小儿输尿管结石体外震波碎石:十年经验

目的报告小儿结石ESWL治疗的10年经验，探讨ESWL治疗的效果和策略。方法回顾性研究67例小儿输尿管结石行ESWL治疗的结果，检测及记录患儿的代谢情况、生理解剖、结石的大小、位置以及各种并发症；其中术前置人输尿管导管52例；术后随访3～9个月。结果67例输尿管结石，首次碎石后，43例（64．2％）结石完全排空；7例（10．4％）经2次ESWL结石完全排空；2例（2．9％）经3次碎石结石完全排空；总结石完全排空率为77．6％。小于10mm结石首次碎石后的完全排空率为100％，37例大于10mm的结石患儿中，23例（62．2％）首次碎石后完全排空。上段结石的完全排空率为92．0％，而中下段结石的完全排空率仅为69．0％。其中11例输尿管中、下段结石和1例上段嵌顿结石ESWL失败者进行了输尿管镜治疗，用APL弹道碎石机击碎结石并取出；3例改行开放手术。结论ESWL是小儿输尿管结石的安全有效的治疗方法；对输尿管中、下段结石应用输尿管镜是ESWL的有效补充治疗；部分结石采用输尿管镜联合ESWL可获得较好的效果。     

输尿管镜碎石治疗儿童膀胱结石19例

自 1998年以来 ,我们应用输尿管镜碎石术 (ｕｒｅｔｅｒｏｒｅｎｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｌｉｔｈｏｔｒｉｐｓｙ,ＵＲＬ)治疗儿童膀胱结石 19例 ,均获成功。资料与方法本组 19例 ,男 13例 ,女 6例。年龄 3～ 12岁 ,平均 5 .7岁。病程 1～ 2年 ,其中排尿困难、尿痛 14例 ,间歇血尿、发热 6例。多发结石 5例 ,合并上尿路结石 2例 ,结石径线 1.0ｃｍ× 0 .6ｃｍ～2 .8ｃｍ× 1.8ｃｍ。所有病例均无泌尿系畸形。采取静脉全麻 11例 ,硬膜外麻醉8例。截石位 ,8ＦＳｔｏｒｚ输尿管镜经尿道插入膀胱 ,发现结石后将直径 0 .8ｍｍ的碎石探针从输尿管镜工作隧道…     

小儿上尿路结石的微创治疗

近20年来,上尿路结石的外科治疗发生了显著变化。如今,小儿肾及输尿管结石的微创治疗几乎取代了开放手术。尽管小儿尿路结石仅占尿结石人群的1％～3％,但由于小儿尿路结石多继发于代谢异常、尿路畸形或尿路感染,导致其结石高复发,使小儿尿路结石更适合微创治疗。因此,治疗前应全面进行代谢、尿路形态和功能的检查。笔者对小儿上尿路结石微创治疗现状作一综述。 一、体外震波碎石 1986年Newman等首次报道体外震波碎石(extracorp-oreal shock wave     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术和体外震波碎石治疗下尿路结石

目的报告儿童下尿路结石的经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术（TUPL）和体外震波碎石（ESWL）治疗经验,以探讨其微创治疗的方法和效果。方法回顾分析治疗儿童下尿路结石68例临床资料,根据采取的治疗方法不同将其分为2组：TUPL组35例,ESWL组33例。治疗后行B超或X线检查进行随访。结果二种方法碎石成功率相似,差异无显著性（χ^2=1.0P〉0.05）,但TUPL组1次碎石成功率及1周结石排净率高于ESWL组（Pa〈0.05）,而总并发症发生率低于ESWL组（P〈0.05）。结论TUPL优于ESWL,具有安全、高效、损伤小、并发症少等优点,可作为治疗儿童下尿路结石的首选方法。     

体外冲击波碎石机治疗儿童泌尿系统结石

我们采用ＮＥ -Ⅲ型Ｂ超定位体外冲击波碎石机治疗儿童泌尿系统结石 5 1例 ,效果满意 ,现报道如下。临床资料本组 5 1例 ,男 3 3例 ,女 18例 ,年龄 2～ 12ａ,平均 7ａ ,肾结石 2 6例 ,其中单肾多发结石 3例 ( 2～ 3枚 ) ,输尿管上段结石 15例 ,下段结石、膀胱结石各 4例 ,后尿道结石 2例 ,结石( 1.6× 1.0 )ｃｍ～ ( 0 .7× 0 .5 )ｃｍ。患儿均在门诊治疗 ,术前常规摄腹部平片 (ＫＵＢ) ,检查Ｂ超、血常规、出凝血时间及心肺功能等 ,了解结石大小、部位及全身情况。术前 6ｈ禁食 ,术前 3 0ｍｉｎ肌注阿托品及安定。根据患儿体重给氯胺酮肌注…     

Treatment of paediatric urolithiasis by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

