盐城地区居室环境中尘螨调查

目的了解江苏省盐城地区居室环境中尘螨孳生现状。方法 2013年5月使用吸尘器收集居民卧室及大学生宿舍内的床面灰尘和枕尘,共采集尘样200份。采用直接镜检法对灰尘样品中的螨类进行分离、鉴定和计数。结果共检获螨类1 284只,隶属于5科8属,总孳生率为51.00%(102/200),平均孳生密度为37.95只/g,其中学生宿舍孳生率及孳生密度均高于居民卧室(P0.05)。屋尘螨和粉尘螨占种群比例分别为36.68%和22.74%。结论屋尘螨和粉尘螨是盐城地区人居环境中的优势螨种。     

居室内粉螨孳生及分布情况

目的 研究居室粉螨孳生及分布情况.方法 于2005年4-7月收集张家港市过敏性哮喘患者(40名)及同一居住区域内居住条件相似,无任何变应性疾病的健康者(40名)居室床面、地面、家具、空调隔尘网及空气中的灰尘样本各1份,用直接镜检法分离、鉴定粉螨.结果 共收集样本400份,其粉螨孳生率为52.25%(209/400).共检获粉螨2 746只,隶属于7科15种.以麦食螨科的孳生率(46.25%,185/400)和相对丰度(54.26%,1 490/2 746)最高;其次是粉螨科(孳生率和相对丰度分别为34.5%,23.89%)及食甜螨科(孳生率和相对丰度分别为19.25%,18.14%).健康者居室各部位粉螨孳生密度较高,与过敏性哮喘患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 张家港市部分居室粉螨孳生情况较严重,健康者居室各部位粉螨孳生密度高于过敏性哮喘患者,螨过敏性哮喘患者发病可能主要取决于个体特异性.     

安徽省江淮地区孳生粉螨种类调查

目的 调查安徽省江淮地区孳生粉螨种类与分布.方法 于2006年4-10月粉螨孳生高峰期对江淮地区11个城市的储藏室、工作环境及居室环境进行样本采集,运用电热集螨法、水膜镜检法分离计数并制片鉴定.结果 共分离鉴定出粉螨30种,隶属于7科(包括4亚科)20属,其中腐食酪螨、粗脚粉螨、害嗜鳞螨、家食甜螨、屋尘螨、粉尘螨为其优势螨种.结论 安徽省江淮地区粉螨孳生率高、生境广泛,螨种具有显著多样性,可据此采取相应防制措施.     

哮喘患者居室内尘螨孳生种类、密度及其与抗原浓度的相关性研究

目的调查海口市哮喘患者居室孳生尘螨种类、密度及其与抗原浓度的相关性。方法采集哮喘患者居室尘样,在光镜下分类、计数,并用ELISA法测定Der P1浓度。结果制片616张,鉴定出16种螨,其中热带无爪螨占71.75%,屋尘螨占9.25%。哮喘患者居室尘样螨孳生密度和抗原浓度均高于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),二者间相关性显著(r=0.716,P<0.01)。结论热带无爪螨为本地区优势螨种,居室尘螨抗原浓度的检测似可替代活螨计数法评价室内尘螨孳生情况。     

安徽省不同种类汽车生境仓储螨和尘螨孳生情况及多样性调查

目的调查安徽省3种不同种类汽车生境中仓储螨和尘螨孳生情况及多样性。方法 2011年5-10月在安徽省合肥等10个城市中选取私家车、出租车、公交车3种生境进行孳生螨类样本的采集、分离、计数、制片鉴定及进行数据分析。结果 600份样本中检出孳生螨类313份,阳性率为52.2%。共检获螨21种,隶属于6科16属。多样性分析结果表明,3种生境中螨平均孳生密度为(11.85±5.01)～(33.60±8.49)只/g,丰富度指数为0.532～1.525,多样性指数为2.264～3.035,均匀度指数为1.050～1.264,优势度指数为0.296～0.414,物种相似性指数为0.381、0.211、0.385。结论私家车环境中仓储螨和尘螨平均孳生密度最高,螨种类最多,物种多样性指数最高,优势度指数最低;出租车和公交车环境中相应数据与私家车中相反,且公交车孳生螨种与私家车的相似度最低。可能与不同种类汽车生境内储藏物、温湿度及人为干扰的差异有关。     

