金黄色葡萄球菌的药敏表型和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的SCCmec基因分型

目的研究从临床标本中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）的耐药性、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的发生率及其葡萄球菌盒式染体色mec（SCCmec）基因分型。方法采用纸片琼脂扩散法进行SA耐药性检测及MRSA测定,应用多重聚合酶链反应（PCR）进行SCCmec各基因型及PV杀白细胞素（PVL）基因型的检测。结果 102株SA中检出39株MRSA,检出率为38.2%（39/102）。甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）对克林霉素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、四环素3种抗菌药物耐药率较高,分别为39.7%、31.7%、22.2%;对庆大霉素及喹诺酮类耐药率较低,为6.3%~14.3%。而MRSA对克林霉素、β-内酰胺类抗菌药物100%耐药,对其他药物表现为多重耐药。未检出万古霉素耐药菌株。MRSA菌株的SCCmec基因型以SCCmecⅢ型为主,占71.2%,SCCmecⅣa占10.3%,未检测出PVL基因。结论临床分离的SA中,MRSA耐药率较MSSA高且表现为多重耐药,其SCCmec基因分型主要表现为SCCmecⅢ型,其次是SCCmecⅣa。     

金黄色葡萄球菌的药敏表型和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的SCCmec基因分型

目的研究从临床标本中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)的耐药性、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的发生率及其葡萄球菌盒式染体色mec(SCCmec)基因分型。方法采用纸片琼脂扩散法进行SA耐药性检测及MRSA测定,应用多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)进行SCCmec各基因型及PV杀白细胞素(PVL)基因型的检测。结果 102株SA中检出39株MRSA,检出率为38.2%(39/102)。甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)对克林霉素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、四环素3种抗菌药物耐药率较高,分别为39.7%、31.7%、22.2%;对庆大霉素及喹诺酮类耐药率较低,为6.3%~14.3%。而MRSA对克林霉素、β-内酰胺类抗菌药物100%耐药,对其他药物表现为多重耐药。未检出万古霉素耐药菌株。MRSA菌株的SCCmec基因型以SCCmecⅢ型为主,占71.2%,SCCmecⅣa占10.3%,未检测出PVL基因。结论临床分离的SA中,MRSA耐药率较MSSA高且表现为多重耐药,其SCCmec基因分型主要表现为SCCmecⅢ型,其次是SCCmecⅣa。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的SCCmec分型及耐药性分析

目的探讨临床分离的346株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)菌株的临床分布、SCCmec分型及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法选择2014年1月至2015年1月该院分离的784例金黄色葡萄球菌(SA),采用PCR方法对其进行MRSA及MRSA SCCmec基因分型鉴定,并对其检出分布及耐药性进行分析。结果 784株SA中MRSA 346株(占44.13%),MRSA中来自痰液占43.06%,伤口分泌物占48.55%;MRSA对青霉素、左氧氟沙星、红霉素耐药性较高,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁均敏感。MRSA经SCCmec分型,共发现SCCmecⅡ型130株,SCCmecⅢ型196株,SCCmecⅣ型11株,SCCmecV型9株。结论该院分离的MRSA以SCCmecⅢ型为主,MRSA对多种抗菌药物具有耐药作用,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁等敏感。     

147株金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现状分析

目的 研究金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)临床分离株的耐药性,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 采用VITEK 2 Compact型全自动微生物分析系统进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验,统计分析147株SAU的标本分布及耐药率.结果 分泌物标本SAU检出率最高;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分离率达40.1%(59/147).SAU对多种抗菌药物具有不同程度的耐药性,对呋喃妥因、利奈唑胺、奎努普汀/达福普汀、替加环素、万古霉素敏感率为100.0%.结论 SAU临床分离株耐药现状严重,MRSA的耐药情况更为严重,临床微生物实验室应加强MRSA监测工作.     

62株临床分离耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的SCCmec基因分型及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的SCCmec基因型别及耐药特征.方法 应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测MRSA菌株的mecA基因并对其进行分型,应用E-test法测试MRSA对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、左氧氟沙星和利福平5种药物的MIC值.结果 62株MRSA的mecA基因全部阳性,SCCmecⅢ型60株,SCCmecⅣa型1株,还有1株用本实验方法未能分型.药敏试验显示所检菌株对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺均敏感,对左氧氟沙星和利福平的耐药率分别为96.8%和82.3%.结论 该院以SCCmecⅢ型为主要流行类型,治疗MRSA仍首选万古霉素等糖肽类抗菌药物.     