Non-surgical removal of renal and ureteral stones has proven successful in adults. In this study, 21 paediatric patients have been treated with the first generation extracorporeal shock-wave lithotriptor and an additional 13 children with a second generation local shock-wave lithotriptor. A total of 47 stones was treated. Treatment-related complications such as colics (17%/18.8%) or fever (8.3%/6.2%) were minimal. Stone passage occurred in 93% and 100%, respectively of each group. Open surgery is still the treatment of choice for large staghorn calculi. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy can be performed successfully in paediatric nephrolithiasis with stones of limited size.Abbreviations PNL percutaneous nephrolithotomy - ESWL extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy - LS local shock-wave lithotripsy     

急诊冲击波碎石术治疗小儿绞痛性输尿管结石的临床研究

目的 评价急诊体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗小儿绞痛性输尿管结石之效果.方法 回顾1997年1月至2007年12月32例小儿输尿管结石伴急性肾绞痛的急诊ESWL的治疗资料.结果 1次ESWL 25例;2次ESWL 5例;1例3次ESWL治疗失败后改其他治疗,总结石排净率为96.8%(30/31).首次ESWL治疗后,28例肾绞痛完全缓解(90.3%).ESWL术中,静脉全麻19例,镇静加止痛剂者12例.术后无严重并发症.结论 急诊ESWL治疗小儿绞痛性输尿管结石安全快捷、疗效肯定.     

Management of urinary calculi using endourology and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Childhood urolithiasis is uncommon, comprising 2% – 3% of urinary calculi. This paper presents our initial experience in the endourological (EU) treatment of 23 children with urinary calculi presenting to the Royal Childrens' Hospital. Twenty-seven renal, ureteric, and vesical calculi were treated. Three strictures were divided endoscopically synchronously with calculus removal. Twenty-three calculi were renal (6 staghorn, 3 cystine), 2 ureteric, and 2 vesical. In 12 patients (mean age 17.5 years, range 5–24), the underlying cause was a neuropathic bladder secondary to spina bifida. Ten of these had ileal conduits, 1 was successfully undiverted, and 1 previously undiagnosed (all infected). The second group of 11 patients (mean age 10.1 years, range 5–16) had normal renal anatomy. Seventeen (63%) were treated by percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or endoscopic lithotripsy via their conduit (n = 1) or bladder (n = 2). Three (11%) underwent combined extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and PCNL and 7 (26%) were treated by ESWL alone. Twenty-one (77%) were cleared of stone by their primary procedure. Four patients with residual calculi following ESWL have a decreased volume of stone and 2 patients with staghorn calculi treated by PCNL have peripheral fragments only (1 bilateral). There was no mortality or significant morbidity except sepsis in 4 patients, which was treated medically. This series demonstrates that EU and ESWL techniques are safe and effective in children and patients with spina bifida, who often have marked scoliosis, urinary diversion, and difficulties in access. In our experience, paediatric calculi were associated with infection, metabolic disorders, urinary diversion, and patient deformities, and so the majority were more appropriately treated by endourological techniques. ESWL was effective for small stones and in combination with EU for complex stones. By using EU and ESWL alone or in combination, we have avoided open surgery in all patients with urinary calculi treated so far. Offprint requests to: H. L. Tan     

Piezoelectric extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for bile duct stone formation after choledochal cyst excision

We report a case of bile duct stones in which piezoelectric extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) was highly effective for the clearance of stones. A 16-year-old girl, who had undergone excision of a choledochal cyst when she was 3 years old, presented a spiking fever and colic abdominal pain. Radiological investigations showed two large stones incarcerating to the proximal end of hepatico-jejunostomy anastomosis. Massive debris was also present in intrahepatic bile duct proximal to the anastomosis. She underwent piezoelectric ESWL with an EDAP LT02 lithotripter. An average of 40 min ESWL session was repeated at intervals of 2 or 3 days. Neither anesthetic nor sedative treatment was required. By the end of the sixth session, the stones incarcerated were fragmented and the debris in the intrahepatic bile duct was completely eliminated. We conclude that piezoelectric ESWL is a less invasive, effective and repeatable method, therefore, it could be a treatment of choice for bile duct stone formation after choledochal cyst excision.     

体外冲击波碎石术治疗小儿鹿角状结石

目的 评价体外冲击波碎石术治疗小儿鹿角状结石的安全性和疗效。方法 从1997年3月至2002年3月，共收治8例小儿鹿角状结石患儿，年龄1．5—14岁，平均7．8岁，结石直径均大于20mm，完全鹿角状结石3例，部分鹿角状结石5例，Donier Compact S碎石机治疗。3例低龄患儿行氯胺酮麻醉，全部患儿碎石1—5次，无需置D-J管，随访6个月以上。结果 6例无结石残留(75．0％)，2例残留结石，需经皮肾取石术治疗。2例形成输尿管石街，轰击石街1—2次后结石排出。随访6个月以上，肾功能恢复正常，无高血压发生。结论 体外冲击波碎石是小儿鹿角状结石的首选治疗方法，安全性好，疗效高。应重视代谢障碍、解剖异常问题及并发症的防治。     

