小凹蛋白1-小凹在血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖信号转导通路中的作用

为观察小凹蛋白1和小凹对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖信号转导通路的调控作用，本文用Westem Blot、小凹蛋白1反义寡核苷酸技术及氚标胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷掺入法观察到血管紧张素Ⅱ刺激细胞外信号调节激酶活化和血管平滑肌细胞增殖，同时抑制小凹蛋白1表达。小凹蛋白1反义寡核苷酸处理可增强血管紧张素Ⅱ激活细胞外信号调节激酶和刺激血管平滑肌细胞增殖的作用。细胞外信号调节激酶抑制剂PD98059和小凹结构抑制剂制霉菌素均可阻断血管紧张素Ⅱ所致细胞外信号调节激酶的活化和小凹蛋白1表达下降和细胞增殖。     

氧化型低密度脂蛋白对血管平滑肌细胞磷酸酶PTEN活性的影响

为探讨氧化型低密度脂蛋白促血管平滑肌细胞增殖的细胞内信号转导机制，将兔血管平滑肌细胞分为对照组、低密度脂蛋白组和氧化型低密度脂蛋白组。以细胞计数和噻唑蓝比色法测定细胞增殖能力，Western blot定量与细胞骨架蛋白同源在10号染色体有缺失的磷酸酶（PTEN）表达水平，免疫沉淀和特异底物diC16PIP3脱磷酸绿色试剂法检测该磷酸酶活性。实验发现氧化型低密度脂蛋白（50mg/L)可使细胞计数及噻唑蓝比色吸光值分别增加1．78和3．21倍，而低密度脂蛋白（50mg/L)无明显作用。各浓度低密度脂蛋白及氧化型低密度脂蛋白对该磷酸酶蛋白表达水平均无显著影响。氧化型低密度脂蛋白对PTEN活性的抑制在20－50mg/L范围内呈浓度依赖性。时间曲线表现为10min作用最强，并可持续达24h(与对照组比较，均P＜0．01）。结果提示；氧化型低密度脂蛋白可能通过对负性调节蛋白PTEN磷酸酶的凶制而发挥促进血管平滑肌细胞增殖功能。     

氧化型低密度脂蛋白对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞表达基质细胞衍生因子1α的影响

目的为探讨氧化型低密度脂蛋白对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞上基质细胞衍生因子1α表达的影响。方法原代培养的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞,与氧化型低密度脂蛋白共同孵育,用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测基质细胞衍生因子1αmRNA,免疫印迹检测其蛋白表达变化,观察氧化型低密度脂蛋白对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞表达基质细胞衍生因子1α的剂量—时间效应。结果原代培养的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞有基础水平的基质细胞衍生因子1α表达,且在0～50mg/L范围内,基质细胞衍生因子1α表达量随氧化型低密度脂蛋白浓度增加而增加,50mg/L可使基质细胞衍生因子1α上调约5倍;经50mg/L氧化型低密度脂蛋白刺激0～48h,其峰值在12h,随后逐渐下降,但仍维持在基础水平的3倍左右。结论氧化型低密度脂蛋白上调大鼠血管平滑肌细胞的基质细胞衍生因子1α的表达。     

热休克蛋白90对氧化应激激活的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞细胞外信号调节激酶的作用

