原发性胃淋巴瘤的X线和CT诊断

目的:提高原发性胃淋巴瘤(PGML)的X线和CT诊断水平。方法:收集21例经胃镜活检和手术证实为原发性胃淋巴瘤。其中行胃肠气钡双对比造影(GI)检查7例,CT检查17例,两者均行检查3例。分析其GI和CT表现。结果:21例PGML中,GI表现为多发结节状充盈缺损5例,胃底、体多发肿块1例,胃腔扩张及收缩良好5例。CT表现为胃壁增厚17例,伴有肿块4例,形成直径2.5cm以上大溃疡4例。17例胃壁均增厚为0.6cm～4cm,14例(82.3%)增厚胃壁增强幅度为14HU～25HU的轻、中度强化。增厚胃壁强化均匀15例,见小片状坏死2例。肝脏均未见转移性病灶。结论:原发性胃淋巴瘤主要位于胃窦和胃体,GI主要表现为多发结节状充盈缺损或多发肿块,CT主要表现为浸润型,密度均匀,呈轻、中度均匀强化,可伴有大溃疡形成,在GI检查或CT三期扫描中胃的形态可变。     

超声内镜在胃癌诊断和分期中的价值

目的：评估超声内镜在胃癌诊断中的应用价值.方法：106例患者于术前行超声内镜、胃镜检查与组织活检病理检查,并将其分期结果与术后病理学检查分期结果比较.结果：胃镜结合病理活检诊断率93.4%（99/106）,超声内镜诊断率为85.0%（90/106）.两者联合运用诊断率为100%.超声内镜对胃癌术前分期结果准确率达到81.1%（86/106）;淋巴结转移准确率为72.2%（70/97）.结论：超声内镜对诊断胃癌有较高的临床价值,并可有效地判断胃癌的分期和淋巴转移状况.     

Metachronous gastric cancers after endoscopic resection: how effective is annual endoscopic surveillance?

Background Endoscopic resection (ER) has been widely accepted in Japan as a less invasive treatment for early gastric cancer, but the incidence of subsequent metachronous gastric cancer (MGC) and the appropriate endoscopic follow-up interval after ER have not been determined as yet. In this study, we investigated the incidence of MGC after ER and assessed our annual endoscopic surveillance program after ER. Methods We studied the clinicopathological features of 633 consecutive ER patients (575 with a single lesion and 58 with synchronous multiple lesions) treated at our institution from 1987 through 2002, after excluding 158 patients who underwent additional surgery due to noncurative ERs, 180 patients whose surveillance periods were less than 1 year, 1 patient with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, and 1 patient with gastric tube cancer. We defined a second cancer found within 1 year after ER as “synchronous” and a second cancer found after 1 year as “metachronous.” Results First MGCs had an overall incidence of 8.2% (52 out of 633 patients); the annual incidence was constant, and the cumulative 3-year incidence was 5.9%. The average time to the discovery of a first MGC after the initial ER was 3.1 ± 1.7 years (range, 1–8.6 years). Almost all first MGCs (96.2%, 50 out of 52 lesions) were treated curatively with repeat ER. Conclusion In order to detect MGC at a stage early enough for a curative repeat ER, an annual endoscopic surveillance program is both practical and effective for post-ER patients.     

胃癌术前超声内镜评估TNM分期的临床研究

为了评估超声内镜在胃癌术前分期评估中的作用,83例胃癌患者均于术前行超声内镜检查,并将其内镜分期结果与术后病理学检查分期结果比较.超声内镜分期结果与病理学分期结果比较显示,各期准确率分别为T1期88.9%(8/9),T2期91.2%(21/23),T3期81.5%(31/38),T4期92.3%(12/13);淋巴结转移准确率为78.9%.超声内镜检查可有效进行术前分期,有助于制订合理的治疗方案.     

Histological differences in the invasion of advanced esophageal and gastric carcinoma beyond the esophago-gastric junction

Background. The esophago-gastric junction (EGJ) has several unique anatomical and histological features. We investigated the histological differences between esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with invasion of the gastric wall (esophageal group of patients) and gastric carcinoma with invasion of the esophageal wall (gastric group of patients). Methods. Thirty-six patients in the esophageal group and 83 patients in the gastric group were histologically examined in regard to the mode of invasion. The pattern of tumor invasion beyond the EGJ was classified as continuous or discontinuous. Results. The discontinuous pattern was more frequently seen in the esophageal group than in the gastric group. In the gastric group, however, the distance invaded beyond the EGJ was significantly greater in tumors with the discontinuous pattern than in those with the continuous pattern (P < 0.01). Gastric mucosal invasion at the EGJ was not seen in 36% of the esophageal group, whereas tumor infiltration into the esophageal mucosal layer at the tip beyond the EGJ was found in 60% of the gastric group. The incidence of invasion deeper than the muscularis propria in the gastric and esophageal groups was 18% and 58%, respectively (P < 0.0001). Conclusion. The histological characteristics of esophageal or gastric carcinoma beyond the EGJ should be taken into consideration in diagnosis and surgical procedures. Received: January 26, 2000 / Accepted: April 19, 2000     

