丙卡特罗治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床观察

目的?评价丙卡特罗治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘及伴过敏性鼻炎的疗效。方法: 例咳嗽变异性哮喘的患儿随机分为对照组和观 98察组。对照组 46 例给予咳必清治疗咳嗽,伴过敏性鼻炎加用异丙嗪;观察组 52 名,给予丙卡特罗治疗咳嗽及过敏性鼻炎。结果:观察组咳嗽有效率 90.4%,对照组 39.1%,两组比较有显著差异( P < 0.01);观察组过敏性鼻炎有效率 81.8%,对照组 85.0%,两组比较无显著差异( P > 0.05)。结论:丙卡特罗治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘及伴过敏性鼻炎有较好疗效。     

盐酸丙卡特罗口服液佐治婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎疗效观察

目的：观察盐酸丙卡特罗口服液辅助治疗婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎的临床疗效。方法：选取我院收治的诊断为＂喘息性支气管炎＂的1～3岁患儿186例,按随机抽样法分为丙卡特罗组65例、沙丁胺醇组61例和对照组60例。对照组给予炎琥宁抗病毒、氨溴索化痰、吸痰等常规对症治疗及孟鲁司特钠咀嚼片每次4 mg,每晚1次口服。丙卡特罗组和沙丁胺醇组分别在对照组治疗基础上加用盐酸丙卡特罗口服液（0.25 mL/kg,每12 h 1次口服）、吸入用硫酸沙丁胺醇溶液（0.03 mL/kg,每12 h 1次雾化吸入）辅助治疗。三组疗程均为5 d。结果：用药5 d后总有效率丙卡特罗组为93.85%,沙丁胺醇组为95.08%,对照组为75.00%,丙卡特罗组和沙丁胺醇组均高于对照组（P〈0.01）,丙卡特罗组与沙丁胺醇组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：盐酸丙卡特罗口服液佐治婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎疗效肯定,值得无雾化吸入条件的基层医院推广应用。     

盐酸西替利嗪治疗46例过敏性鼻炎的临床疗效分析

目的：观察盐酸西替利嗪治疗过敏性鼻炎的临床疗效。方法：选择2013年1～12月我院收治的过敏性鼻炎患者46例,按照掷骰子法分为治疗组与对照组,两组患者一般资料比较,差异不存在统计学意义（P〉0.05）。治疗组患者均给予盐酸西替利嗪片治疗,对照组患者均给予氯雷他定治疗,观察并比较两组患者疗效及不良反应。结果：治疗组总有效率（91.31%）略高于对照组总有效率（86.95%）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。治疗组不良反应发生率（13.04%）远低于对照组不良反应发生率（39.13%）,差异存在统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：盐酸西替利嗪治疗过敏性鼻炎疗效显著,不良反应发生率低,具有较高的安全性。     

盐酸丙卡特罗在儿童慢性咳嗽诊断性治疗中的价值

目的：对儿童慢性咳嗽应用盐酸丙卡特罗进行改善症状和诊断性治疗并探讨盐酸丙卡特罗在儿童慢性咳嗽诊断性治疗中的价值。方法：3—14岁的慢性咳嗽患儿95例随机分为治疗组48例和对照组47例,治疗组应用盐酸丙卡特罗进行改善症状和诊断性治疗2周后观察疗效,并与对照组进行比较。结果：治疗组显效14例,有效13例,无效21例,总有效率56．3％;对照组显效7例,有效9例,无效31例,总有效率34．0％,两组总有效率比较差异有统计学意义（x^2=4．727,P〈0．05）。显示应用盐酸丙卡特罗对儿童慢性咳嗽进行改善症状和诊断性治疗疗效优于对照组。结论：盐酸丙卡特罗可在临床实践中有效改善多数慢性咳嗽儿童的咳嗽症状,显示盐酸丙卡特罗在儿童慢性咳嗽中诊断性治疗咳嗽变应性哮喘具有临床价值。     