目的探讨热休克蛋白90对氧化应激激活的细胞外信号调节激酶的作用。方法取SD雄性大鼠胸主动脉做原代平滑肌细胞培养。用1μmol/L可溶性鸟苷酰环化酶抑制剂6-Anilinoquinoline-5,8-quinolinedione(LY83583)处理4~12代大鼠血管平滑肌细胞不同时间,蛋白免疫印迹检测细胞内热休克蛋白90、磷酸化和未磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶1/2。用格尔德霉素(热休克蛋白90的特异性阻断剂)预处理细胞30 min,再用LY83583处理120 min,免疫共沉淀和蛋白免疫印迹检测热休克蛋白90与细胞外信号调节激酶及磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶的结合,免疫荧光检测细胞核内磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶。结果LY83583处理120 min时细胞内热休克蛋白90表达达高峰,较0 min时增加9倍,与细胞外信号调节激酶1/2的第二个活化高峰一致。LY83583处理血管平滑肌细胞120 min后,热休克蛋白90与磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶1/2结合较对照组升高了5.5倍(P<0.01),磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶1/2的量增加了6.1倍(P<0.01),而细胞核内的磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶1/2也明显增加;5μmol/L格尔德霉素预处理后,LY83583的这些效应则被阻断。结论氧化应激增加大鼠血管平滑肌细胞内热休克蛋白90,并增加其与细胞外信号调节激酶1/2及磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶1/2的结合,促进磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶1/2核转位。这可能是氧化应激激活大鼠中膜血管平滑肌细胞内细胞外信号调节激酶1/2信号通路活性的重要机制之一,为抗氧化应激引起的血管中膜平滑肌细胞增殖提供新的分子靶点。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ上调血管平滑肌细胞富含半胱氨酸蛋白61的表达

目的探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ对培养鼠血管平滑肌细胞富含半胱氨酸蛋白61的影响及其可能的转导通路。方法组织贴块法培养血管平滑肌细胞,血管紧张素Ⅱ处理平滑肌细胞15min、30min、60min、180min,PD98059在血管紧张素Ⅱ刺激细胞前1h加到培养基中,用逆转录聚合酶链反应和Westernblotting检测分析富含半胱氨酸蛋白61的表达。结果逆转录聚合酶链反应分析显示用1μmol/L血管紧张素Ⅱ刺激细胞培养15min、30min富含半胱氨酸蛋白61的表达与对照组相比明显增加;同时细胞外信号调节激酶1/2活性高于对照组(P<0.01),60min时仍有表达,180min时减弱;细胞外信号调节激酶1/2特异性抑制剂PD98059(20μmol/L)能阻断血管紧张素Ⅱ上调富含半胱氨酸蛋白61的表达并抑制增加的磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶1/2活性。结论血管紧张素Ⅱ通过细胞外信号调节激酶1/2促进血管平滑肌细胞上调富含半胱氨酸蛋白61表达,这可能是血管紧张素Ⅱ促血管平滑肌细胞增殖的一个重要机制。     

氧化型低密度脂蛋白对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞基质金属蛋白酶-2和9表达的影响

为探讨氧化型低密度脂蛋白致动脉粥样硬化的作用是否与基质金属蛋白酶表达活性改变有关,应用Northern blot、Dot blot、Westorn blott和明胶酶图分析方法观察氧化型低密度脂蛋白对体外培养的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞表达基质金属蛋白酶－2和9的影响。结果显示,10mg/L氧化型低密度脂蛋白作用于血管平滑骨细胞24h,可明显增强基质金属蛋白酶－2和9mRNA的表达、蛋白分泌和酶的活性,高浓度的氧化型低密度脂蛋白对基质金属蛋白酶－2和9表达的影响不同,氧化型低密度脂蛋白浓度为50mg／L时,基质金属蛋白酶－9表达活性仍然高于对照细胞,但于10mg／L氧化型低密度脂蛋白的作用强度无显著差别;相同条件下,基质金属蛋白酶－2的基因表达和蛋白分泌明显降低。以上结果提示,氧化型低密度脂蛋白可诱导血管平滑肌细胞基质金属蛋白酶－2和9的表达,并可促进细胞外基质降解。     

脱氢表雄酮对氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导的血管平滑肌细胞中血管细胞粘附分子1表达的影响