4种常见粉螨的孳生环境及季节消长调查

目的 调查蚌埠地区4种常见仓储粉螨腐食酪螨(T.putrescentiae)、粗脚粉螨(A.siro)、害嗜鳞螨(L.destructor)、粉尘螨(D.farinae)在20种不同孳生物中的孳生及其季节消长情况.方法 2006年2月-2007年1月,每月从蚌埠市面粉厂、市场、药房、学生宿舍等选取20种不同生境采集样本,运用水膜镜检法、电热集螨法进行分离计数,并制片鉴定.结果 4种粉螨在火腿、小麦、菜籽、居室灰尘中孳生密度较高.一般在4-5月开始大量孳生,7-8月达到最高峰,9-10月迅速下降,不同螨种季节消长有所差异.结论 蚌埠市区4种常见粉螨孳生环境广泛,季节消长特征较鲜明,可据此采取相应防制措施.     

室内粉螨污染及控制对策

该文讨论了粉螨污染室内环境对人类家居生活带来的影响及其对策,阐述了粉螨对家庭储粮和食物等的危害及其对人体的危害,并指出居室有明显粉螨污染的现象,对如何控制粉螨在现代家居系统中的孳生提出了建议.     

螨过敏性哮喘患者卧室尘螨孳生情况调查

近年来关于居室环境对螨过敏性哮喘的影响以及通过改善环境，减少室内螨过敏原来控制支气管哮喘的发生已引起广泛的关注。本文报道25例螨过敏性哮喘患者卧室中尘螨孳生检测情况，为控螨、灭螨提供一定依据。一、对象与方法1．对象上海吴淞地区粉尘螨浸液皮试均为阳性的哮喘病人     

安徽省皖北地区粉螨群落组成及多样性分析

目的 调查皖北地区人居环境、工作环境及仓储环境中粉螨孳生情况及多样性.方法 采用直接镜检法和水膜镜检法分离粉螨,并进行计数、鉴定及数据分析.结果 720份样本中,416份标本检获粉螨,总孳生率达57.78％;共检获粉螨41种,隶属7科20属,其中腐食酪螨为优势种.仓储环境孳生粉螨的物种数、丰富度指数及多样性指数较高,工作环境中相关指数较低;工作环境孳生粉螨的均匀度指数较高,人居环境相关指数较低.结论 皖北地区粉螨种类较多,污染严重,其群落结构及多样性与生境条件有直接关系.     

地鳖养殖环境中孳生粉螨群落生态调查

目的 调查地鳖养殖环境中螨类的群落结构和生境关系.方法 对皖北地区某地鳖虫养殖场多点采样,将采集的100份样本进行分离、鉴定和计数,并对生态多样性进行分析.结果 检出8种螨,隶属于3科6属；平均孳生密度(95.07±9.54)只/g,丰富度指数2.127,均匀度指数0.939,多样性指数1.972,优势度指数0.872；孳生螨群落以伯氏嗜木螨为主,其群落构成比为69.3％；各主要螨种构成比:伯氏嗜木螨69.3％,腐食酪螨10.6％,粗脚粉螨9.2％,粉尘螨5.4％,其它螨类5.5％.结论 皖北地区地鳖养殖环境中的螨类孳生情况严重,以伯氏嗜木螨为主,且该螨具有明显的亲腐性.     

