one towards acetylating agents is described. The antimicrobial activity of some 2-[1,2-dihydropyrazol-4-yl]-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives is tested in a preliminary screening.     

Synthesis of new 2-(aminomethyl)-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxalines and their preliminary in-vivo central dopamine antagonist activity evaluation in mice

In the search for antipsychotic agents that are not associated with extrapyramidal side effects, efforts have been focused on finding selective D4-receptor antagonists and investigating their pharmacology. Our laboratory has developed a synthesis program for new pyrroloquinoxalines with therapeutic potential. We have described the synthesis of some new pyrroloquinoxalines with substituted arylpiperazino or aryltetrahydropyrido chain at position 3 of the quinoxaline ring (2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3a), 2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3b), 2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3c), 2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3d), 2-(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3e), and 2-(4-phenyl1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-ylmethyl)-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3f)). A preliminary pharmacological study of these products was conducted using climbing behaviour induced by apomorphine (2.5 mg kg(-1), s.c.) in mice. The derivatives were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before apomorphine. Haloperidol, chlorpromazine and clozapine were used as references. Among this series, 3b, 3c and 3f revealed a central dopamine antagonist activity. The most active derivative was 3b, which exhibited a profile relatively close to clozapine.     

Formation and removal of pentachlorophenol-derived protein adducts in rodent liver under acute, multiple, and chronic dosing regimens.

We investigated the kinetics of production and elimination of chlorinated quinone adducts of liver cytosolic proteins derived from pentachlorophenol (PCP), following oral administration under acute dosing (0-40 mg/kg body weight [bw] in Sprague-Dawley rats, 0-120 mg/kg bw in F344 rats, and 0-60 mg/kg bw in B6C3F1 mice), multiple dosing (0-60 mg/kg bw/day for 5 days in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice), and chronic feeding (60 mg/kg bw/day for 6 months in F344 rats). We measured adducts of both tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone (Cl4-1,2-BQ) and tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (Cl4-1,4-BQ) following reduction of cysteinyl adducts by Raney nickel and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ratios of Cl4-1,2-BQ to Cl4-1,4-BQ adducts were much greater in mice (0.8-2) than in F344 rats (0.04-0.07), indicating that Cl4-1,2-BQ is an important PCP-binding species in mice but not rats. Following acute administration of 20 mg PCP/kg bw to Sprague-Dawley rats and B6C3F1 mice, the time course of adduct elimination over 14 days followed biphasic kinetics, with a rapid phase representing at least 92% of the adduct burden. Using data from acute experiments, we predicted adduct levels in rats and mice after the multiple- and chronic-dosing regimens. The agreement between predicted and observed levels was good (intraclass correlation coefficients of predicted and observed pairs of logged adduct levels were 0.812-0.921). These results provide evidence that the kinetics of liver protein adducts were not influenced by the dosing regimen of PCP, a recognized toxicant of the liver.     

碘海醇中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇测定方法的改进

目的：建立毛细管柱GC法测定碘海醇中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇残留量的方法。方法：采用OV-1701石英毛细管柱（30m×0．32mm×1．0μm）,氢火焰离子化检测器,程序升温,进样口温度230℃,检测器温度250℃。结果：3-氯-1,2-丙二醇在4．982～398．6μg·mL^-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9997,n=7）,加样回收率为80．0％（RSD=6．6％,n=15）;系统适用性溶液回收率应在60％-90％之间,分析了3批样品,第一批样品中未检出,第二批样品中含量为0．0030％,第三批样品中含量为0．0104％。结论：本法专属性强,灵敏度高,结果准确,可很好地控制碘海醇中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的残留量。     

作用于神经系统药物:吡啶并[1,2-a]嘧啶酮系列化合物的合成

加锡果宁(Ⅰ)是中药野花椒的成分之一,具有较强的镇痛作用和中枢抑制作用。为寻找低毒高效的类似物,我们曾对其进行结构改造,设计合成了系列化合物并进行了药理试验。前文报道的是在母核芳环上引入不同取代基而不改变母核结构,本文进一步对不同母核的类似物进行了合成及药理研究。     

Synthesis and Antiinflammatory and Analgesic Activity of the Products of 3-Imino-(3H)-Furan-2-One Recyclization under the Action of Substituted Hydrazines

A series of 6-aryl-4-(1,5-dimetyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-ylimino)-1,4-dihydro-2H-pyridazin-3-ones and 4-[2-aryl-1-(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrrol-3-ylidenamino]-1,5-dimetyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-ones were synthesized via recyclization of 1,5-dimethyl-4-(5-aryl-2-oxo-furan-3-ylidenamino)-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-ones under the action of substituted hydrazines. Most compounds exhibit weak antiinflammatory and analgesic activity.__________Translated from Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 13 – 16, January, 2005.     