目的探讨脱氢表雄酮对氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导的血管平滑肌细胞分泌血管细胞粘附分子1的影响。方法用脱氢表雄酮(5μmol/L)作用于氧化型低密度脂蛋白(50 mg/L)诱导的体外培养的SD大鼠血管平滑肌细胞,采用免疫细胞化学、免疫蛋白印迹法、逆转录聚合酶链反应检测其血管细胞粘附分子1蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果当细胞培养基中加入氧化型低密度脂蛋白后,血管平滑肌细胞血管细胞粘附分子1的分泌明显升高(P<0.05),而同时加入脱氢表雄酮可使血管细胞粘附分子1的分泌降低(P<0.05)。结论脱氢表雄酮能够抑制氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导的血管平滑肌细胞血管细胞粘附分子1的分泌,而且可能是脱氢表雄酮抗动脉粥样硬化的机制之一。     

Caveolin-1表达对血管平滑肌细胞胆固醇逆转运的调节作用

通过观察天然和氧化型低密度脂蛋白对细胞内胆固醇转运蛋白caveolin 1表达的影响 ,探索动脉粥样硬化发生过程中血管平滑肌细胞胆固醇逆转运的分子机制。运用Western印迹、逆转录—聚合酶链反应等方法观察天然和氧化修饰的低密度脂蛋白对血管平滑肌细胞caveolin 1表达的影响及其差异 ;运用反义寡核苷酸技术和高效液相色谱、放射性胆固醇标记法等方法初步判断下调caveolin 1表达对血管平滑肌细胞胆固醇流出的影响 ;运用外源基因导入技术观察caveolin 1过度表达对氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导血管平滑肌细胞内胆固醇聚集的调节作用。结果发现 :①以正常的未修饰低密度脂蛋白 (5 0mg L)与血管平滑肌细胞孵育 96h ,caveolin 1表达增加 6 0 .2 %± 3.9% ,胆固醇流出率为 81.7%± 4 .3% ;而在相同量的氧化型低密度脂蛋白刺激下 ,caveolin 1表达减少了 5 4 .7%± 5 .8% ,胆固醇流出率下降至 2 6 .8%± 5 .1%。②caveolin 1反义寡核苷酸预处理血管平滑肌细胞 ,再予 5 0mg L的正常低密度脂蛋白处理 ,细胞胆固醇流出率下降至 4 5 .3%± 7.3%。③抗氧化剂普罗布考显著对抗氧化型低密度脂蛋白对血管平滑肌细胞caveolin 1表达的抑制作用。④外源导入caveolin 1表达质粒显著促进氧化型低密度脂蛋白损伤后的细胞胆固醇转运 ,     

血管紧张素(1-7)阻断细胞外信号调节激酶1/2、核因子κB信号通路影响泡沫细胞内胆固醇含量

目的研究血管紧张素(1-7)对THP-1源性泡沫细胞中细胞外信号调节激酶1/2及核因子κB信号转导通路的影响,以进一步探讨血管紧张素(1-7)促进胆固醇逆转运的调节机制以及细胞外信号调节激酶1/2与核因子κB信号通路之间是否相互影响。方法采用体外培养的THP-1单核细胞构建泡沫细胞模型,用不同的干预方法处理细胞72 h,将细胞分为单核细胞(空白对照)组、泡沫细胞组、分别预先经10-6mol/L血管紧张素(1-7)、10μmol/L核因子κB特异性阻断剂、10μmol/L细胞外信号调节激酶1/2特异性阻断剂、10-6mol/L血管紧张素(1-7)+10μmol/L核因子κB特异性阻断剂、10-6mol/L血管紧张素(1-7)+10μmol/L细胞外信号调节激酶1/2特异性阻断剂干预的泡沫细胞组。油红O染色后显微镜下观察细胞形态;高效液相色谱法检测细胞内胆固醇含量的变化;免疫组化法检测细胞内核因子κB(p65)活性的表达;免疫印迹法检测磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶1/2蛋白的表达。结果血管紧张素(1-7)显著降低了泡沫细胞内胆固醇的含量,下调了磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶1/2、核因子κB(p65)活性的表达(P0.05),细胞外信号调节激酶1/2、核因子κB信号通路被特异性阻断后泡沫细胞内胆固醇含量降低(P0.05);血管紧张素(1-7)联用细胞外信号调节激酶1/2、核因子κB信号通路的特异性阻断剂后泡沫细胞内胆固醇含量显著降低(P0.01);核因子κB信号通路被阻断后核因子κB(p65)活性表达显著降低(P0.01),而磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶1/2活性表达无明显降低(P0.05),细胞外信号调节激酶1/2信号通路被阻断后磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶1/2和核因子κB(p65)活性表达均降低(P0.05)。结论血管紧张素(1-7)可能通过降低磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶1/2、核因子κB(p65)的活性,减少细胞内胆固醇的蓄积;细胞外信号调节激酶1/2、核因子κB信号通路被特异性阻断后可减少泡沫细胞内胆固醇的含量;细胞外信号调节激酶可能是核因子κB(p65)信号通路的上游信号。     

