血浆中左氧氟沙星浓度的测定及其人体药物动力学的研究

目的建立测定血浆中左氧氟沙星的方法。方法采用HPLC法。色谱柱为Dimosail-C18(l50 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.05 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾(20∶80)为流动相,替硝唑为内标物,在295 nm对血浆样品进行分析。结果左氧氟沙星在0.05~4.00μg.ml-1范围内线性关系良好,最低定量浓度为50.0 ng.ml-1,日内精密度<7%,日间精密度<5%,平均相对回收率为97.92%。结论所建方法操作简单、快速、重复性好、准确可靠,可于临床血药浓度监测及药物动力学的研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中奥美拉唑浓度

建立测定人血浆中奥美拉唑浓度的高效液相色谱法,并应用于人体药代动力学研究。血浆样品中加入内标非那西丁后用乙酸乙酯提取,色谱柱为ZorbaxSB-C18柱,流动相为0·05mol·L-1乙酸铵溶液(用氨水调至pH7·0)-乙腈(68∶32),流速为1·0ml·min-1,紫外检测波长302nm。血浆中内源性物质对样品测定无干扰。本方法线性范围为0·01~2μg·ml-1(r=0·9997),最低定量浓度为0·01μg·ml-1,提取回收率大于80%,方法回收率为98·6%~103·1%,日内、日间RSD均小于6%。本法简便、准确,适用于奥美拉唑药代动力学的研究。     

HPLC法测定人血浆中对乙酰氨基酚浓度

建立测定人血浆中对乙酰氨基酚浓度的HPLC法,并应用于人体药代动力学研究.血浆样品用6%高氯酸沉淀蛋白.色谱柱为Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18柱,流动相为0.02 mol·L-1甲酸铵溶液(含甲酸0.2%)-甲醇-乙腈(88∶6∶6),流速为1.0mL·min-1,紫外检测波长245nm.血浆中内源性物质对样品测定无干扰.本方法线性范围为0.1～20μg·mL-1 (r=0.9996),最低定量浓度为0.1μg·mL-1,方法回收率为99.0%～100.2%,日内、日间RSD均小于6%.本法简便、准确,适用于对乙酰氨基酚药代动力学的研究.     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中加替沙星浓度

目的:建立HPLC法测定人血浆中加替沙星浓度的方法。方法:采用噻克硝唑为内标,色谱柱为Polaris C18-A柱(150*4.6mm),流动相为乙腈:0.05M的枸缘酸溶液(22:78),流速1.0ml/min,检测波长为295nm。结果:加替沙星血清浓度在0.015～6.48μg·ml-1范内具有良好线性关系,最低定量限为0.015μg·ml-1,方法回收率为99.1%～101.0%,日内、日间RSD均<7%。结论:本法简便、准确、灵敏,适用于加替沙星血药浓度监测及人体药代动力学研究。     

HPLC测定氧氟沙星麻黄碱滴鼻液的含量

目的建立测定氧氟沙星麻黄碱滴鼻液含量的方法。方法采用HPLC法同时测定滴鼻液中氧氟沙星与麻黄碱的含量。色谱柱为AlltimaC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);柱温35℃;流动相为0.05mol.L-1醋酸铵溶液(用三乙胺调节pH4.0)-乙腈(85∶15);流速1.0ml.min-1;检测波长254nm;检测灵敏度为0.1AUFS,进样量20μl。结果氧氟沙量在1.5μg.ml-1~0.75mg.ml-1浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为101.2%;麻黄碱在5μg.ml-1~2.5mg.ml-1范围内,峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为101.4%;重复性试验的RSD=0.5%(n=9)。结论所用方法快速、简便,精密度好,灵敏度高,可作为氧氟沙星麻黄碱滴鼻液的含量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定兔血浆中利多卡因和亚甲蓝浓度

