有限切开内固定结合外固定支架治疗复杂Pilon骨折

目的探讨有限切开内固定结合外固定支架治疗复杂Pilon骨折的临床价值。方法采用有限切开内固定结合外固定支架治疗复杂Piton骨折9例,男6例,女3例;年龄27～69岁,平均年龄42．1岁;按Ruedi—Allgouer分型,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型5例;开放性骨折2例,闭合性骨折7例。本组病例均合并腓骨远端骨折,均采用小切口有限切开螺丝钉拉力螺丝钉及克氏针内固定结合组合式外固定支架治疗,（外固定支架由北京外固定研究所提供）。结果9例患者均获得随访,随访时间10—36个月,平均21．9个月。按照Mazur制定的评分标准,优3例,良4例,可2例,2例开放性骨折。伤口仅有皮缘愈合不良,经清洁换药伤1：2愈合,其余7例伤口局部感染裂开,3例出现外固定支架针眼渗出较多,经过外用黄柏液后针眼干燥无感染。9例患者均未出现关节不稳,也无出现严重的创伤性关节炎而行关节融合术。结论有限切开内固定结合外固定支架治疗复杂Pilon骨折能有效减轻局部软组织的压力,9例患者均采用急症手术,起到了引流减张的作用避免了局部皮肤肿胀坏死而引起的一系列并发症的发生,具有切口小,手术操作简单易学,软组织血运破坏少等优点,有利于骨折愈合,采用外固定支架维持了持续牵引固定,防止关节面塌陷可以早期功能锻炼,术后功能满意。     

有限内固定结合外固定治疗高能量Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折

目的探讨有限切开复位内固定结合胫骨超关节外固定支架治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的疗效。方法2003年3月至2006年12月间采用小切口开放复位、拉力螺钉或小支撑钢板结合外固定支架治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折13例。结果全部病例得到随访,随访时间平均12个月,骨折全部愈合,无延迟或畸形愈合。按Mazur评分标准,优4例,良6例,中2例,差1例,优良率83％。结论切口复位有限内固定结合外固定支架固定的手术方法,具有创伤小、复位满意、固定可靠且并发症少等优势,是治疗高能量损伤后软组织条件不良的Pilon骨折的首选方案之一。     

胫骨远端双钢板治疗复杂Pilon骨折初步报告

目的：总结胫骨远端双钢板治疗累及胫距关节的胫骨远端复杂骨折（ Pilon骨折）的手术方法及临床效果。方法采用胫骨远端前外侧锁定加压钢板联合胫骨内侧重建钢板进行内固定治疗C2、C3型复杂 Pilon骨折20例,所有病例均先对腓骨骨折采取切开复位内固定。结果20例均获得随访,时间6～24个月,18例切口一期愈合,2例切口经换药、理疗获得二期愈合,所有骨折均骨性愈合。按Mazur评定标准：优12例,良5例,可3例。结论胫骨远端前外侧锁定加压钢板联合胫骨内侧重建钢板治疗C2、C3型复杂Pilon骨折能有效防止再塌陷与骨折块移位,固定牢靠,是一种有效的内固定方法。     

有限内固定结合外固定架治疗Pilon骨折

Pilon骨折的概念由法国医生Destot于1911年首次提出，一般指胫骨远端波及胫距关节面的骨折，胫骨远端关节面严重粉碎，骨缺损及远端松质骨压缩，常合并有腓骨下段骨折和严重软组织挫伤。Pilon骨折约占下肢骨折的1％，胫骨骨折的3％～10％，临床上处理仍比较棘手，并发症多、致残率高。我院2003年1月～2007年1月，共收治Pilon骨折25例，均应用有限内固定结合外固定治疗，取得了良好的效果。     

有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折23例

目的 探讨有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折的疗效。方法 23例患者，其中男17例，女6例。骨折类型：Ⅰ型5例，Ⅱ型11例，Ⅲ型7例。采用标准的前内侧切口，腓骨钢板内固定，显露和复位胫骨关节面，以克氏针和螺钉内固定结合单侧外固定支架外固定。术后随访平均24．2月，采用Mazur评分系统评估疗效。结果 Mazur评分，优：20例，良：3例。术后并发症：伤口浅表性感染3例，踝关节增宽1例，骨螺钉松动1例。结论 有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折是一种廉价、简单易行、有效的治疗方法。     

