富氧室对高原人体运动血乳酸、血氨及肌红蛋白的影响

目的 :探讨在高原建立富氧室对机体运动后肌肉代谢产物的影响。为研究部队在高原运动中抗疲劳措施提供科学依据。方法 :对海拔 370 0m高原的 10名健康青年在进入富氧室前后分别进行功率自行车递增负荷运动 ,检测血乳酸、氨、肌红蛋白含量 ,并以安静时作对照。结果 :安静时血乳酸、氨和肌红蛋白分别为 (1.6 8± 0 .4 2 )mmol·L 1、(5 3.6 8± 5 .4 2 ) μg·L 1和 (6 6 .2 7± 10 .88) μg·L 1,均低于进入富氧室前运动后的数值 (P <0 .0 1)。富氧后运动后的血乳酸与氨分别为 (6 .38± 0 .5 3)mmol·L 1与 (6 6 .71± 6 .5 3) μg·L 1,非常显著低于富氧前运动后的 (7.5 2± 0 .6 9)mmol·L 1与 (82 .0 9± 7.94 ) μg·L 1,(P <0 .0 1) ,而富氧后运动后的肌红蛋白 (86 .96± 17.0 2 ) μg·L 1,显著低于富氧前运动后的 (10 8.5 3± 17.98) μg·L 1,(P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :高原富氧室能增强机体能量代谢 ,减轻体力性疲劳 ,是一种较为理想的高原供氧途径。     

进驻高原官兵跟骨定量超声测定及尿DPD改变观察

目的探讨平原地区官兵进驻高原地区后骨代谢变化。方法采用UBIS 30 0 0型定量超声仪 ,对 1 1 5名官兵跟骨进行定量超声测定 ,同时用化学发光免疫法测定尿脱氧吡啶酚 (DPD)排泄浓度。将进驻高原地区 2个月后的测定结果与返回平原 2个月后的测定结果进行对比分析。结果进驻高原地区官兵跟骨超声振幅衰减 (BUA)、超声声速 (SOS)和刚度 (STI)各年龄段均较返回平原组显著降低 (P <0 .0 1 )。尿DPD排泄浓度高原组 2 0岁以下和 2 1～ 30岁年龄段分别为 (2 1 0 .79± 78.6 9)nmol·L 1和 (4 1 6 .995± 33.80 )nmol·L 1高于平原组的 (1 34.5 1± 98.96 )nmol·L 1和 (1 2 1 .2 0± 6 6 .87)nmol·L 1(P <0 .0 1 ) ,30～ 4 0岁和 4 0岁以上年龄段也有差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论平原地区官兵进驻高原 2个月后 ,因受高原缺氧等因素的影响 ,可导致骨代谢异常 ,骨吸收增加。提示 ,进驻高原地区前应及时进行预防治疗 ,避免骨质疏松的发生。     

模拟高原缺氧复合梭曼中毒时脑腺苷酸含量的变化

目的 :探讨模拟高原缺氧复合梭曼中毒时脑损伤机制 ,为临床救治脑损伤提供理论依据。方法 :测定大鼠模拟高原 4 0 0 0m梭曼 ( 72 μg·kg 1)中毒后不同时间脑组织含水率 ,并采用高效液相色谱法测定腺苷酸 (ATP、ADP、AMP)含量的变化。结果 :缺氧复合梭曼中毒后 ,脑组织含水率随时间延长而递增 ,在中毒后 4 8h含水率为 ( 80 .97± 1.83) % ,高于正常对照组的 ( 76.77± 1.57) % ,(P <0 .0 1)以及平原中毒组的 ( 78.4 6± 1.96) % ,(P <0 .0 5)。缺氧复合梭曼中毒后脑ATP含量明显降低 ,在中毒后 4 8h为 ( 1.36± 0 .4 5)mg·g湿组织 1,而正常对照组为 ( 3.63± 0 .4 6)mg·g湿组织 1,(P <0 .0 1) ,平原中毒组为 ( 3.4 9± 0 .37)mg·g湿组织 1,(P <0 .0 1) ,高原对照组为( 1.78± 0 .37)mg·g湿组织 1。结论 :缺氧复合梭曼中毒时脑组织损伤加重 ,其损伤机理可能与能量代谢受抑制有关。     