Vascular and anti-platelet actions of 1,2- and 1,3-glyceryl dinitrate.

1. The aim of this study was to investigate whether two metabolites of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), 1,2 and 1,3-glyceryl dinitrate (1,2-GDN and 1,3-GDN) could account for the pharmacological effects of GTN. To this end the formation of nitric oxide (NO) from 1,2- and 1,3-GDN in the presence of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) or endothelial cells (EC) was studied. The effects of various thiols on NO formation from these dinitrates was also evaluated. 2. 1,2-GDN or 1,3-GDN (10(-10)-10(-5) M) caused a dose-dependent relaxation of rabbit aortic strips denuded of endothelium and precontracted with phenylephrine. The dinitrates were less than one tenth as potent as GTN. 3. Incubation of 1,2-GDN or 1,3-GDN (75-2400 microM) with SMC for 30 min led to a concentration-dependent increase in nitrite (NO2-) formation but this increase was less than that produced from GTN. Likewise incubation of 1,2-GDN or 1,3-GDN with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), glutathione (GSH) or thiosalicylic acid (TSA) (all at 1 mM) for 30 min at 37 degrees C produced a concentration-dependent increase in NO2- formation. 4. Platelet aggregation induced by thrombin (40 mu ml-1) was not modified by high concentrations of 1,2-GDN or 1,3-GDN (175-700 microM). However, aggregation was inhibited when platelets were exposed to 1,2-GDN or 1,3-GDN (700 microM) in the presence of SMC (0.24-1.92 x 10(5) cells) or EC (0.8-3.2 x 10(5) cells). These effects were abrogated by co-incubation with oxyhaemoglobin (OxyHb, 10 microM) indicating that they were due to NO release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Tumor inhibiting properties of stereoisomeric [1,2-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]dichloroplatinum(II)-compl exe s, Part I: Synthesis

The synthesis of the stereoisomeric 1,2-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamines (1-4) from meso-1,2-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine and 3-methoxybenzaldehyde by a diaza-Cope-rearrangement and subsequent ether cleavage with BBr3 and their conversion into the [1,2-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]dichloroplatinum(II)-complexes with K2PtCl4 (1-PtCl2 - 4-PtCl2) is described.     

4-(1,2-Benzisothiazol-3-yl)alkanoic and phenylalkanoic acids: synthesis and anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.

Continuing their studies on benzisothiazolyl derivatives, Authors refer to the preparation and pharmacological properties of 4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl) alkanoic and phenylalkanoic acids. All substances were tested for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. As reference compounds, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one and 4-(3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-yl) phenylacetic acid, as prototypes of benzisothiazolinonic derivation. Ibuprofen, as a prototype of substituted arylalkanoic acids, and Phenylbutazone were used. Analysis of the data leaded to the following conclusions. Introduction of the aryl moiety, passing from benzisothiazolylalkanoic to benzisothiazolyl-phenylalkanoic structures, produced a remarkable increase of activity. 2-[4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)phenyl] propionic and 2-[4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)phenyl]butyiric acids showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties comparable to those of Ibuprofen. Substantial differences in variations in activities were observed comparing the properties of benzisothiazolylphenylalcanoic acids with those of the benzisothiazolinonic series, object of preceding studies.     

Studies on condensed-heterocyclic azolium cephalosporins. I. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 7 beta-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2(Z)- alkoxyiminoacetamido]-3-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinium-1-yl)methyl-3- cephem-4-carboxylates.

In our study of the structure-activity relationships of cephalosporins bearing quaternary ammonium groups at the 3 position, we postulated that delocalization of the azolium positive charge would lead to an expanded antibacterial spectrum and increased activity. Since quaternization of condensed-heterocyclic compounds such as imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine gives positive charge delocalization, 7 beta-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2(Z)-alkoxyiminoacetamido] cephalosporin derivatives (1-53) bearing various (imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinium-1-yl)methyl moieties at the 3 position were prepared and their antibacterial activity was determined. As expected, these cephalosporins exhibited potent activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results imply that imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine is a quite useful substituent for improving antibacterial activity and spectrum. The structure-activity studies revealed that a favorable substituent on the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine is the cyano radical at the 6 position of the ring, and ethoxyimino or 1-carboxy-1-methylethoxyimino groups are suitable for the alkoxyimino substituent. Among the cephalosporins tested, 7 beta-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2(Z)- ethoxyiminoacetamido]-3-(6-cyanoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridinium -1-yl)methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylate (45) and 7 beta-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2(Z)-(1- carboxy-1-methylethoxyiminoacetamido]-3-(6-cyanoimidazo[1,2- a] pyridinium-1-yl)methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylate (49) showed good antibacterial activity.     