有限内外固定治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的 探讨采用有限内固定结合外固定器治疗胫骨远端骨折的临床疗效.方法 2001年10月-2005年1月,使用有限内固定结合外固定治疗胫骨远端骨折16例,男12例,女4例;年龄22～56岁,平均36岁.开放性骨折4例,闭合性骨折12例,其中15例合并腓骨骨折.根据Ruedi-Allgower骨折分型:Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型6例.先将腓骨坚强内固定恢复肢体长度,在采用有限钢针或镙钉固定胫骨远端骨折,然后再用外固定器进行固定.结果 全部病例均获得随访,随访时间8～28个月,平均18个月.骨折愈合时间8～29周,平均12.7周.按Teeny踝关节功能评分:优6例(37.5%),良7例(43.8%),可2例(12.5%),差1例(6.3%).术后有2例发生软组织并发症,其中1例为切口皮肤的表浅感染,1例为切口周缘皮肤坏死,均通过换药等局部处理后治愈.结论 使用有限内固定结合外固定治疗胫骨远端骨折,对软组织干扰少,伤口感染率明显减少,可早期活动.     

外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的探讨外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折的疗效。方法应用单边外固定支架结合克氏针内固定治疗Pilon骨折31例33侧肢体,26例合并腓骨骨折病例用三分之一管形钢板或克氏针固定。结果经随访10-18个月,平均12个月,骨折愈合时间12—22周,平均16周。本组病例术后总优良率82%。结论外固定支架结合有限内固定是治疗Pilon骨折的一种较好选择,它适用于软组织良好的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型骨折,对于严重的Ⅱ、Ⅲ型及开放骨折,特别是对伴有皮肤软组织缺损和坏死的病例更是有独到的优势,外固定架固定,确保了软组织的早期处理,为骨折愈合创造了条件。     

有限内固定结合踝关节外支架治疗胫骨远端高能量骨折疗效观察

目的：探讨应用有限内固定结合躁关节外支架治疗高能量损伤致胫骨远端粉碎骨折的临床疗效。方法：对27冽胫骨远端高能量骨折患者应用译侧带关节外支架跨躁关节外固定结合胫骨微创切开复位有限内固定及腓骨切开复位内固定治疗。结果：疗效好：18例,可：8例,差：1例。结论：有限内固定结合踝关节外支架是治疗高能量胫骨远端骨折的一种较好方法,具有手术创伤小,并发症少．关节功能恢复满意等优点,     

有限内固定结合单臂外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折

Plion骨折,即胫前远端爆裂性骨折,指胫骨远端涉及关节面的粉碎性骨折,是由高处坠落时严重的垂直负荷,运动损伤及车祸所致.这种高能量损伤常有骨质的压缩和缺损,并伴有腓骨骨折、韧带等软组织损伤、关节软骨面的损伤和粉碎骨折而造成关节不稳定.治疗上极为困难,预后欠佳,我院自1996年4月至2000年12月,采用有限内固定结合单臂多功能外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折10例,平均随访8个月,优良率80%,现报告如下:     

延期有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗高能量Pilon骨折

目的：观察延期有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗高能量Pilon骨折的临床效果。方法2007年5月-2011年10月收治25例高能量损伤Pilon骨折患者,根据R＆#252;edi-Allgower分型,Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型16例。急诊行跟骨牵引或石膏托外固定,待7-12d肿胀消退后,行有限切开内固定结合外固定支架固定。结果所有患者随访13-34个月,平均25个月。骨折愈合时间8-16周。按照Teeny和Wiss等踝关节功能评分系统评分：优13例,良8例,可3例,差1例,优良率84%,无钉道感染。结论延期有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗高能量Pilon骨折能有效降低软组织并发症,稳定关节,恢复下肢力线,促进骨折愈合。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.