金属与塑料支架姑息性治疗恶性胆道梗阻疗效对比研究

目的 :比较经皮肝穿金属支架与塑料支架置入术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效及开通时间 ,探讨两种支架治疗的适应证。方法 :对 45例金属支架与 3 4例塑料支架介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 :两组术后对降低胆红素和改善临床症状均有明显疗效 ,选择病例以肝门部梗阻占多数。术后早期并发症较少 ,晚期并发症主要为支架阻塞。金属支架中位开通时间为 2 76d ,明显长于塑料支架的 112d(P <0 .0 1)。结论 :两种支架均能有效解除胆道梗阻 ,且对高位梗阻具有优势 ,适用于不宜手术者。金属支架开通期明显长于塑料支架 ,但价格较贵 ;估计生存期 >3个月者 ,宜选择金属支架 ;生存期 <3个月和 /或经济条件不许可者 ,可选用塑料支架     

胆道支架位置对治疗低位恶性梗阻性黄疸的影响

目的 比较胆道支架跨与不跨十二指肠壶腹部放置治疗低位恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床预后差异.方法 分析本院符合条件的56例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料,其中支架跨十二指肠壶腹部放置31例,支架不跨十二指肠壶腹部放置25例,比较2组患者间支架置入术后4~7 d总胆红素下降率、胆道感染率及支架再阻塞率等方面的差异.结果 跨壶腹部组与不跨壶腹部组的生存期分别为(180.3±142.5) d、(178.6±137.7) d(P=0.840).2组患者术后4~7 d总胆红素下降率为42.0%±43.6%、41.4%±28.7%(P=0.950);治疗成功率分别为93.5%、92.0%(P=1.0).跨壶腹部组术后胆道感染7例(22.6%),不跨壶腹部组术后胆道感染5例(20.0%)(P=0.815).2组患者支架再阻塞率分别为22.6%、28.0%(P=0.642).结论 2种支架置入方式均是治疗低位胆道梗阻安全、有效的方法;与支架非跨壶腹部放置相比,支架跨壶腹部放置未增加胆道感染及支架再狭窄发生率.     

恶性胆道梗阻塑料支架植入后阻塞的介入治疗

【摘要】 目的 探讨DSA下恶性胆道梗阻塑料支架植入后阻塞取出、联合经皮经肝途径胆道金属支架植入的安全性、可行性及临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年11月至2020年3月收治的经消化内镜置入胆道塑料支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻后支架阻塞的13例患者的临床资料,包括DSA下取出阻塞胆道塑料支架技术成功率、胆道金属支架植入技术成功率、临床治疗成功率（对比分析术前术后白细胞计数、肝功能指标及术后临床症状改善情况）、术后并发症及胆道金属支架通畅率。结果 所有患者DSA下取出阻塞的胆道塑料支架与经皮肝穿途径胆道金属裸支架植入手术顺利,技术成功率及临床治疗均获成功。术后所有患者的梗阻性黄疸临床症状明显改善,合并严重感染的患者白细胞计数逐渐恢复正常范围,未发生严重并发症。术后所有患者的转氨酶、胆红素等肝功能指标较术前下降,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。整个随访期间,术后1、3、6、12个月时患者胆道裸金属支架通畅分别有13例、12例、11例和9例,胆道金属支架保持通畅的中位时间为（8.4±3.2）个月。结论 对于内镜下置入胆道塑料支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻后发生支架阻塞,DSA下取出阻塞的胆道塑料支架联合经皮经肝穿刺植入胆道金属支架的介入治疗是一种可行、安全、有效的微创手术,值得临床探讨和应用。     

内镜下置入胆管支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床应用

 目的 探讨内镜下胆管支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻的疗效及应用价值.方法 全部病例经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)确定胆管狭窄部位及程度,选择合适的支架,在透视引导下置入支架.塑料支架组16例,金属支架组12例.观察其操作成功率、黄疸消退效果、并发症发生情况及6~12个月生存率.结果 首次置管成功率83.3%,总置管成功率93.3%,置管成功28例均达到降黄疸目的,临床症状缓解.早期并发症主要为ERCP术后胰腺炎及胆管炎,其中胰腺炎2例,发生率7.1%;胆管炎3例,发生率10.7%;晚期并发症主要为支架堵塞.6个月、12个月生存率分别达78.6 %及39.3 %.结论 内镜下胆管支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻是安全有效的方法.     