Kawasaki syndrome: a controlled study of an outbreak in Wisconsin

The etiology of Kawasaki syndrome remains unestablished, although a possible role has been suggested for exposure to the application of carpet shampoo, house dust mites, and rickettsial infection. During an outbreak of 20 cases of Kawasaki syndrome that occurred in southeastern Wisconsin from November 1982 through March 1983, a case-control study was done of 15 cases and 30 matched controls. The study included questionnaire administration, dust collection from homes, and serum specimen collection. Only one patient had been exposed to a shampooed carpet within 30 days before onset of illness. No differences were noted between cases and controls in the degree of exposure to house dust mite-associated factors in the home, nor in the occurrence, density and species-specific prevalence of house dust mites in the home. Meadow voles exposed to house dust mites from the homes of patients did not develop serologic or pathologic evidence of infection due to rickettsiae in the spotted fever and typhus groups or Coxiella burnetii. Anti-mite-specific immunoglobulin E was not detected in serum specimens from cases or controls. Results from this study do not support hypotheses suggesting that the development of Kawasaki syndrome is associated with exposure to application of carpet shampoo, house dust mites, or rickettsial infection.     

Subtropical Acarien Profile By Topography,Seasons and Change of House Furnishings: 80's Blueprint to the Future

Background

In Hawai‘i, mortality and morbidity from asthma are significant. In the 80''s, there had been no local studies of topography folklore. There had been only one report of seasonal variation in house dust mite (HDM) density in Hawai‘i, and this showed no significant variation in O‘ahu''s Manoa Valley, but a definite variation in Waikiki. There were no studies of complete replacement of furnishings.

Objective

In this pilot study, homes in a valley, coastal, and plain sites were investigated for 12 months in 2 homes on O‘ahu. A 3rd home was studied prior to and after arrival of furnishings from Denver, Colorado.

Methods

Of the 3 homes, #1 was in Palolo Valley, Honolulu, #2 coastal at Pearl Harbor and #3 on the plain at Mililani. House dust samples were taken from 4–5 sites in 2 rooms every 5 weeks. Sampling and determination of density and species were those of Furumizo.

Results

They were unsupportive of the topography and seasonal variation folklore. Density surged in the 3rd home to >12000 mites/gram of dust within 10–15 weeks with the complete change of low density HDM furnishings. D. pteronyssinus (Dp) was dominant in each home year-round. Minor species of mites made up to 1/3 of total mites in 2 homes.

Conclusion:

The folklore relating improvement in asthma to geography was not supported. 2 of the 3 homes showed minimal seasonal variation in HDM density. Local mites heavily colonized furniture from high altitude Colorado in a surge within 10–15 weeks.     

Mite fauna of dust from passenger trains in Glasgow

The mite fauna of dust from cloth-covered seats of four passenger trains and bedding from a British Rail linen store in Glasgow was investigated; 22 samples containing 4488 mg of dust from a total surface area of 5.5 m2 were taken. Sixteen samples were positive for mites and 33 specimens belonging to 10 species were found. The most common species were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart), Glycyphagus domesticus (De Geer), G. destructor (Schrank) and Euroglyphus maynei (Cooreman). The species composition bore considerable resemblance to that of house dust (although the density of mites was far lower) and the mites have probably been transported from homes via clothing and pets. Only five intact specimens, which may have been alive at the time of sampling, were found. The dust from trains consisted mostly of particles of soot. Very few skin scales, the food source of house dust mites, were detected. The small numbers of intact mites found and the absence of an identifiable food source make it unlikely that permanent populations of mites survive in upholstered seats on trains.     

A study of the mite fauna in the homes of asthmatics with positive skin tests for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in Burma

A survey was made of house dust in the homes of 30 asthmatics and 30 non‐asthmatics residing in Rangoon. The majority of the mites encountered were either glycyphagids of the genus Blomia (69% of the total specimens) or the predatory mites of the genus Cheyletus (25.1%). Pyroglyphid mites constituted only 5.9%, including Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (3.2%) and D. farinae (2%). Other pyroglyphids encountered were Hirstia domicola, Malayoglyphus intermedius and M. carmelitus which together constituted only 0.7%. The high density of glycyphagid mites in Rangoon could alter the sensitization patterns among atopics; skin tests using only Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract could therefore result in false negatives.     