沥水调脂胶囊对轻度修饰低密度脂蛋白诱导血管平滑肌细胞丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导的影响

轻度修饰低密度脂蛋白 ;　血管平滑肌细胞[摘　要 ]　为了探讨健脾祛痰化瘀方———沥水调脂胶囊对轻度修饰低密度脂蛋白诱导的血管平滑肌细胞丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导的影响 ,采用血清药理学通法制备含药血清 ,以甲醇除蛋白预处理 ;以Cu2 + 氧化制备轻度修饰低密度脂蛋白 ;用磷酸化抗体以WesternBlot方法分析c junN端激酶 1、细胞外信号调节激酶 1和 2的磷酸化。结果发现 ,2 0 %含药血清可明显降低 0 .5h和 1h轻度修饰低密度脂蛋白诱导的c junN端激酶 1磷酸化 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而对细胞外信号调节激酶 1和 2无明显影响。结果提示 ,降低c junN端激酶 应激活化蛋白激酶信号可能是沥水调脂胶囊抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖的机制之一。     

1-Naphthyl isocyanate and 1-naphthylamine as metabolites of 1-naphthylisothiocyanate

Abstract: The importance of the bioactivation of 1-naphthylisothiocyanate was studied. Forty minutes after 1-naphthylisothiocyanate administration to rats, bile was collected over a 2.5-h period; the liver was then excised and homogenized. 1-naphthylisothiocyanate and its metabolites in bile and liver of rats were identified and quantified using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three main compounds were found in all 1-naphthylisothiocyanate-treated animals. They were identified as 1-naphthyl isocyanate, 1-naphthylamine and the parent compound, 1-naphthylisothiocyanate. When rats were given cycloheximide, which attenuates 1-naphthylisothiocyanate toxicity, 30 min before 1-naphthylisothiocyanate (300 mg/kg), 1-naphthyl isocyanate concentration was significantly lower than in rats receiving only 1-naphthylisothiocyanate. The appearance of 1-naphthylamine was also inhibited by cycloheximide, although not to the same extent as 1-naphthyl isocyanate. On the other hand, phenobarbital, which potentiates 1-naphthylisothiocyanate hepatotoxicity, enhanced 1-naphthyl isocyanate and 1-naphthylamine formation. It is suggested that 1-naphthyl isocyanate, 1-naphthylamine and the highly reactive sulfur released from 1-naphthylisothiocyanate might be involved in the hepatotoxic effect of 1-naphthylisothiocyanate.     

Genetic link with cholelithiasis among pediatric SCA Tunisian patients: Examples of UGT1A1, SLCO1A2 and SLCO1B1

Aims and background: Hyperbilirubinemia is often observed in chronic hemolysis and results in the formation of pigment cholelithiasis that could be increased by the presence of defected enzymes involved in the bilirubin metabolism. Indeed, this is the first report that interested in the study of polymorphisms in genes encoded for enzymes involved in the bilirubin metabolism: rs 4149056 of SLCO1B1 and rs4149000 of SLCO1A2 in combination with rs8175347 and rs887829 of UGT1A1 in order to find a correlation between the polymorphisms studied and the presence of gallstones in a population of sickle cell anemia (SCA) pediatric Tunisians.