金属内支架在治疗恶性胆道梗阻中的应用

目的 :探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道金属内支架置入治疗恶性胆道梗阻临床应用价值。方法 :对 2 7例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行经皮肝穿胆道金属内支架置入术。男 18例 ,女 9例 ,其中肝癌 6例 ,胆管癌 7例 ,胰腺癌 5例 ,转移癌 9例。梗阻部位在胆总管 12例 ,肝总管肝门区 15例。结果 :经皮肝胆道内支架置入术技术成功率为 10 0 %。 2 7例共置入金属内支架31枚 ,术后 1周复查肝功能血清学指标 ,总胆红素、碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶较术前明显下降 ,P <0 .0 0 1。随访开通时间平均为 14 1天 ,半年开通率 5 5 .6 % ,并发症发生率为 2 5 .9% ,主要为胆道感染 ,胆道出血等。结论 :金属内支架置入术是治疗胆道梗阻性黄疽的安全、有效的姑息治疗手段     

开腹胆肠吻合与开腹胆道支架置入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效观察

目的：探讨开腹胆肠吻合及开腹胆道支架置入在恶性梗阻性黄疸患者临床治疗中的应用价值及选择。方法：回顾分析71例不能根治切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者采用开腹胆肠吻合（n=44）及开腹置入记忆金属合金胆道内撑支架（n=27）治疗的情况。结果：所有患者均完成胆肠吻合或胆管末端支架置入达到内引流。术后胆红素均在术后第1周下降约100μmol/L;谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶在术后第2周以后开始较术前明显下降（P〈0.05）。全组中位生存时间为22周,平均生存（31.69±33.24）周。全组死亡4例,死亡率5.63%。主要并发症有胆管炎12例,胆道出血5例,肝功能衰竭3例,多器官功能衰竭3例。结论：开腹胆肠吻合及开腹胆道支架置入均可有效解除恶性梗阻性黄疸患者胆道梗阻,改善肝功能;临床应根据患者的局部及全身情况选择不同的手术方式,提高安全及有效性,尽可能减少并发症的发生。     

射频消融导管联合支架介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床研究

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融（RFA）联合支架介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的效果及安全性。 方法纳入无法行手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者共13例,均接受经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内RFA联合支架植入术,观察手术并发症、黄疸缓解情况并密切随访术后1、3、6个月的支架畅通情况及生存时间。 结果所有患者均成功接受手术治疗,术后无胆道穿孔、胆漏、胆汁性腹膜炎等严重并发症发生,术后1周,患者血清总胆红素水平较术前显著降低[（95.4±83.0）μmol/L vs. （196.4±148.4）μmol/L, t=5.156,P<0.01],黄疸缓解率为61.5%。随访术后1个月、3个月支架通畅率均为100%,6个月支架通畅率为80%（8/10）。1个月存活率为100%（13/13）,3个月存活率为92%（12/13）,6个月存活率为77%（10/13）,其中2例分别于65 d、132 d后死于晚期肿瘤严重消耗,1例97 d后死于弥散性血管内凝血。2例患者在术后4~5个月内黄疸复发,再次行RFA并重新放入金属支架。 结论联合支架植入治疗在短期内能有效且安全地延长恶性梗阻性黄疸患者胆道支架通畅时间及无症状生存时间,其远期疗效尚需进一步探讨。     

经皮胆道射频消融治疗恶性黄疸的近期疗效

目的：探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道射频消融联合支架植入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻引起的黄疸的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性收集18例行经皮肝穿刺胆道射频消融联合金属支架植入术的恶性胆道梗阻患者的临床资料。分析近期的疗效及并发症。结果经联合治疗后2 d,患者除白蛋白下降外,其他主要肝功能指标均显著改善,术后1月肝功能进一步改善,白蛋白升至治疗前水平。18例患者均未发生肝功能不全,无患者在30 d 内死亡。严重并发症中,胆管穿孔0例(0.0%),胆漏1例(5.5%),出血1例(5.5%),术后胰腺炎0例(0.0%);轻微并发症中,胆道感染3例(16.7%),疼痛7例(38.9%),呕吐3例(16.7%)。结论经皮肝穿刺胆管内射频消融联合支架植入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻是安全有效的。     