目的:建立利多卡因和亚甲蓝同时给药后两药血药浓度的 HPLC 测定方法。方法:血浆样品用氯仿-环己烷-异丙醇(60:30:10)萃取,采用 Shim-pack VP-ODS 分析柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以醋酸盐缓冲液-甲醇-乙腈(45:45:10)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长235 nm,以布比卡因为内标,测定血浆样品中利多卡因;血浆样品以乙腈沉淀蛋白,采用 Sphericorb NH_2分析柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以磷酸盐缓冲液-乙腈(40:60)为流动相;流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长600 nm,测定血浆样品中亚甲蓝浓度。结果:利多卡因血药浓度测定:线性范围0.16～10.08μg·mL~(-1),绝对回收率大于73%,方法回收率98.49%～107.2%,日内、日间精密度 RSD 均小于8%;亚甲蓝血药浓度测定:线性范围为0.052～3.328μg·mL~(-1),绝对回收率大于72%,方法回收率95.19%～104.3%,日内和日间精密度 RSD 均小于9%。结论:该方法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于利多卡因和亚甲蓝同时给药后两药的家兔体内药代动力学研究。     

固相萃取亲水作用色谱法测定人体血浆中表阿霉素

目的:建立固相萃取-亲水作用色谱法(SPE—HILIC)测定人体血浆中的表阿霉素。方法:血浆样品中加入表柔红霉素作为内标,经 Oasis HLB 固相萃取(SPE)小柱萃取后进样测定,色谱柱为 Kromasil KR100—5SIL 硅胶色谱柱(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm),乙腈-甲酸铵缓冲液(40 mmol·mL~(-1),pH 2.9)(90:10)为流动相,检测波长为254 nm。结果:血浆中表阿霉素的线性范围为0.05～2.5μg·mL~(-1)(r~2=0.9991);最低检测限为0.05μg·mL~(-1);样品的回收率高于89.4%;日内及日间精密度RSD 小于7.0%。结论:方法简便,准确可靠,流动相与质谱检测器兼容,适用于血浆表阿霉素浓度测定及药代动力学研究。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中的安替比林

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)检测血浆中安替比林的方法。方法:血浆经乙腈提取后进样测定,色谱柱为Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温30℃,流动相为0.025 mol.L-1醋酸钠溶液-乙腈(74 26,v/v),流速为0.8 ml.min-1,检测波长为254 nm,进样量20μl。结果:血浆安替比林浓度在0.1~30μg.ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9995),样品的平均回收率为93.44%~97.21%,日内和日间变异系数小于4.26%。结论:方法简便、准确可靠,适用于安替比林消除动力学模型的研究。     

HPLC法测定兔血浆中羟基喜树碱浓度

建立测定兔血浆中羟基喜树碱浓度的高效液相色谱-紫外检测法.色谱柱:Lichrospher C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),C18预柱(10mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.075mol·L-1醋酸铵缓冲液(pH6.4)(30:70),含5mmol的三乙胺;流速:1.0ml·min-1;检测波长:384nm.羟基喜树碱保留时间为5.0min,线性范围为40～1600ng·ml-1,最低检测限为25ng·ml-1.血浆中羟基喜树碱的回收率为96.32%～106.1%.本法简便实用,定量准确,可用于羟基喜树碱药代动力学研究.     

反相HPLC法测定比格犬血浆中白藜芦醇含量及其药代动力学研究

目的建立测定比格犬血浆中白藜芦醇的HPLC法,并研究白藜芦醇在比格犬体内的药代动力学。方法色谱柱为C_(18)柱,流动相乙腈-水(32∶68),流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长306 nm:血浆样品用乙酸乙酯萃取法预处理。结果线性范围0.1~10.0μg/ml,相关系数r=0.9995。日内RSD<10%,日间RSD<15%,回收率97.6%~103.3%。比格犬口服给药白藜芦醇主要药代动力学参数为15 min后血浆药物浓度达峰值,Cmax为4.789μg/ml,半衰期为135 min。结论该方法灵敏度高,操作方便,适用于白藜芦醇在比格犬体内的药代动力学研究:本品口服吸收快消除迅速。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.