2-Amino-1,4-naphthochinone und 4-Amino-1,2-naphthochinone als Nucleophile - ein Vergleich

2-Amino-1,2-naphthoquinones and 4-Amino-1,2-naphthoquinones as Nucleophiles - a Comparison Contrary to the behavior of 4-amino-1,2-naphthoquinone ( 1 ). 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone ( 2 ) (Scheme 3) reacts initially with methyleniminium salts by kinetic control to the N-aminomethyl compounds 3 -HX - 6 -HX, which subsequently generate the thermodynamic stable C-Mannich products 7 -HX - 10 -HX. Under the same conditions the 2-N-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones 11 - 13 immediately yield the 3-aminomethyl derivatives 14 -HX - 16 -HX. Comparative experiments with the isomeric 2-phenylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone ( 12 ) and 4-phenylamino-1,2-naphthoquinone ( 17 ) using different aminomethylation methods always show a higher reactivity of the ortho-quinonoid compound. A similar reactivity pattern was observed for the cyclization of the N-primary and secondary amino-quinones 1,2, 12, 17 - 22 , which produce the tetrahydropyrimidines 23 - 43 with 1 mole of primary amine and 2 moles of formaldehyde.     

Determination of glyceryl trinitrate and its two main metabolites in human plasma using a new sensitive gas chromatography method

The aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, GTN, CAS 55-63-0) and its two main stable metabolites; 1,2-dinitroglycerin (1,2-glyceryl dinitrate, GDN, CAS 621-65-8) and 1,3-dinitroglycerin (1,3-GDN, CAS 623-87-0) in human plasma using a capillary gas chromatography method with an electron capture detection. Using the GC conditions, linear calibrations were obtained for 1,3-GDN from 0.14 to 3 ng/mL, for 1,2-GDN from 0.06 to 6 ng/mL, and for GTN from 0.01 to 0.3 ng/mL in plasma samples by the following calibration curve equations: [y = 0.1924x - 0.0088 (r = 0.999)], [y = 0.2273x + 0.0164 (r = 0.995)], [y = 17.434x - 0.0751] for 1,3-GDN, 1,2-GDN, and GTN respectively. The calculated limits of quantification values for GTN, 1,2-GDN, and 1,3-GDN were 0.03 ng/mL, 0.2 ng/mL, and 0.15 ng/mL respectively. This method was verified with a bioequivalence study of an Iranian brand of oral sustained release nitroglycerin with an innovator formulation.     

Solubilization of dopamine D2 receptors with a zwitterionic detergent DCHAPS

Dopamine D2 receptors were solubilized from synaptosomal membranes of the bovine caudate nucleus using a novel zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3-deoxycholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate (DCHAPS) supplemented with 1,2-propylene glycol. Optimal conditions for solubilization were: 0.12% DCHAPS, 5% 1,2-propylene glycol, 8 mg/ml membrane protein, 30 min, 4 degrees and the yield of the D2 receptors was 36.1%. The soluble extract retained the ability to bind [3H]spiperone. This binding was of high affinity (Kd = 2.28 +/- 0.16 nM), reversible and saturable (Bmax = 1.68 +/- 0.06 pmol/mg protein). The order of potencies of dopamine agonists and antagonists for inhibition of binding, paralleled that observed on membrane-bound D2 receptors (correlation factor r = 0.96). The stereo-specificity of solubilized receptors toward the pairs (+)-[(-)butaclamol, cis(Z)-]trans(E)flupenthixol and dihydroergosine/dihydroergosinine was pronounced.     

Synthesis and antiallergy activity of 10-oxo-10H-pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines and 10-oxo-10H-pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidines

Synthesis and antiallergy activity of 10-oxo-10H-pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines (2 and 3) and 10-oxo-10H-pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidines (4 and 5) are described. The activity, shown by these compounds in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test, is compared to the PCA data previously reported for a series of 4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines. 10-Oxo-N-1H-tetrazol-5-yl-10H-pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[3,4-d]pyri midine (2b), 10-oxo-7-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-10H-pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[3,4-d]py rimidine (4e), and 3,10-dihydro-10-oxo-7-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[3, 4-d] pyrimidine (7e) gave a 100% inhibition in the rat PCA test at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The activity displayed by these compounds is comparable to that of the most active compounds in the 4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine series.     