驻北疆部队官兵子女血清微量元素水平分析

目的调查驻北疆高寒地区部队官兵的子女血清微量元素的含量 ,为调整儿童的微量元素营养状况提供依据。方法采用化学显色法检测 ,5～ 7岁学龄前儿童血清铁、铜、锌含量 ,用氧化高铁血红蛋白法测定血红蛋白含量。结果 132名学龄前儿童血清铁、铜、锌的含量分别为(9.92± 3.14 ) μmol·L 1、(12 .6 3± 3.75 ) μmol·L 1、(14 .4 5± 5 .0 3) μmol·L 1,其中低于正常参考值下限者分别占 2 2 .73%、15 .91%、12 .12 % ;血红蛋白的含量为 (112 .9± 6 .2 5 )g·L 1,处于正常水平。其中 ,血红蛋白含量低于 110g·L 1者 31人 ,贫血的发生率为 2 3.4 8%。贫血儿童血清铁、铜、锌含量分别为 (8.6 2± 2 .32 ) μmol·L 1、(11.36± 3.84 ) μmol·L 1、(12 .82± 4 .32 ) μmol·L 1,明显低于正常儿童 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论北疆高寒地区部分学龄前儿童的贫血发生情况及血清铁、铜、锌等微量元素水平不容乐观 ,应引起足够的重视。     

水面舰艇及核潜艇长航对艇员体液免疫功能的影响

目的 :了解水面舰艇和核潜艇长期航行对艇员体液免疫分子的变化 ,并探讨这些变化对艇员健康的意义和影响。方法 :设水面舰艇组、核潜艇组 ,并以岸勤组为对照 ,比较观察两长航组的体液免疫指标变化。结果 :(1)补体系统 :C3 核潜艇组航后为 (0 .692± 0 .10 7)g·L 1,较航前和岸勤组显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;C4 水面舰艇组航后为 (0 .4 0 5± 0 .12 8)g·L 1,较航前显著降低(P <0 .0 5 ) ,核潜艇组航后 (0 .82 7± 0 .0 96)g·L 1,较航前和岸勤组均显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;B因子水面舰艇组航后为 (0 .2 0 5± 0 .0 83)g·L 1,较岸勤组显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,核潜艇组航后为 (0 .10 2± 0 .0 17)g·L 1,较航前和岸勤组非常显著降低 (P <0 .0 1)。 (2 )免疫球蛋白 :IgA、IgG水面舰艇组航后分别为 (0 .99± 0 .17)g·L 1和 (7.0 9± 2 .0 1)g·L 1,均较航前和岸勤组低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;核潜艇组航后分别为 (2 .60± 0 .13)和 (13.14± 3.0 2 )g·L 1,均较航前升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,IgM为 (2 .0 6± 0 .35 )g·L 1,亦较航前和岸勤组升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。 (3)CIC(Circulatingimmunecomplex ,循环免疫复合物 )和CRP(C -ReactingProtein ,C -反应蛋白 ) :CIC水面舰艇组和核潜艇组航后行分别为 (0 .0 395±0 .0 0 2 5 )     