金属支架、内涵管治疗恶性胆管梗阻的临床疗效比较

目的比较金属支架与塑料支架(内涵管)置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻的临床疗效.资料与方法 95例实施经皮穿肝胆总管支架置入术的恶性胆管梗阻患者,其中61例置入自膨式金属支架(支架组),34例置入10F塑料内涵管(内涵管组).所有患者均随访至死亡或至少术后1年.用Kaplan-Meier方法分析比较两组患者的生存率及支架开通率.结果支架组患者的30天死亡率(6/61,9.8%)低于内涵管组(9/34,26.5%,P＜0.05).支架组30天再阻塞率(15.0%)和并发症发生率(16.4%)均明显低于内涵管组(分别为32.4%和29.4%,P＜0.01).支架组中位开通期(230天)和中位生存期(224天)明显长于内涵管组(分别为90天和94天,P＜0.01).结论金属支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻临床疗效优于内涵管置入术.     

经皮肝途径胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻(附57报告)

目的：经皮肝穿肝胆管内置入金属支架治疗恶性胆管梗阻并探讨其 点和影响疗效的因素。方法：57例恶性胆管梗阻，采用经皮肝穿刺肝管胆道内金属支架置入术，胆管癌25例，胰头癌9例，肝癌15例，胃癌转移8例。阻塞部位们于胆总管33例；肝门部24例，其中肝总管13例，累有右肝管5例，左、右肝管6例。结果：共置入4种类型金属支架65枚，9例病人置入双内支架。技术操作成功率98．2％。术前血清胆红素162．7－960．4μmol/l，术后53例降至18．3－55．6μmol/l。半年生存率75．4％（43．57），一年生存率47．4％（27／57）。支架置入后半年再 阻塞率43．9％（25／57）。结论：经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶必理管梗阻安全、有效，是临床重要姑息性治疗手段，支架再阻塞是影响远期疗效的重要因素。     

A Survival Analysis of Patients with Malignant Biliary Strictures Treated by Percutaneous Metallic Stenting

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous metal stenting is an accepted palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction. Nevertheless, factors predicting survival are not known. METHODS: Seventy-six patients with inoperable malignant biliary obstruction were treated with percutaneous placement of metallic stents. Twenty patients had non-hilar lesions. Fifty-six patients had hilar lesions classified as Bismuth type I (n = 15 patients), type II (n = 26), type III (n = 12), or type IV (n = 3 patients). Technical and clinical success rates, complications, and long-term outcome were recorded. Clinical success rates, patency, and survival rates were compared in patients treated with complete (n = 41) versus partial (n = 35) liver parenchyma drainage. Survival was calculated and analyzed for potential predictors such as the tumor type, the extent of the disease, the level of obstruction, and the post-intervention bilirubin levels. RESULTS: Stenting was technically successful in all patients (unilateral drainage in 70 patients, bilateral drainage in 6 patients) with an overall significant reduction of the post-intervention bilirubin levels (p < 0.001), resulting in a clinical success rate of 97.3%. Clinical success rates were similar in patients treated with whole-liver drainage versus partial liver drainage. Minor and major complications occurred in 8% and 15% of patients, respectively. Mean overall primary stent patency was 120 days, while the restenosis rate was 12%. Mean overall secondary stent patency was 242.2 days. Patency rates were similar in patients with complete versus partial liver drainage. Mean overall survival was 142.3 days. Survival was similar in the complete and partial drainage groups. The post-intervention serum bilirubin level was an independent predictor of survival (p < 0.001). A cut-off point in post-stenting bilirubin levels of 4 mg/dl dichotomized patients with good versus poor prognosis. Patient age and Bismuth IV lesions were also independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous metallic biliary stenting provides good palliation of malignant jaundice. Partial liver drainage achieved results as good as those after complete liver drainage. A serum bilirubin level of less than 4 mg/dl after stenting is the most important independent predictor of survival, while increasing age and Bismuth IV lesions represent dismal prognostic factors.     

经皮穿肝经口腔双途径联合支架置入治疗胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的:探讨胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻双途径联合支架置入介入治疗的方法和效果.方法:23 例胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻,17例先经皮肝穿刺置入金属支架解除胆管梗阻,出现十二指肠梗阻后,再在X线透视下,经口腔置入记忆合金网状十二指肠内支架.6例因胆管与十二指肠恶性梗阻并存,先置入十二指肠内支架并同时置入胆管支架.测定术前、术后血清总胆红素水平及体重并进行t检验.结果:23例患者双途径联合支架置入成功后,术前、术后血清总胆红素水平及体重比较差异均有显著性意义(P＜0.05).十二指肠支架置入后,消化道梗阻症状迅即解除,当日即能进食,均无严重并发症发生.随访1～20个月进食情况均良好.结论:经皮肝穿经口腔双途径联合支架置入治疗胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻是首选的有效治疗方法.     