Prevalence of house dust mite allergens in low-income homes with evaporative coolers in a semiarid climate

House dust mites are typically absent in homes in arid and semiarid climates due to low humidity. Evaporative “swamp” cooling significantly increases indoor humidity in dry climates and is suspected of promoting dust mite survival in these regions. We investigated the prevalence and concentration of mite allergens in dust from low-income homes (N = 22) with evaporative coolers in Utah County, Utah. Overall, 15 homes (68.2%) were positive for either Der p 1 or Der f 1 in at least 1 location. Geometric mean allergen levels in mattresses were 0.107 and 0.087 ug/g dust for Der p 1 and Der f 1, respectively. In furniture, levels were 0.143 and 0.165 ug/g dust for Der p1 and Der f 1, respectively. The percentage of positive homes in this study was much higher than previously reported in larger homes with swamp coolers in the same community. These results suggest socioeconomic factors may play a role in dust mite allergen prevalence in homes with evaporative coolers in dry climates.     

Wiederholte Prävalenzuntersuchungen Pflegeheim-assoziierter Infektionen als Instrument zur Erfassung der hygienischen Ergebnisqualität

The rate of healthcare-associated infections can be regarded as an important outcome parameter of the hygienic quality of care in nursing homes. Our study aimed to evaluate the applicability of repeated prevalence investigations as a tool for surveillance of healthcare-associated infections in nursing homes. From December 2006 to September 2007 a total of five prevalence investigations were conducted in four nursing homes each (n=2,369 residents). Initially, defined structural and procedural parameters of the hygienic quality of the four nursing homes were evaluated based on a detailed inspection and a checklist including 40 parameters. The results showed a uniformly high level of the hygienic quality with only minor variation (mean 84%, range 75%-93% of parameters fulfilled). In total, the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections was 6.8%, with a marked increase with higher categories of dependency (3.5%, 4.0%, 8.5%, and 12.3%, respectively, in the categories 0, I, II, and III of the German grading of skilled nursing care). Respiratory tract (4.1%), skin/soft tissue (1.5%), and urinary tract infections were the most prevalent healthcare-associated infections. Respiratory tract infections showed a marked seasonal pattern. During the second prevalence investigation (February 2007), an outbreak of upper respiratory tract infections occurred in one of the nursing homes (attack rate, 17%). The crude prevalence rates showed considerable differences between the four nursing homes; however, after adjusting for the different categories of dependency, the standardized infection rates (SIR) were largely comparable (excluding the outbreak). After inclusion of the outbreak, the SIR of the specific nursing home was significantly higher compared to all other nursing homes. In conclusion, our study shows that repeated prevalence investigations can be an easy to use tool for surveillance of healthcare-associated infections as a surrogate parameter of the hygienic quality in nursing homes. This implies a knowledge of the seasonality of specific infections and a risk adjustment according to the categories of dependency. The primary intention of surveillance should be the identification of hygienic problems. However, the resources should preferentially be focused on hygienic structures and processes.     

Assessment of pets (cats and dogs) in homes using electrostatic dust collectors and QPCR: new tools to evaluate exposure and risk of allergies

Contradictory results are found in the literature concerning fungi, bacteria, and pet exposure and the risk of developing asthma. All these allergens have been thoroughly studied separately in cohort studies, and a variety of sampling and analytical methods are used. It is already possible to characterize fungi, mites, and bacteria by QPCR. The aim of our study is to evaluate QPCR systems to quantify the presence of cats and dogs in homes. Twenty-four houses were sampled with an Electrostatic Dust Collector which was analyzed by QPCR. Questionnaires on the presence of pets in homes were completed. The results from QPCR were correlated for real presence of cats and dogs, and highlighted indirect exposure. This study provides a useful screening tool that will be used in future large cohort studies, such as the ELFE cohort study.     