复合益生菌制剂对长航核潜艇员体内矿物元素代谢的调节

目的观察复合益生菌制剂“海生元”对长航核潜艇艇员体内矿物元素代谢的调节作用。方法采用等离子体原子发射光谱法 (DCP -AES)测定用药组、未用药组和未出航组艇员血清Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Mo、Cd、Pb、Al、Cr、Co元素浓度 ,Na、K用全自动生化仪测定。结果未用药组艇员航后血清Na、Pb、Al分别为 (1 5 6 .89± 1 7.4 3)mmol·L- 1、(0 .6 9± 0 .1 0 ) μmol·L 1和 (2 .75± 0 .2 8) μmol·L- 1,与未出航组比较显著性升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而Mg、Mn、Mo分别为 (0 .78± 0 .1 0 )mmol·L- 1、(0 .98± 0 .1 4 ) μmol·L 1和 (0 .5 0± 0 .0 4 ) μmol·L 1,较未出航组显著性降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,Zn为 (1 0 .33± 2 .86 ) μmol·L- 1,降低非常显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;用药组艇员航后血清Na、Pb、Al分别为(1 30 .77± 1 4 .85 )mmol·L- 1、(0 .35± 0 .1 8) μmol·L 1和 (1 31± 0 .2 5 ) μmol·L- 1,与未用药组航后比较明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而血清Mg、Fe、Mn分别为 (1 .36± 0 .0 6 )mmol·L- 1、(2 8.6 9± 3.0 3) μmol·L 1和(1 .94± 0 .2 3) μmol·L- 1,较未用药组航后显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,Zn为 (2 0 .95± 3.2 4 ) μmol·L- 1,升高非常显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;用药组航后血清Zn亦显著高于航     

高原移居者与世居者心肺功能的比较研究

目的 :观察高原移居者与世居者心肺功能的异同 ,以探讨心肺功能在高原低氧习服-适应中的作用。方法 :在海拔 4 30 0m高原 ,以移居汉族和世居藏族青年各 2 5人为受试对象 ,用电子肺功能仪测定肺功能 (FVC、FEV1、MVV等 6项参数 ) ,用血氧饱和度仪测定血氧饱和度和心率。结果 :( 1)高原移居 1年与 2年者的用力肺活量 (FVC)分别为 ( 4 .2 8± 1.2 0 )L与 ( 4 .92±1.18)L ,1秒钟用力呼出量 (FEV1)分别为 ( 3.89± 1.0 4 )L与 ( 4 .16± 1.17)L ,最大通气量 (MVV)分别为 ( 2 88.90± 4 9.4 8)L与 ( 2 80 .36± 50 .84 )L ,都明显的低于高原世居者的 ( 17.33± 0 .90 )L、( 6.32± 1.16)L与 ( 319.76± 4 5.2 9)L。 ( 2 )高原移居者的心率明显高于高原世居者 ;移居高原 1年者的心率 ( 89.1± 7.9)b·min 1明显高于移居 2年者的心率 ( 80 .9± 11.0 )b·min 1,而后者又高于高原世居者 ( 71.2 +10 .2 )b·min 1。 ( 3)高原移居者与世居者的动脉血氧饱和度十分接近。结论 :在海拔4 30 0m停留 2年的移居者其心肺功能仍然没有达到高原世居者的水平。     

VA对电离辐射损伤大鼠组织VE含量的影响

目的 :观察VA、VE联合应用对大鼠在电离辐射损伤中组织VE含量的变化 ,为治疗和预防自由基损伤相关疾病和抗氧化剂合理的应用提供理论依据。方法 :SD大鼠随机分成 8组 ,分别为阴性对照组、阳性对照组、VA(10mg·kg 1)组、VE(30mg·kg 1)组、和VA、VE联合用药 4组 (VE剂量固定在 30mg·kg 1,而VA剂量分别为 2 0、10、5、2 .5mg·kg 1) ,给药 6d后 ,除阴性对照组以外 ,其余各组均用 6 0　Co(6Gy)照射 ,3d后宰杀 ,并检测血清、脑及肝组织内的VA、VE含量。结果 :动物经辐照后 ,组织VA、VE含量均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。单纯补充VA组的脑、肝组织中VA含量分别为 (14 .2 1± 1.6 8)、(86 .5 7± 3.97) μg·ml 1,较阳性对照组的 (8.31± 2 .0 6 )、(18.90±9.89) μg·ml 1明显升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;单纯补充VE组的血清、脑、肝VE含量分别为 (16 .5 7± 1.71)、(2 8.36± 3.98)、(41.6 3± 8.7) μg·ml 1,较阳性对照组的 (3.71± 1.12 )、(10 .96± 2 .74 )、(2 7.15±3.5 ) μg·ml 1明显升高 ;给予固定的VE剂量同时变动VA的干预剂量后 ,则血清、脑、肝组织VE含量随着VA剂量的增加呈现逐渐下降趋势 ,在VA为 10或 2 0mg时组织VE含量虽略回升 ,但仍低于初始剂量 (不含VA)组〔血清VE :(14 .0 4± 4 .6 9)vs(16 .5     