经皮经肝胆道内置引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸60例回顾性分析

目的探讨经皮经肝胆道穿刺引流（PTCD）后植入胆道金属支架姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床应用价值。方法对60例失去根治性手术机会的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者先行超声引导下经皮经肝胆道穿刺引流术（PTCD）,再在DSA下经PTCD窦道植入胆道金属支架,将外引流转变为内引流。结果 60例术前血清总胆红素（449.6±189.1）μmol/L,术后1 w与1个月时,血清总胆红素分别下降到（213.6±43.7）μmol/L与（174.2±51.5）μmol/L（P〈0.05）,碱性磷酸酶与丙氨酸转氨酶也下降明显（P〈0.05）。出现并发症27例（45.0%）。结论经皮经肝胆道内置引流术是一种治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法,具有安全、简便、可重复等优点。     

Percutaneous Placement of Self-Expandable Metallic Stents in Patients with Obstructive Jaundice Secondary to Metastatic Gastric Cancer after Gastrectomy

Objective

To evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous placements of a biliary stent for obstructive jaundice secondary to metastatic gastric cancer after gastrectomy.

Materials and Methods

Fifty patients (mean age, 62.4 years; range, 27-86 years) who underwent percutaneous placements of a biliary stent for obstructive jaundice secondary to metastatic gastric cancer after gastrectomy were included. The technical success rate, clinical success rate, complication rate, stent patency, patient survival and factors associated with stent patency were being evaluated.

Results

The median interval between the gastrectomy and stent placement was 23.1 months (range, 3.9-94.6 months). The 50 patients received a total of 65 stents without any major procedure-related complications. Technical success was achieved in all patients. The mean total serum bilirubin level, which had been 7.19 mg/dL ± 6.8 before stent insertion, decreased to 4.58 mg/dL ± 5.4 during the first week of follow-up (p < 0.001). Clinical success was achieved in 42 patients (84%). Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheters were removed from 45 patients (90%). Infectious complications were noted in two patients (4%), and stent malfunction occurred in seven patients (14%). The median stent patency was 233 ± 99 days, and the median patient survival was 179 ± 83 days. Total serum bilirubin level after stenting was an independent factor for stent patency (p = 0.009).

Conclusion

Percutaneous transhepatic placement of a biliary stent for obstructive jaundice secondary to metastatic gastric cancer after gastrectomy is a technically feasible and clinically effective palliative procedure.     

Percutaneous unilateral placement of biliary covered metallic stent in patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction and contralateral portal vein occlusion

Background Unilateral biliary metallic stent placement in the lobe with patent portal vein seemed to be a safe and effective palliative treatment of patients with contralateral portal vein occlusion caused by advanced hilar malignancy, obviating bilateral stent placement in these patients, because the hepatic lobe with portal vein occlusion ceases to produce bile due to interruption of enterohepatic circulation. Purpose To investigate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous unilateral expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)-covered stent placement in malignant hilar biliary obstruction with contralateral portal vein occlusion. Material and Methods From February 2008 to March 2011, 24 consecutive patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction and unilobar portal vein occlusion were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients were treated by percutaneous placement of ePTFE-covered stents. Results Stent deployment was technically successful in all patients. Two (8%) patients experienced minor self-limiting hemobilia. No major complication was noted. Successful internal drainage was achieved in 22 (91.6%) patients. Mean serum bilirubin level, which was 12.5 mg/dl ± 8.4 before drainage, decreased significantly to 2.7 mg/dl ± 3.4, 1 month after stent placement (P < 0.001). Median survival was 191 days (95% CI, 94-288 days) and cumulative stent patency rates at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were 100%, 95%, 95%, 95%, and 71%, respectively. Two (8%) patients presented with stent occlusion due to sludge incrustation. Aside from two patients who had died within 30 days after stent placement, the other 22 patients demonstrated slight decrease in diameter of undrained lobe and did not experience cholangitis nor jaundice. Conclusion Unilateral placement of ePTFE-covered stent in the lobe with patent portal vein seems to be a safe and effective method for palliative treatment of patients with contralateral portal vein occlusion. In addition, ePTFE-covered stent placement can prevent tumor ingrowth without functional occlusion of segmental bile ducts.     