内镜窄带成像技术及超声内镜联查在结直肠癌及癌前病变诊治中的应用

目的探讨内镜窄带成像技术及超声内镜联查在结直肠癌及癌前病变诊治中的临床应用价值。方法选取2016年1月至2017年10月间辽宁省抚顺市中心医院收治的53例结直肠肿瘤患者进行回顾性分析,以内镜下切除或手术切除病变病理结果为诊断金标准,比较结直肠肿瘤患者内镜窄带成像技术(NBI)及超声内镜检查结果的临床应用价值。结果 53例结直肠肿瘤患者的NBI检查结果均能清晰显示Ⅱ～Ⅴ型息肉腺管开口形态,NBI肠镜对结直肠恶性肿瘤与非恶性肿瘤性病变的敏感性为100. 0%。21例腺瘤性息肉均来源于黏膜层行内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR),32例结直肠癌患者均行外科手术治疗。内镜超声对结直肠癌浸润深度判断的总准确率为78. 1%。结论 NBI能对结直肠隆起病变的黏膜腺管开口进行分类,可判断病变的肿瘤性与非肿瘤性,联合超声内镜能对病变的起源进行准确的判断,对治疗方案的选择具有明确的临床指导价值。     

Radiographic and endoscopic studies in the diagnosis of persistent growth and recurrence of central cancer of the lung after radiotherapy]

Roentgenologic and bronchoscopic examination was performed in 75 patients with central carcinoma of the lung 3-5 months following radiation treatment and every 3-4 months thereafter up to 36 months and longer to establish optimal schedule of those procedures to evaluate response and timely diagnosis recurrence or progression of disease. Complex application of X-ray and endoscopy in lung cancer patients every 3-4 months following radiotherapy assures timely diagnosis of relapse or progression.     

老年人特殊型早期胃癌的特点及内镜诊断

本文报道了２９例老年人特殊型早期胃癌，包括多发癌３例，＂一点癌＂４例，胃炎样癌２２例，探讨了老年人的临床特点，各型内镜下表现及具体操作方法，以提高老年人早期癌的检出率。     

Predictive factors of lymph node metastasis in undifferentiated early gastric cancers and application of endoscopic mucosal resection

BackgroundFor intramucosal undifferentiated early gastric cancer (EGC), gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy is now the standard therapy. However, because approximately 96% of intramucosal undifferentiated EGC do not have lymph node metastasis (LNM). Gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy may be overtreatment for such patients. This study was conducted to identify clinicopathological factors predictive of LNM in undifferentiated EGC and further to expand the possibility of using endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for the treatment of undifferentiated EGC.MethodsData from 108 patients with undifferentiated EGC and surgically treated were collected, and the association between the clinicopathological factors and the presence of LNM were retrospectively analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated.ResultsThe tumor size (OR = 11.475, 95% CI: 2.054–64.104, P = 0.005), depth of invasion (OR = 11.704, 95% CI: 2.536–54.010, P = 0.002), and lymphatic vessel involvement (LVI) (OR = 13.688, 95% CI: 1.779–105.324, P = 0.012) that were significantly associated with LNM by univariate analysis, were found to be significant and independent risk factors for LNM by multivariate analysis. The LNM rates were 5% (3/61) and 28% (13/47) with intramucosal and submucosal undifferentiated EGC respectively. LNM was observed in 50% (1/2) of patients with both risk factors (tumor larger than 2.0 cm and the presence of LVI) but in none of 25 patients without the two risk factors in intramucosal undifferentiated EGC. The 5-year survival rates were 88%, 82% and 50%, respectively in cases with none, one and two of the risk factors respectively in intramucosal undifferentiated EGC (P < 0.05).ConclusionsA tumor larger than 2.0 cm, submucosal invasion, and the presence of LVI are independently associated with the presence of LNM in undifferentiated EGC. EMR alone may be sufficient treatment for intramucosal undifferentiated EGC if the tumor is less than or equal to 2 cm in size, and when LVI is absent upon postoperative histological examination. When specimens show with LVI, unexpected submucosal invasion, and unexpectedly larger tumor size than that determined at pre-EMR endoscopic diagnosis, an additional radical gastrectomy is probably better for these patients.     