Malnutrition prevalence in The Netherlands: results of the annual dutch national prevalence measurement of care problems

The objective of this study was to provide data on malnutrition prevalence in hospitals, nursing homes and home-care organisations in The Netherlands in a nationally representative sample, and to assess the factors such as age, sex, time since admission, ward type and disease for identifying patients at high risk of malnutrition. A cross-sectional, multi-centre design with a standardised questionnaire was used to measure the prevalence of malnutrition. Nutritional status was assessed by BMI, undesired weight loss and nutritional intake. In this study, 12 883 patients were included. The prevalence of malnutrition was the highest in hospitals (23.8 %), followed by home-care organisations (21.7 %) and nursing homes (19.2 %). Logistic regression analysis revealed no association with age, time since admission and ward type. Being female was associated with malnutrition only in nursing homes. Blood diseases, gastrointestinal tract diseases, infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia and cancer were the factors associated with malnutrition in hospitals. Dementia was associated with malnutrition in nursing homes, while gastrointestinal tract diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer were the associated factors in home care. This study shows that malnutrition is still a substantial problem in hospitals, nursing homes and home care in The Netherlands. Malnutrition is a problem for more than one in five patients. Despite growing attention to the problem, more continued alertness is required.     

Arthropod allergens in urban homes

Dust mites, cockroaches, and pets (cats, dogs) are common in homes worldwide, and many species are the source of potent allergens which cause allergic diseases. These diseases are influenced by genetic predisposition and environmental exposure. Generally, the levels of house dust mite (Der p 1 and Der f 1) and cockroach (Bla g 1, Bla g 2) allergens are used as markers of indoor exposure to arthropods.This article reviews the findings of allergens Der p 1, Der f 1, and Bla g 1 in randomly selected urban households in Zagreb (Croatia) measured from 2006 to 2010 and compares them with exposure to arthropod allergens in other countries. In short, house dust mite allergen levels in Croatian homes are low, but exposure is common; Der p 1 was found in 73 % and Der f 1 in 83 % of the households. By contrast, exposure to cockroach allergen Bla g 1 was both low and uncommon (13 %). Exposure to multiple allergens associated with sensitisation and asthma was not frequent in urban homes in Croatia. However, further studies should include monitoring of both arthropod and pet allergens in high-risk populations in inland and coastal Croatia. They should also investigate a complex dose-response relationship between exposure and sensitisation/asthma development, especially in early childhood.     

Exposition and sensitisation to indoor allergens,house dust mite allergen and cat allergens

The study examined the exposure to biological indoor air agents and their possible role for allergies and respiratory tract illnesses of children. It was conducted as a case control study (atopic vs non-atopic children) at the four surveillance public health departments in Baden-Württemberg in the winter season 1999/2000 and included 379 children of the fourth class. The concentrations of the house dust mite antigens Der F1, Der p1, and Der Gr2 as well as cat allergen Fel d1 were determined in the children's bedrooms on the ground and in the mattress. Specific IgE-antibodies against allergens from house dust, mites and cat were determined in the serum of the children. For mite allergens the following medians ( micro g/g) were estimated in floor dust: Der p1 = 0.6, Der f1 = 2.3, Gr2 = 0.1; in mattresses: Der p1 = 1.2, Der f1 = 3.4, Gr2 = 0.3. The median of Fel d1 in floor dust was 0.2 microg/g, in mattresses 0.1 microg/g. Sensitisation to dust mite allergen was found to be more prevalent than sensitisation to cat. The distribution of sensitisation among the cases and controls is different. Among the cases, more subjects were sensitised to dust mites (32.9 %) and cat (13.1 %). Among the controls, 17.1 % were sensitised to dust mites and 4.1 % to cat. The results showed no direct association between the prevalence of allergies or respiratory tract illnesses and the indoor concentrations of the allergens. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.