广州地区耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌MRSA表型及mecA基因型的研究

目的 调查近三年广州医院住院患者耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染状况 ,检测MRSA的耐药表型及基因型.方法 对718例MRSA感染的住院患者进行回顾性调查分析,K-B法检测耐药表型,多重PCR技术检测MRSA的耐药基因,卡方检验进行结果分析.结果 MRSA对万古霉素全部敏感,替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、妥布霉素、左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为1.6%,1.8%,52%,69%.718株MRSA菌株中,有555株SCCmec为SCCmecⅢ型,162株为SCCmecⅢA亚型,另11株未能分型.结论 MRSA的检出率、耐药率呈逐年升高的趋势,不同的基因型有不同的耐药表型.     

监测利奈唑胺对临床分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性

目的 了解临床分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)对利奈唑胺的敏感性及对其他抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 收集本院2008年6月至2011年6月期间住院患者各类临床送检标本,进行细菌学培养鉴定,按湖北地区监测网统一方案进行药物敏感性试验,依据CLSI2009年版标准判读结果,用WHONET 5.4软件进行统计数据分析.结果 2008年6月至2011年6月期间共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌297株,其中MRSA 116株.分离出MRSA的标本以痰标本为主,其次为分泌物和血液.MRSA对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉林敏感率为100%;对复方新诺明、氯霉素敏感率大于80%;对青霉素、苯唑西林100%耐药;对其他药物敏感性较低.结论 MRSA对大部分抗菌药物仍维持较高的耐药率,利奈唑胺与万古霉素、替考拉林一样是为数不多,仍然对MRSA表现较强抗菌活性的药物之一.     

杭州市富阳区甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌基因分型研究

目的对杭州市富阳区临床分离的甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)进行基因分型并分析其流行现状。方法收集临床送检标本中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌,采用全自动细菌鉴定/药敏系统进行药敏试验,对所有MRSA菌株进行多位点序列分型(MLST)、葡萄球菌蛋白A基因(spa)分型和葡萄球菌盒式染色体(SCCmec)分型,同时应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行同源性分析。结果分离到金黄色葡萄球菌121株,其中MRSA 22株,占18.2%。药敏试验显示MRSA对β-内酰胺类、红霉素全耐药,对左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星的耐药率85.0%,未发现万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药株。SCCmec、spa、MLST分型表明以ST5-t311-SCCmecⅡ基因型为主,部分菌株之间同源性程度高。结论杭州市富阳区MRSA的检出率目前还处于相对较低的水平,流行克隆以ST5-t311-SCCmecⅡ型为主。     

金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

目的分析遵义地区金黄色葡萄球菌感染的耐药趋势，为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供病原学调查及实验室依据。方法收集2005年1月至2007年12月贵州航天医院住院患者送检标本中分离培养鉴定的金黄色葡萄球菌109株，经法国生物梅里埃公司API Staph进行细菌鉴定，按纸片琼脂扩散法药敏操作规程进行抗菌药物敏感试验。结果109株金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）60株，甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）49株，其分离率分别为55．0％、45．0％；MRSA对青霉素、氨苄西林、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、红霉素、复方新诺明耐药率高，对利福平与呋喃妥因敏感率较高；MSSA对青霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素、复方新诺明具有较高耐药率，对庆大霉素、利福平、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、呋喃妥因的耐药率较低；MRSA和MSSA对万古霉素与替考拉宁均敏感。结论青霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素、复方新诺明对控制金黄色葡萄球菌感染已无经验使用价值，除万古霉素与替考拉宁外的其他抗菌药物可在药敏试验指导下使用。     

疫情背景下常熟地区金黄色葡萄球菌的分布特征及耐药性分析

目的 分析新型冠状病毒感染（新冠感染）疫情期间江苏省常熟地区金黄色葡萄球菌的检出情况、分布特点、耐药趋势等,为感染防控和临床诊疗提供科学依据。方法 回顾并分析2019年1月—2021年12月常熟地区从临床各类标本中分离获得的金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）,统计并分析不同标本种类和患者年龄分组的检出率以及药敏试验结果。结果 该地区创口分泌物标本中检出金黄色葡萄球菌占比最高,其次为痰液和血液标本。痰液及各类分泌物的MRSA检出率明显高于其他标本。金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替加环素、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁/达福普汀的敏感率均为100%,对青霉素G的耐药率达85%以上;对左氧氟沙星、苯唑西林的敏感性有下降趋势,对青霉素G、红霉素的耐药情况有所好转。MRSA对青霉素G的耐药率均达100%,对万古霉素、替加环素、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁/达福普汀的敏感率均为100%,对左氧氟沙星的敏感率有所下降,但对红霉素的敏感率有所提高。结论 新冠感染疫情影响金黄色葡萄球菌感染检出率与分布特征,加强耐药监测,强化隔离措施,有助于遏制多重耐药菌。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.