Metallic stents in malignant biliary obstruction

Purpose Retrospective analysis of our results with metallic stent placement for malignant biliary strictures. We sought to determine parameters that influence stent patency. Methods A total of 95 Wallstents were implanted in 65 patients (38 men, 27 women; mean age, 65.1 years) with malignant biliary obstruction. Serum bilirubin levels were assessed in 48 patients; the mean value prior to intervention was 15.0 mg/dl. Results In 12 patients (21%) complications occurred as a result of percutaneous transhepatic drainage. Stent implantation was complicated in 13 patients, but was possible in all patients. A significant decrease in bilirubin level was seen in 83.3% of patients following stent implantation. Approximately 30% of patients developed recurrent jaundice after a mean 97.1 days. In 9 patients (15%) the recurrent jaundice was caused by stent occlusion due to tumor growth. The mean follow-up was 141.8 days, the mean survival 118.7 days. Patients with cholangiocarcinomas and gallbladder carcinomas had the best results. Worse results were seen in patients with pancreatic tumors and with lymph node metastases of colon and gastric cancers. Conclusions The main predictive factors for occlusion rate and survival are the type of primary tumor, tumor stage, the decrease in bilirubin level, and the general condition of the patient.     

Displacement of occluded plastic endoprostheses into the duodenum during percutaneous biliary drainage: description of an under-reported technique

AIM: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is occasionally requested in patients with an occluded plastic stent in situ. We describe a technique for dislodging the stent into the duodenum during PTBD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients (M:F, 9:3 mean age 70 years) with plastic stents in the common bile duct (CBD) underwent PTBD. Eleven patients had malignant obstruction and one patient had Mirizzi's syndrome and a large duodenal diverticulum. PTBD was performed using right lobe access in nine patients and a left hepatic access in three patients. The level of biliary obstruction was at the lower CBD in five patients, mid-CBD in four patients and upper CBD in three patients. After standard percutaneous biliary access was established, an 8mm by 4 cm balloon catheter was gently inflated alongside the upper end of the plastic stent and advanced over a stiff guidewire, towards the duodenum, to dislodge the plastic stent. RESULTS: Plastic stents were successfully dislodged in all 11 patients with malignancy and metallic stents were deployed for palliation. In nine of 11 patients with malignant lesions the PTBD dislodgement of the plastic stent and insertion of a metallic stent was carried out as a single-step procedure. In two patients with biliary sepsis, a two-step procedure was necessary. In the patient with Mirizzi's syndrome the plastic stent could not be dislodged. No complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Plastic stents, inserted at ERCP, can be dislodged in the majority of cases at PTBD using a balloon catheter inserted alongside the failed stent without complication.     

Treatment of malignant biliary obstruction with a PTFE-covered self-expandable nitinol stent.

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to determine the technical and clinical efficacy of using a PTFE-covered self-expandable nitinol stent for the palliative treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with common bile duct strictures caused by malignant disease were treated by placing a total of 37 nitinol PTFE stents. These stents were covered with PTFE with the exception of the last 5 mm at each end; the stent had an unconstrained diameter of 10 mm and a total length of 50-80 mm. The patient survival rate and stent patency rate were calculated by performing Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The bilirubin, serum amylase and lipase levels before and after stent placement were measured and then compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The average follow-up duration was 27.9 weeks (range: 2-81 weeks). RESULTS: Placement was successful in all cases. Seventy-six percent of the patients (28/37) experienced adequate palliative drainage for the remainder of their lives. There were no immediate complications. Three patients demonstrated stent sludge occlusion that required PTBD (percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage) irrigation. Two patients experienced delayed stent migration with stone formation at 7 and 27 weeks of follow-up, respectively. Stent insertion resulted in acute elevations of the amylase and lipase levels one day after stent insertion in 11 patients in spite of performing endoscopic sphincterotomy (4/6). The bilirubin levels were significantly reduced one week after stent insertion (p < 0.01). The 30-day mortality rate was 8% (3/37), and the survival rates were 49% and 27% at 20 and 50 weeks, respectively. The primary stent patency rates were 85%, and 78% at 20 and 50 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSION: The PTFE-covered self-expandable nitinol stent is safe to use with acceptable complication rates. This study is similar to the previous studies with regard to comparing the patency rates and survival rates.