白介素—8水平与医院感染性肺炎关系的初步研究

目的 :探讨全身及局部白介素 - 8(IL - 8)水平与医院内感染性肺炎 (NosocomialPneumonia ,NP)发生的关系 ,为NP发病免疫机制的研究提供实验依据。方法 :以气管切开 (或插管 )病人为研究对象 ,按全国医院感染监控中心制订的标准确诊NP。用防污染标本刷 (PSB)采集下呼吸道分泌物 ,ELISA法测定下呼吸道分泌物及血清中IL - 8的水平。结果 :NP组较对照组血清IL - 8水平显著升高 ,第 5天分别为 ( 3.96± 2 .75) μg·L- 1和 ( 3.54± 1.82 ) μg·L- 1,第 7天分别为 ( 4 .4 6± 1.13) μg·L- 1和 ( 3.4 1± 1.56) μg·L- 1;下呼吸道分泌物中的IL - 8水平第 5天分别为( 4 .36± 2 .68) μg·L- 1和 ( 3.79± 1.89) μg·L- 1,第 7天分别为 ( 4 .99± 2 .0 1) μg·L- 1和 ( 3.58± 2 .2 3)μg·L- 1,且高于血清IL - 8水平。NP组在入院第 5～ 7天血清IL - 8呈上升趋势 ,与出现NP的时间相吻合。结论 :IL - 8可能是免疫炎症反应中重要的细胞因子 ,IL - 8水平升高可能是NP发生的早期标志 ,具有一定的诊断价值。     

新型氨基酸注射液对创伤大鼠DNA损伤作用的研究

目的以国产创伤用 17种和 18种氨基酸注射液为对照 ,观察 2 0种新型氨基酸注射液 (含有谷氨酰胺、精氨酸、牛磺酸等 )对创伤大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤及血浆丙二醛(MDA)浓度的影响。方法雄性Wistar大鼠 (体重 180～ 2 0 0g) ,行创伤和中心静脉插管手术后随机分为创伤对照组、17AA组、18AA组和 2 0AA组 ,每组 8只。分别输以生理盐水、2 .6 % 17种氨基酸注射液、2 .6 % 18种氨基酸注射液和 2 .6 % 2 0种新型氨基酸注射液。 7d后经眼眶采血 ,分离其外周血淋巴细胞 ,利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测创伤大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤 ,同时测定血浆MDA浓度。结果 2 0AA组大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA移动距离〔(16 .92± 4 .2 4 ) μm〕和尾长〔(8.31± 1.4 9) μm〕分别明显低于 17AA组〔(2 8.0 0± 5 .2 7) μm、(13.4 7± 1.94 ) μm〕和 18AA组〔(2 5 .2 5± 4 .5 7) μm、(13.32± 1.75 ) μm〕 ;而其血浆MDA值〔(9.2 0± 1.0 5 ) μmol·L- 1〕较 17AA组〔(15 .88± 1.4 0 ) μmol·L- 1〕和 18AA组〔(19.95± 8.6 5 ) μmol·L- 1〕下降 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 )。结论新型 2 0种氨基酸注射液可减轻创伤大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤并抑制其脂质过氧化的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.