New prenylated metabolites of Deguelia longeracemosa and evaluation of their antimicrobial potential

The analysis of root extracts from Deguelia longeracemosa (Benth.) A.M.G. Azevedo yielded fifteen prenylated metabolites. Nine of them are novel, and their molecular structures were determined through spectral analyses (UV, IR, MS and NMR) as being five derivatives of 4-hydroxy-3-phenylcoumarin: 4-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-6-(8',9'-epoxy-9'-methylbutyl)-2',2'-dimethylpyrano-(5',6':8,7)-coumarin; 4-hydroxy-3-(3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-6-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-2',2'-dimethypyrano-(5',6':8,7)-coumarin; 4-hydroxy-3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-6-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-2',2'-dimethylpyrano-(5',6':8,7)-coumarin; 4-hydroxy-3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-2',2'-dimethylpyrano-(5',6':6,7)-coumarin and 4-hydroxy-3-[4'-O-(3,3-dimethylallyl)phenyl]-5-methoxy-2',2'-dimethylpyrano-(5',6':6,7)-coumarin, three derivatives of 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanodione (alpha-oxodeoxybenzoin derivatives): 1-[6-hydroxy-2-methoxy-3-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-2',2'-dimethylpyrano-(5',6':5,4)- ]-2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-ethanedione; 1-[6-hydroxy-2-methoxy-2',2'-dimethylpyrano-(5',6':3,4)]-2-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-ethanedione; 1-[6-hydroxy-2-methoxy-2',2'-dimethylpyrano-(5',6':3,4)]-2-(3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1,2-ethanedione and one derivative of deoxybenzoin: 2,4'-dimethoxy-6-hydroxy-2',2'-dimethylpyrano-(5',6':3,4)-deoxybenzoin. The antimicrobial activity of roots extracts and some isolated compounds was screened through bioautography against bacteria and fungi.     

Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of novel 1-substituted-1,2-dihydro-pyridazine-3,6-diones

The synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel 1-substituted-1,2-dihydro-pyridazine-3,6-diones (4a--l, 5a--j) as potential anticonvulsant agents are described. The compounds were tested in vivo for the anticonvulsant activity. The compound which have maximum protection against MES induced seizures is 1-[3-(2-aminophenylamino)-2-hydroxypropyl)-1,2-dihydro-pyridazine-3,6-dione 4h (ED(50)=44.7 mg x kg(-1) i.p.) 1-[2-hydroxy-3-piperazin1-yl-propyl)-1,2-dihydro-pyridazine-3,6-dione 4c (ED(50)=72 mg x kg(-1) i.p.) and 1-[2-hydroxy-3-imidazol-1-yl-propyl)-1,2-dihydro-pyridazine-3,6-dione 4d (ED(50)=79 mg x kg(-1) i.p.) were also found to have maximum protection against MES induced seizures. Whereas all these compounds failed to protect the animals from subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (Metrozol) seizure threshold test (sc-Met).     

Untersuchungen zur Eiweißbindung von Arzneistoffen durch kontinuierliche Ultrafiltration, 4. Mitt.

Protein Binding Determined by Continuous Ultrafiltration, IV: Protein Bindung of Anticoagulant 1,2-Benzoxathiines The binding of three 1,2-benzoxathiines to human serum albumin has been investigated. The compound 3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1,2-benzoxathiin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide (1) and its 4-methoxyphenyl analog 2 are bound in the same order of magnitude as warfarin. The binding of the 3,4-dichlorophenyl analog 3 is about tenfold stronger than that of usual anticoagulants.     

Analogs of the anorexic mazindol.

Mazindol, 5-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydro-3H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-ol, has been shown to be an effective anorexic. To explore the structure-activity relationships, several 1-ethyl-3-substituted-4-aryl-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles were prepared and subjected to various animal screens. The 1-ethyl-3-tert-butyl-4-aryl-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles are capable of significantly depressing forced and spontaneous motor activity in mice but have low LD50's. Two of these compounds were tested in an Ehrlich ascites tumor screen. The 1-ethyl-3-phenyl-4-aryl-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles depressed forced and spontaneous motor activity at low doses and were relatively nontoxic.