The efficacy of endoscopic mucosal resection in the diagnosis and treatment of group III gastric lesions

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in diagnosing and treating group III lesions was analyzed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-three patients, with group III lesions confirmed by histopathological examination of the biopsy specimens, were included. All of these patients underwent EMR. The final diagnosis after EMR broadly classified the lesions as adenocarcinoma or adenoma. The clinicopathological features and therapeutic results were analyzed. RESULTS: Adenocarcinoma was identified in 16 patients (37.2%) and adenoma in 27 patients (62.8%). There were no differences in gender, age, lesion site, macroscopic type, or maximum diameter between the two groups. A significant difference in the maximum diameter of elevated lesions (p<0.05) was found between adenocarcinomas and adenomas, with the elevated lesions of adenocarcinomas measuring more than 10 mm. No residual focus recurrence was found among the adenomas. CONCLUSION: We conclude that EMR is effective and useful in diagnosing and treating group III lesions.     

Past and current trends in endoscopic diagnosis for early stage gastric cancer in Japan

Methodology for the diagnosis and staging of early gastric cancer (EGC) has improved in Japan since the development of the gastro-camera and determination of a definition of EGC. Imaging technology has been steadily evolving in the endoscopy field. Improvements in the resolution of standard endoscopy images used in screening and surveillance provide greater opportunities to find gastric cancer earlier. Image enhancement endoscopy (IEE), such as narrow band imaging (NBI), highlights mucosal structures and vascularity. In particular, when NBI is used with magnifying endoscopy, it reveals fine details of subtle superficial abnormalities of EGC that are difficult to recognize using standard white light endoscopy. IEE-assisted magnifying endoscopy has improved the accuracy of the differentiation of superficial gastric cancer as well as delineation of the diseased mucosa. The advanced imaging technology enables precise assessment of the risk of lymph node metastasis of EGC and is widely used to determine indications for endoscopic treatment. It is not an overstatement to say that this has become the basis for the current development and dissemination of endoscopic treatments. Moreover, the resolution of endoscopic imaging has been upgraded to the microscopy level by the development of endomicroscopy, including endocytoscopy and confocal laser endomicroscopy. Endomicroscopy allows real-time histological analysis of living tissue during routine endoscopy and may reduce the number of biopsies needed to reach the correct diagnosis, minimizing the risk of sampling errors.

     

桂西少数民族地区332例胃癌内镜病理分析

目的：探讨胃癌的内镜及病理特点。方法：回顾性分析本院经胃镜检查并经病理确诊的胃癌患者临床资料。结果：胃癌检出率为1.4％（332/23545）,男女之比为2.8：1。BorrmannⅢ型胃癌最常见,发病部位以胃窦为主,占46.7％。组织学类型以高分化腺癌占大多数。病理特点在各年龄组及不同性别之间有明显差异（P＜0.05）。结论：本地区胃癌以中老年为主,年龄、性别与胃癌的内镜分型、组织学类型及癌细胞分化程度有关,对不同类型的病人应根据其内镜及病理特点提高胃癌的检出率。     

Tumor microenvironment in gastric cancers

The tumor microenvironment favors the growth and expansion of cancer cells. Many cell types are involved in the tumor microenvironment such as inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, nerves, and vascular endothelial cells. These stromal cells contribute to tumor growth by releasing various molecules to either directly activate the growth signaling in cancer cells or remodel surrounding areas. This review introduces recent advances in findings on the interactions within the tumor microenvironment such as in cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, and endothelial cells, in particular those established in mouse gastric cancer models. In mice, myofibroblasts in the gastric stroma secrete R‐spondin and support normal gastric stem cells. Most CAFs promote tumor growth in a paracrine manner, but CAF population appears to be heterogeneous in terms of their function and origin, and include both tumor‐promoting and tumor‐restraining populations. Among immune cell populations, tumor‐associated macrophages, including M1 and M2 macrophages, and myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), are reported to directly or indirectly promote gastric tumorigenesis by secreting soluble factors or modulating immune responses. Endothelial cells or blood vessels not only fuel tumors with nutrients, but also interact with cancer stem cells and immune cells by secreting chemokines or cytokines, and act as a cancer niche. Understanding these interactions within the tumor microenvironment would contribute to unraveling new therapeutic targets.     