小儿下尿路结石的微创治疗

目的探讨小儿下尿路结石的微创治疗方法和效果。方法总结治疗小儿下尿路结石64例的临床资料,其中ESWL组30例,TUPL组34例。结果两组间总的碎石成功率相似,差异无显著性意义(χ2=0.15,P>0.05),但TUPL组1次碎石成功率及1周结石排净率高于ESWL组(P<0.05),而总并发症发生率低于ESWL组(P<0.05)。结论TUPL具有安全、高效、损伤小、并发症少等优点,并避免ESWL治疗可能对小儿生殖腺造成的损害,是治疗小儿下尿路结石的首选方法。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿下尿路结石疗效观察

目的 探讨经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术在治疗小儿下尿路结石中的应用效果.方法 收集我科2012年1月至2015年1月33例小儿下尿路结石患儿,其中男32例,女1例,年龄6个月至12岁,平均年龄29个月,年龄小于3岁的患儿有27例.膀胱结石17例,尿道结石16例,其中前尿道结石6例,后尿道结石10例,结石大小8 mm～25 mm,平均13 mm.所有患儿经B型超声、泌尿系CT等检查,均无尿道狭窄、神经源性膀胱、先天性畸形.全身麻醉、电视监视系统下应用Wolf输尿管镜(Wolf 6～7.5F,工作通道F4.0)气压弹道碎石术(碎石杆直径1.0 mm)治疗,观察碎石成功率、术后有无尿道损伤、膀胱穿孔、有无发热等并发症发生情况及结石复发情况.结果 33例患儿均1次碎石成功,碎石时间15～60 min,平均(26±9)min,术后2d～7d内结石清除率100％,4例患儿术后第一天体温超过38.0℃、无“石街”、无尿道狭窄、无尿道损伤、无膀胱穿孔和排尿异常等并发症发生,术后住院时间2～3 d,平均2.4d.随访2～24个月,无结石复发.结论 经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿尿路结石安全简便、效果确切、结石清除率高,且损伤小,术后恢复快,可作为小儿下尿路结石治疗的首选方法之一.     

小儿上尿路结石体外冲击波碎石20例

目的 探讨合理使用体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗小儿上尿路结石的方法与效果.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年5月应用ESWL治疗上尿路结石20例的临床资料.结果 20例中,肾结石16例,肾盂结石8例,肾盏结石6例,孤独肾伴结石2例,鹿角形结石2例,双输尿管畸形伴肾结石2例;输尿管结石4例.其中,单发13例,多发7例.Ⅰ期碎石有效17例,占85％;Ⅱ期有效3例,占15％.结论 使用体外冲击波碎石治疗小儿上尿路结石完全可行,疗效满意.     

食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉相关泌尿系结石患儿的随访

目的：了解食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉相关泌尿系结石患儿的预后情况。方法：用B型超声检查泌尿系统,对北京大学第三医院儿科食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉相关泌尿系结石患儿共47例进行定期随访。结果：研究随访至6个月时,36例（77%）患儿的泌尿系结石自行排出,仅有7例泌尿系结石仍然存在,失访4例,随访中患者均未出现合并症;泌尿系结石的排出与暴露于污染奶粉中三聚氰胺量和时间无关,但与结石部位有关;男童泌尿系结石自行排出时间比女童长,但差异无统计学意义。结论：食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉相关泌尿系结石患儿的预后良好,大多数患儿的泌尿系结石可以自行排出。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（4）：278-279］     

新疆地区小儿泌尿系结石500例内镜诊疗分析

目的 探讨小儿泌尿系结石的成因、临床表现及治疗方法.方法 总结分析我院2014年1月至2017年2月收治的500例小儿泌尿系结石患儿的临床资料.男336例,女164例;年龄3个月至14岁,平均年龄(7.0±0.5)岁;其中维吾尔族420例,其他民族80例;南疆430例,北疆地区70例;肾结石341例,输尿管结石67例,肾结石合并输尿管结石55例,膀胱及尿道结石37例.上尿路结石合并感染336例(尿常规wbc+～++++ ),下尿路结石合并感染37例(尿常规wbc+～++++);临床表现中,有腹痛100例,血尿50例,腹痛合并血尿150例,无尿37例(其中1例死亡).有尿道刺激症状(尿频、尿急、尿痛)104例,无症状者59例(其中合并有肾积水的15例).无家族性尿路结石.结果 全部500例患儿中在内窥镜下碎石成功495例,1例膀胱结石直径＞4cm膀胱切开取石.4例出现输尿管结石嵌顿合并穿孔中转开腹切开取石.统计显示新疆地区小儿泌尿系结石与地域有很大关系,其中年龄趋向小龄化,维吾尔族患儿居多;上尿路结石中腹痛、血尿是主要临床表现,下尿路结石中尿道刺激症状是主要表现.泌尿系结石大部分合并尿路感染,以上尿路结石为主.结论 新疆地区小儿泌尿系结石南疆维吾尔族居多(84％),分别有腹痛、血尿、尿道刺激症状.以上尿路结石为主(92.6％).内窥镜治疗小儿泌尿系结石的开展可以大部分取代开放手术.