西替利嗪与阿司咪唑治疗常年变应性鼻炎

目的：比较西替利嗪与阿司咪唑治疗常年变应性鼻炎的疗效。方法：将常年变应性鼻炎病人７４例（男性３４例，女性４０例，年龄３５±ｓ１０ａ）随机分为西替利嗪治疗组４３例和阿司咪唑对照组３１例。治疗组与对照组分别口服西替利嗪和阿司咪唑各１０ｍｇ／ｄ×１０ｄ，并辅以０．５％可的松和１％麻黄碱滴鼻，每日２～３次。结果：治疗组和对照组总有效率分别为９５％与８１％（Ｐ＞０．０５）。１ｈ内治疗组起效４０例，对照组３例（Ｐ＜０．０１）。治疗组嗜睡１例，对照组６例（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：西替利嗪治疗常年变应性鼻炎与阿司咪唑比较具有起效快、不良反应少的特点。     

盐酸丙卡特罗（美普清）对于小儿支气管肺炎的疗效分析

目的分析盐酸丙卡特罗（美普清）治疗小儿支气管肺炎的效果,探讨其临床适用性。方法 256例支气管肺炎患儿随机分为试验组131例和对照组125例,对照组给予常规的支气管肺炎治疗方案,试验组在此基础上加用盐酸丙卡特罗治疗。观察2组患儿的治疗有效率。结果试验组治疗总有效率为91.60%,明显高于对照组的80.80%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论盐酸丙卡特罗可以增强小儿支气管肺炎的治疗效果,适合临床长期推广应用。     

比较氯雷他定与阿司咪唑治疗常年变应性鼻炎

目的：观察氯雷他定与阿司咪唑治疗常年变应性鼻炎疗效的对比。方法：将患有常年变应性鼻炎２１８例（男性９７例，女性１２１例，年龄３７±ｓ２２ａ），随机分为氯雷他定组１６６例与阿司咪唑组１１２例，２组的性别、平均年龄及病情具可比性。氯雷他定组与阿司咪唑组分别口服氯雷他定与阿司咪唑１０ｍｇ／ｄ±１２ｄ，于ｄ１，ｄ１３及停药后ｄ７复诊。结果：氯雷他定组及阿司咪唑组有效率分别为９１．５％及７８．６％，Ｒｉｄｉｔ分析Ｐ＜０．０５。结论：对治疗常年变应性鼻炎，氯雷他定比阿司咪唑疗效显著。     

比较氯雷他定与阿司咪唑治疗常年变应性鼻炎

观察氯雷他定与阿司咪唑治疗常年变应性鼻炎疗效的对比。方法：将患有常年应变性鼻炎２１８例（男性９７例，女性１２１例，年龄３７±ｓ２２ａ），随机分为氯雷他定组１０６例与阿司咪唑组１１２例，２组的性别，平均年龄及病情具可比性，氯雷他定组与阿司咪唑组分别口服氯雷他定与阿司咪唑１０ｍｇ／ｄ×１２ｄ，于ｄ１，ｄ１３及停药后ｄ７复诊。结果：氯雷他定组及阿司咪唑组有效率分别为９１．５％及７８．６％，Ｒｉｄｉｔ分析     

过敏性鼻炎的临床综合治疗

目的：观察针刺配合中药雾化治疗过敏性鼻炎的临床疗效,提高过敏性鼻炎的治疗效率。方法：将本院122例确诊为过敏性鼻炎的患者随机分为两组,即治疗组（61例）采用针灸加中药雾化治疗,对照组（61例）单纯采用中药雾化治疗,采用对照式治疗方法。结果：两组有效率分别为96.72%、88.52%。经统计学处理,治疗组疗效优于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论：针刺加中药雾化治疗过敏性鼻炎具有协同作用。     

盐酸丙卡特罗治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘成年患者的疗效观察

目的观察盐酸丙卡特罗片治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘成年患者的疗效。方法 63例患者随机分为治疗组(n=39)和对照组(n=24),治疗组用盐酸丙卡特罗片25μg,一日2次口服:对照组用茶碱缓释片0.1g,一日2次口服。疗程均为7 d。结果治疗组和对照组的总有效率分别为87.2%和62.5%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论盐酸丙卡特罗片是治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘成年患者的安全有效的药物。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.