Present diagnostic status of scirrhous type gastric cancer--with special reference to the endoscopic diagnosis

First, we presented an actual diagnostic situation in nowadays for gastric cancer of Borrmann 4, which is virtually the same as scirrhous gastric cancer. Among 12 patients treated by the author, all of whom were discovered late, only 3 underwent surgery. In fact, with inoperable cases in Borrmann 4, even those endoscopically found to show insufficient stretching of the gastric wall, thickening and tortuosity of folds, uneven gastric mucosa, redness and white coating, there may be negative in gastric biopsy. However, the significance of an endoscopic examination for diagnosis of scirrhous cancer is in obtaining proof of the carcinoma (especially when still operable) by gastric biopsy. Thus, one must strive not to overlook slight redness, white coating which means small erosions, but to go over gastric biopsy again and again. Next, with carcinoma presenting a leather bottle (linitis plastica type) of the stomach itself, the II c portion of the stomach consisted of fundic glands (undifferentiated carcinoma) shall become the primary focus supporting Nakamura's theory. One case of diffuse invasive cancer, mistakenly diagnosed as a II c case, and two cases of regional type, one similar to II c and the other a Borrmann 2 carcinoma of advanced carcinoma showing strongly fibrous scirrhous tendency toward infiltration, were jointly monitored.     

Multiple gastric cancers in the aged with special reference to intramucosal cancers

A histopathologic study was made on 512 specimens of gastric cancer that were surgically obtained from aged patients (mean age 73 years) in the Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital. Of the 512 cases studied, 408 were gastric cancer of the glandular type (80%) and 104 were of the nonglandular type (20%). There were 75 cases of gastric cancer consisting of multiple independent cancer lesions and 71 of these were histologically diagnosed as multiple (2-5) gastric cancers composed of glandular type only. Of these 71 cases, 21 cases were multiple intramucosal cancers. These 21 cases of multiple intramucosal cancers were compared with 49 cases of single intramucosal cancers of glandular type in terms of the maximum diameter of each lesion and the location within the stomach. The results suggest that, in aged patients, there is a great possibility that collision of multiple cancer lesions may result in a single intramucosal gastric cancer measuring over 3 cm in diameter.     

Proposal for two strategies to prevent remnants of gastric cancers after endoscopic mucosal resections: fluorescein electronic endoscopy and rapid stump diagnosis based on pit patterns

Background The aim of the present study was to establish strategies to prevent cancer remnants after gastric endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR).Methods Whether surgical stumps could be diagnosed by pit patterns was examined on 38 well-fixed EMR materials. Furthermore, a rapid stump diagnostic method, which enables pit patterns of EMR material to be observed within 10min, was developed. This rapid stump diagnosis was tested in 6 EMR cases of early gastric cancers, one of which was absolutely obscure to routine endoscopy. Fluorescein electronic endoscopy had been performed to reveal the extent of this cancer before EMR.Results Adenocarcinomas showed irregular pit patterns that were significantly different from those of normal gastric mucosae. Among the 38 cases, all 20 EMR materials that were diagnosed as stump (–) and 5 that were diagnosed as stump (+), based on pit patterns, were confirmed by tissue sections to be stump (–) and stump (+), respectively. Six of the 13 EMR materials diagnosed as stump (±) by pit patterns were finally diagnosed as stump (+) by tissue sections. These data indicate that cancer remnants could be avoided if the stumps were judged positive or suspiciously positive just after EMR, and additional resections were continuously done until the stumps became negative. Rapid stump diagnosis based on pit patterns was successful in all 6 tested cases. The extent of the early gastric cancer that was absolutely obscure to routine endocscopy was clearly and exactly revealed by fluorescein electronic endoscopies done before EMR and subsequent rapid stump diagnosis.Conclusion It is probable that fluorescein electronic endoscopy, as a precise preoperative examination, and rapid stump diagnosis, based on pit patterns, will become effective strategies to prevent cancer remnants after EMR.     

Antioxidants and cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia

Antioxidant vitamins have attracted considerable attention in previous studies of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma, but dietary studies of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia remain sparse. Treating these tumors as distinct diseases, we studied intakes of vitamin C, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in a nationwide population-based case-control study in Sweden, with 185, 165, and 258 cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma, and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, respectively, and 815 controls. Subjects with a high parallel intake of vitamin C, beta-carotene, and alpha-tocopherol showed a 40-50% decreased risk of both histological types of esophageal cancer compared with subjects with a low parallel intake. Antioxidant intake was not associated with the risk of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Separately, vitamin C and beta-carotene reduced the risk of esophageal cancers more than alpha-tocopherol. We found that antioxidant intake is associated with similar risk reductions for both main histological types of esophageal cancer. Our findings indicate that antioxidants do not explain the diverging incidence rates of the 2 histological types of esophageal cancer. Moreover, our data suggest that inverse associations with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma may be stronger among subjects under presumed higher oxidative stress due to smoking or gastroesophageal reflux, respectively. Our results may be relevant for the implementation of focused, cost-effective preventive measures.