Material and methods: Our study involved 102 unrelated Tunisian subjects. All SCA patients are children (less than 16 years old) and were characterized by hyperbilirubinemia and 52 of them have cholelithiasis. The polymorphisms of the candidate genes were analyzed for all subjects by PCR/sequencing. Genotype and allele frequencies between cases and controls were compared using Pearson's chi-square test with a significance threshold of P?<?0.05 (compare 2, version 1.02).

Results: The novelty of this report is that children carrying the combined genotype of the rs studied: (TA7TA7)/TT/TC/GA have a higher risk to develop gallstones (P?=?0.0027, RR?=?18.27 (20.0061–915.28)).

Conclusion: Altogether our data provide the implication of UGT1A1 and SLCO1A2 in sickle cell anemia-related cholelithiasis.     

甲型H1N1与季节性H1N1流感病毒血凝素基因比较分析

目的分析泰安市2008～2009年度季节性流感与2009年度甲型H1N1流感病原学检测结果 ,比较季节性H1N1与甲型H1N1血凝素基因变异情况。方法选择国家级流感监测哨点医院以及暴发疫情的疫点,采集流感样病例的鼻咽拭子标本,通过RealtimePCR进行病毒检测,用MDCK细胞进行病毒分离,通过RT-PCR扩增血凝素HA1片段的基因并测序,利用生物信息学进行序列分析。结果 2008～2009年共检测鼻咽拭子标本283份,分离出流感病毒33株,分离阳性率为11.67%,其中季节性H1N1亚型31株。2009年5月1日～12月31日,检测鼻咽拭子标本996份,流感核酸检测阳性417份,阳性率为41.86%,其中甲型H1N1337份,季节性H1N1亚型1份。6株季节性H1N1病毒均在多个氨基酸位点上发生变异,与疫苗株A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)比较,有11个位点发生了突变,其中5个位点位于抗原决定簇上;测序成功的6株甲型H1N1病毒在多个氨基酸位点发生变异,与疫苗株A/California/07/2009(H1N1)比较,有6个位点发生突变,其中1个位点位于抗原决定簇的B区。结论 2008～2009年度季节性H1N1为优势株,甲流暴发后,甲型H1N1成为绝对优势毒株。季节性H1N1分离株有多处氨基酸替换,抗原决定簇B区变异频繁;甲型H1N1病毒分离株的基因有变异,但关键位点第222位仍为D(天冬氨酸),与疫苗株相比抗原决定簇的关键位点变化不大。     

Cytochrome 1A1 and 1B1 gene diversity in the Zanzibar islands

Amodiaquine (AQ) is a 4‐aminoquinoline widely used in the treatment of malaria as part of the artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). AQ is metabolised towards its main metabolite desethylamodiaquine mainly by cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8). CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 play a minor role in the metabolism but they seem to be significantly involved in the formation of the short‐lived quinine‐imine. To complete the genetic variation picture of the main genes involved in AQ metabolism in the Zanzibar population, previously characterised for CYP2C8, we analysed in this study CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 main genetic polymorphisms. The results obtained show a low frequency of the CYP1A1*2B/C allele (2.4%) and a high frequency of CYP1B1*6 (approximately 42%) followed by CYP1B1*2 (approximately 27%) in Zanzibar islands. Genotype data for CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 show a low incidence of fast metabolisers, revealing a relatively safe genetic background in Zanzibar’s population regarding the appearance of adverse effects.     

甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎的临床特点分析

目的通过对甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎的临床特点的分析。方法分析2009年月10月-2010年3月在我院入住的29例甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎患者的临床表现、实验室检查及胸部CT等资料。结果本组病例男性16例,女性13例。3例妊娠,13例合并有基础疾病。所有病例均有流感样前驱症状,呼吸道主要症状为发热、干咳少痰,严重者气短、呼吸困难、咯血。合并细菌感染时咯脓痰。肺部听诊无啰音或少啰音,合并哮喘时有哮鸣音,合并细菌感染时可有湿啰音。实验室检查65%白细胞不高或降低,41%心肌酶升高,58.6%存在低氧血症,35%呼吸衰竭。影像学表现多种多样：65.5%主要为单侧或双侧棉团样、团片样边界模糊高密度渗出影伴肺实变,其内见充气支气管征,病变沿支气管血管束分布。轻症及早期较局限,重症者及晚期病变融合呈双肺多发弥漫性改变。少数呈大叶及小叶性肺炎表现。预后大多良好,病死率6.9%。主要死亡原因为呼吸衰竭及大咯血。结论甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎是以甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎为主要疾病的多种肺炎构成。甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎临床表现具有流感病毒肺炎共性特点,其影像学表现有一定特征性。     

Inhibition of procarcinogen-bioactivating human CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 enzymes by melatonin

Abstract:  Administration of melatonin to rodents decreases the incidence of tumorigenesis initiated by benzo[ a ]pyrene or 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene, which requires bioactivation by cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1, to produce carcinogenic metabolites. The present study tested the hypothesis that melatonin is a modulator of human CYP1 catalytic activity and gene expression. As a comparison, we also investigated the effect of melatonin on the catalytic activity of CYP2A6, which is also a procarcinogen-bioactivating enzyme. Melatonin (3–300 μ m ) decreased 7-ethoxyresorufin O -dealkylation catalyzed by human hepatic microsomes and recombinant CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1, whereas it did not affect coumarin 7-hydroxylation catalyzed by hepatic microsomes or recombinant CYP2A6. Melatonin inhibited CYP1 enzymes by mixed inhibition, with apparent K _i values (mean ± S.E.M.) of 59 ± 1 (CYP1A1), 12 ± 1 (CYP1A2), 14 ± 2 (CYP1B1) and 46 ± 8 μ m (hepatic microsomes). Additional experiments indicated that melatonin decreased benzo[ a ]pyrene hydroxylation catalyzed by hepatic microsomes and CYP1A2 but not by CYP1A1 or CYP1B1. Treatment of MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells with melatonin (up to 300 μ m ) did not affect basal or benzo[ a ]pyrene-inducible CYP1A1 or CYP1B1 gene expression. Consistent with this finding, melatonin did not influence reporter activity in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent pGudluc6.1-transfected MCF-10A cells treated with or without benzo[ a ]pyrene, as assessed in an in vitro cell-based luciferase reporter gene assay. Overall, melatonin is an in vitro inhibitor of human CYP1 catalytic activity, and it may be useful to develop potent analogues of melatonin as potential cancer chemopreventive agents that block CYP1-mediated chemical carcinogenesis.     

Role of CYP2D6, CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTT1, and GSTM1 genes in the susceptibility to acute leukemias

Acute leukemias (ALs) are heterogeneous diseases. Functional polymorphisms in the genes encoding detoxification enzymes cause inter-individual differences, which contribute to leukemia susceptibility. The CYP2D6, CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTT1, and GSTM1 polymorphisms in ALL (n = 156) and AML (n = 94) patients and 140 healthy controls were genotyped by PCR and/or PCR-RFLP using blood or bone marrow samples. No association was observed between the GSTT1 gene deletion and patients (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.4-1.7 for AMLs and OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.5-1.6 for ALLs). Patients with ALL and AML had a higher prevalence of the GSTM1 deletions compared to controls but only the difference among adult AML patients (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0-4.2) was statistically significant. The CYP2D6*3 variant allele frequency was lower in the overall acute leukemia patients (0.6%) compared to controls (P = 0.03). CYP2D6*1/*3 genotype frequency also showed a protective association in AML patients (OR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.01-1.7; P = 0.04). We also found a risk association for CYP2E1*5 in ALL and AML (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.4-9.4 and OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.4-10.5, respectively). No association was found for the studied CYP2D6*4, CYP1A1*2A, and GSTT1"null" variants and the risk of acute leuke-mia (ALL or AML). This case-control study suggests a contribution of CYP2E1, CYP2D6, and GSTM1 "null" variants to the development of acute leukemias.