老年患者手术病种变化及护理对策

目的 了解老年手术患者治疗特点与规律的变化,以指导护理工作.方法 病例选自1995年和2004年2年老年病房手术室治疗的全部患者,以描述法着重分析人口学资料,手术人数和时间关系及主要手术种类构成比,并进行对比.结果 对2年情况进行比较,手术人数有所增加,高发年龄增大,1995年为70～79岁年龄组,2004年为80～89岁年龄组.肿瘤、白内障、活检均为2年患者的主要治疗人群,微创冠脉、腔镜、介入手术从无到有,已普及老年外科,手术时间高峰8:00～14:00.结论 对老年病房手术室手术患者进行治疗分析,不但可以为医疗工作提供有价值的资料和可靠依据,也可为护理工作提供很好的指导,进行有针对性的管理,对提高护理质量,制定医院快速发展的护理对策有重要的指导意义.     

心脏急诊病种变化及护理对策

目的 通过对比1992和2001年的急诊就诊患者情况，了解心脏急诊患者就诊特点与规律的变化，指导我们的护理工作。方法 病例选自1992和2001年2年急诊心内科就诊的全部患者。以描述法着重分析人口学资料，就诊人数和时间的关系以及主要疾病的构成比，并进行对比。结果 2年比较就诊人数明显增加，高发年龄，2年均为60～69岁年龄组。冠心病、高血压、心律失常均为2年患者的主要就诊人群。风湿性心脏病的构成比明显下降。就诊高峰为9：00～11：00，19：00～21：00。结论 对心脏急诊患者就诊分析不但可以为医疗工作提供有价值的资料和可靠的依据，也可为护理工作提供很好的指导，进行有针对性的管理，对提高护理质量，制定与时俱进的护理对策有重要的指导意义。     

心脏急诊病种变化及护理对策

目的通过对比1992和2001年的急诊就诊患者情况,了解心脏急诊患者就诊特点与规律的变化,指导我们的护理工作.方法病例选自1992和2001年2年急诊心内科就诊的全部患者.以描述法着重分析人口学资料,就诊人数和时间的关系以及主要疾病的构成比,并进行对比.结果2年比较就诊人数明显增加,高发年龄,2年均为60～69岁年龄组.冠心病、高血压、心律失常均为2年患者的主要就诊人群,风湿性心脏病的构成比明显下降.就诊高峰为9:00～11:00,19:00～21:00.结论对心脏急诊患者就诊分析不但可以为医疗工作提供有价值的资料和可靠的依据,也可为护理工作提供很好的指导,进行有针对性的管理,对提高护理质量,制定与时俱进的护理对策有重要的指导意义.     

青少年型库欣综合征24例疗效及随访分析

库欣综合征是一组由多种原因造成的精皮质激素过度分泌，导致人体多系统功能异常及代谢紊乱的综合征。本文就1977年1月～1995年6月18岁以下24例青少年型库欣综合征患者治疗及随访情况进行分析。1临床资料1．至一册资料18岁以下库欣综合征患者24例。男8例，女16例。发病年龄7～18岁，平均147岁。1．2病因诊断检测8：00～16：00～24：00血浆皮质醇水平；24h尿游离皮质醇；尿17羟类固醇；地塞米松大、小剂量抑制试验；腹膜后充气造影，“‘互胆固醇扫描，B超及CT影象定位诊断。1．3治疗方法手术、放疗及药物治疗。手术治疗为首选方法。2结果…     

纯收缩期高血压脑出血与年龄、脉压及昼夜节律变化关系

目的探讨纯收缩期高血压脑出血患者的发病与年龄、脉压及昼夜节律变化的关系。方法总结收缩期高血压脑出血患者的发病年龄、脉压及昼夜变化规律，再计算出昼夜各时段发病例数距平均值的百分率。结果①收缩期高血压脑出血患者多为60～69岁年龄组，其次为70～79岁年龄组。②发病最多的60～69岁年龄组患者的脉压差最大。③发病时间以9：00～10：00、17：00～18：00、15：00～16：00为高峰，以凌晨1：00～5：00为低谷。结论收缩期高血压脑出血患者以60岁以上居多，脉压差越大发病率越高，出血时间具有一定生物钟关系。积极有效地控制血压是预防脑出血发生的重要环节。     

脊柱骨折椎板切除加Lugue棒固定的手术配合

椎板切除加Lugue棒固定是治疗胸腰椎骨折较好方法之一。我院1993～1995年用此法治疗胸腰椎骨折34例，疗效满意。手术配合要点如下。if＄床资料本组34例中男26例，女8例，17～48岁。均经X线、CT、MRI确诊，其中8例为完全性瘫痪，余为不全性瘫。本组病例均为急诊手术，平均手术时间为130min。2手术配合2．l术前准备2．1．1心理护理胸腰椎骨折多为中青年男性，体力劳动者，受伤后心理压力大，害怕手术失败，有些患者甚至感到绝望，手术室护士应充分了解病情，及时疏导患者，耐心向患者解释手术的必要性，帮助患者树立信心，主动配合手术。2…     

老年病人手术中心理护理的体会

老年病人对手术常表现出较为强烈的心理反应,手术室护士应了解老年手术病人的心理状态,有针对性地指导老年病人配合手术治疗,自1985～1988年,我们对84例老年手术病人(年龄最大者85岁)进行心理护理,取得良好效果。现将我们的护理体会介绍如下。     

老年手术患者的心理分析及护理

2004年1月～2006年1月,我们为230例60～80岁的手术患者实施手术期的心理护理,满足了患者的各种心理需求,优化了手术室的护理工作,效果满意.现报告如下.     

门诊患儿输液应用抗感染药物分析及护理对策

目的 分析儿科门诊输液中抗感染药物应用及护理情况，并探讨护理对策。方法 回顾性总结2002年8月10～20日儿科门诊输液的所有患儿在输液观察室的记录资料。结果 2～7岁是输液患儿的高峰年龄组，患输液的时间比较集中于12：00～18：00和18：00～24：00，抗生素应用占同期输液患总量的97．9％，第3代头孢类抗生素明显多于其他抗生素，联合应用抗病毒药物占60．4％，其中两种抗生素加抗病毒药占11％。结论 为保证儿科门诊输液的工作质量，应(1)重视儿科门诊的输液护理；(2)积极进行健康教育；(3)合理调整班次；(4)促进抗生素合理应用；(5)加强病情观察。     

老年患者术中压疮120例相关因素分析及护理

为探讨老年患者术中压疮形成的相关因素，我们对2004-05～2006—08老年手术患者120例进行了相关研究，现报告如下。 1临床资料 1．1一般资料本组男62例，女58例，年龄65-86（平均72）岁。手术时间2～6h。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.