HPLC法测定盐酸多沙普仑葡萄糖注射液的含量

目的 建立盐酸多沙普仑葡萄糖注射液的高效液相色谱含量测定方法。方法 采用COSMOSIL C₁₈(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以0.82 μg/L醋酸钠溶液(用冰醋酸调pH值为4.5) -乙腈=70:30为流动相,检测波长为214 nm。结果 盐酸多沙普仑浓度在13~91 μg/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 8)。平均加样回收率为99.3%,RSD为0.81%(n=9)。结论 此方法简便、准确、灵敏度高、专属性强。     

用HPLC法同时测定自制复方特比萘酚软膏中3个主药成分的含量

目的 建立同时测定自制复方特比萘酚软膏中3个主药成分含量的HPLC法。方法 色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（70∶30）,柱温：30 ℃,流速：1.0 ml/min,检测波长：248 nm,进样量：10 μl。结果 盐酸特比萘芬在20.4～204.0 μg/ml（r =0.999 7）,莫匹罗星在40.4～404.0 μg/ml（r=0.9998）,糠酸莫米松在2.02～20.20 μg/ml（r=0.999 7）的浓度范围呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率分别为99.39%、99.21%、99.97%,RSD分别为0.82%、0.59%、0.81%（n=9）。结论 该方法的专属性、重复性良好,可用于自制复方特比萘酚软膏中的特比萘酚、莫匹罗星、糠酸莫米松的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定麻杏抗感颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

目的 建立麻杏抗感颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定方法。方法 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,色谱柱：Wondasil C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（5：95）;流速：1 ml/min;检测波长：215 nm;柱温：30℃;进样量：10 μl。结果 盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱的质量浓度分别在4.231~42.31 μg/ml（r=0.999 7）、1.187~11.87 μg/ml（r=0.999 9）范围内与各自峰面积线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为分别为98.9%、98.1%;RSD分别为0.48%、0.64%。结论 该法准确度高、重复性好, 可用于麻杏抗感颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定。     

二维液相色谱法测定脑脊液中替加环素浓度及其临床应用

目的 建立二维液相色谱法检测人脑脊液中替加环素浓度,用于颅内感染患者的药物浓度监测。方法 采用外标法定量,第一维色谱柱为Aston SNX5苯基色谱柱（50 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为磷酸铵（氨水调pH7.5）-甲醇（45:55,V/V）,流速1.0 ml/min。第二维色谱柱为Aston SC5 C₁₈色谱柱（275 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为磷酸铵（氨水调pH7.4）-磷酸铵（氨水调pH3.0）-乙腈（30:50:20,V/V/V）,流速1.2 ml/min。检测波长340 nm,色谱柱温40 ℃,进样量：200 μl。结果 脑脊液中替加环素64.5～1 290.0 ng/ml内与峰面积呈良好线性关系（r=0.999 8）;日内、日间精密度RSD<5%,准确度为98.80%～106.51%。结论 该方法操作简便、快速、准确、灵敏,适用于临床人脑脊液替加环素的浓度监测,可为颅内感染患者的个体化给药提供科学依据。     

双波长HPLC法测定止痒地霜中地塞米松和羟苯乙酯的含量

目的 建立双波长HPLC法同时测定止痒地霜中地塞米松磷酸钠和羟苯乙酯的含量。方法 采用RP-HPLC法,以Wondasil C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱,以三乙胺溶液-甲醇-乙腈（52：43：5）为流动相;检测波长为242 nm,流速为1.0 ml/min。结果 羟苯乙酯和地塞米松磷酸酯分别在21.42～64.26 μg/ml （r=1.0000）和20.84～62.53 μg/ml （r=0.9999）范围内有良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.1%（RSD=0.41%）和99.0%（RSD=0.72%）。结论 该法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于止痒地霜的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定新保肾片中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的含量

目的 建立新保肾片中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的含量测定方法,为生产质量提供保障。方法 采用高效液相色谱法测定,色谱柱为Lichrospher-C₁₈柱(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇:0.1%磷酸溶液(7030),流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为35 ℃,检测波长为254 nm。结果 芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚分别在2.30~18.4 μg/ml(r=1.0)、2.930~23.44 μg/ml(r=1.0)、5.00~40.0 μg/ml(r=1.0)、14.870~118.96 μg/ml (r=0.999 8)、7.410~59.28 μg/ml(r=0.999 9)范围内有良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为100.16%、102.91%、99.76%、100.32%、100.44%,RSD分别为1.58%、1.27%、1.67%、1.33%、1.03%(n=9)。结论 该方法准确易行,便于质量控制。     

HPLC法测定安立生坦中R异构体

目的 建立HPLC法测定安立生坦中R异构体的方法。方法 采用HPLC法, 用硅胶键合蛋白质型手性色谱柱ULTRON ES-OVM(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm);以0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH至4.0)-乙腈(80:20)为流动相;检测波长220 nm;柱温30 ℃;体积流量为1.0 mL/min;进样体积20 μL。结果 安立生坦R异构体在0.501～4.008 μg/mL与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 3), 平均回收率为98.62%, RSD值为2.82%(n=12)。结论 本法操作简便快速, 结果准确可靠, 可用于安立生坦中R异构体的控制。     

HPLC同时测定咳清胶囊中吗啡、磷酸可待因和岩白菜素含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定咳清胶囊中吗啡、磷酸可待因和岩白菜素含量的方法。方法 采用Ultimate^®AQ-C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,柱温为35℃,检测波长为210 nm,进样量10 μL。结果 吗啡、磷酸可待因和岩白菜素分别在20.018 2~320.291 2 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9)、4.031 0~64.496 6 μg·mL^-1(r=1.000 0)、19.760 0~316.160 0 μg·mL^-1(r=1.000 0)内线性关系良好;平均回收率(n=6)分别为98.33%(RSD=2.72%),98.72%(RSD=2.77%)和98.54%(RSD=1.06%)。结论 该检测方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于咳清胶囊中吗啡、磷酸可待因和岩白菜素3种有效成分的同时测定,也可为其质量控制提供参考。     

注射用甘露聚糖肽两种含量测定方法的比较

目的 比较注射用甘露聚糖肽的两种含量测定方法。 方法 分别采用分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定D-甘露糖的含量。 结果 分光光度法测定中,供试品溶于苯酚溶液和硫酸中,于 490 nm 波长处检测,D-甘露糖衍生物浓度线性范围是 10.2~51 μg/ml(r=0.999 1),平均含量为92.14%, RSD平均值为1.17%。HPLC法测定中,用色谱柱:Gemini C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相:乙腈-0.02 mol/L 乙酸铵溶液(20:80),流速:1 ml/min;检测波长:250 nm;柱温:30 ℃;进样量:10 μl。检测结果,平均含量为83.47%, RSD平均值为0.65%,两种方法均能有效测定D-甘露糖的含量。 结论 分光光度法测定的平均含量较高,但检测中使用的苯酚有特殊臭味、有毒、具腐蚀性,对操作者会造成一定的危险性;HPLC法专属性强,色谱图更直观,对操作者的危害性和刺激性较小。同时建立一种测定D-甘露糖的新方法。     

LC-MS-MS法测定犬体内血浆中埃索美拉唑药物浓度

目的 建立液相色谱联用质谱法(LC-MS-MS)测定犬体内血浆中埃索美拉唑(esomeprazole,EMZ)药物浓度。方法 以地西泮为内标,血浆采用蛋白沉淀处理,色谱柱为Shim-pack XR-ODS柱(2 mm×100 mm, 5 μm);流动相为乙腈:2 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0. 1%甲酸);流速0. 3 ml/min;质谱条件:电喷雾离子化电离源ESI,正离子多反应检测,检测离子分别为346.2→198.2 m/z(埃索美拉唑)和285.2→193.2 m/z(地西泮)。结果 埃索美拉唑在0.5~1 200 μg/L 检测浓度范围内呈良好线性关系(r>0.99),最低定量限(LLOQ)为0.5 μg/L,平均绝对回收率在(101.0±6.5)%,低、中、高3种浓度的日内、日间RSD≤15%。结论 该方法操作简便、灵敏、准确,适用于埃索美拉唑血药浓度测定及药动学研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.