结肠镜和小肠镜辅助下经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术在Roux-en-Y吻合术后患者中的应用比较(含视频)

目的比较标准结肠镜和单气囊小肠镜辅助下经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP)在Roux-en-Y吻合术后患者中的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性研究2017年1月—2020年12月就诊于南京医科大学附属杭州医院行标准结肠镜或单气囊小肠镜辅助下ERCP的70例Roux-en-Y术后胆道疾病患者资料, 依据内镜使用不同, 分为标准结肠镜组(n=43)与单气囊小肠镜组(n=27)。比较两组进镜成功率、插管成功率、ERCP成功率及并发症发生率。结果 70例患者共行了81例次ERCP。标准结肠镜组和单气囊小肠镜组进镜成功率分别为91.8%(45/49)、78.1%(25/32), 差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.04, P=0.153)。标准结肠镜组和单气囊小肠镜组原始乳头插管成功率分别为74.1%(20/27)和1/6, 标准结肠镜组原始乳头插管成功率显著高于单气囊小肠镜组(P=0.016)。标准结肠镜组和单气囊小肠镜组ERCP成功率分别为75.5%(37/49)和59.4%(19/32), 差异无统计学意义(χ...     

毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术后经内镜逆行胰胆管 造影术诊治的回顾性分析

目的评估毕Ⅱ式胃大部切术后经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP）的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2013年1月—2018年12月在西京消化病医院内镜中心接受ERCP诊治的67例毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术后患者的临床资料。根据胃大部切除术时是否加做布朗吻合分为布朗吻合组和非布朗吻合组。根据使用内镜不同,将患者分为十二指肠镜组、常规前视镜组和气囊辅助式小肠镜组。分析ERCP成功率和不良事件的发生率。结果67例患者接受了82例次ERCP诊治。毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术后ERCP的插镜成功率、诊断成功率、治疗成功率和ERCP成功率分别为90.2%(74/82)、87.8%(65/74)、100.0%(65/65)和79.3%(65/82)。非布朗吻合和布朗吻合患者的ERCP成功率分别为79.7%(47/59)和78.3%(18/23)。十二指肠镜组、常规前视镜组和气囊辅助式小肠镜组的ERCP成功率分别为93.8%(15/16)、76.2%(48/63)和2/3。常规前视镜使用和不使用透明帽辅助的ERCP成功率分别为80.8%(42/52)和54.5%(6/11)。患者均未发生不良事件。结论毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术后ERCP是有效和安全的。小肠镜可以作为十二指肠镜和常规前视镜操作失败后的一种候选方法。当使用常规前视镜操作时,用透明帽辅助可提高ERCP成功率。     

气囊辅助内镜联合经内镜逆行胰胆管造影在消化道改道患者中的应用

目的分析消化道改道患者通过气囊辅助内镜行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)的疗效和安全性。方法收集2016年4月-2017年10月陆军总医院收治的消化道改道术后行气囊辅助内镜ERCP患者12例(4例胆肠吻合术后,8例胰十二指肠切除术后),4例患者采用双气囊小肠镜,8例患者采用单气囊小肠镜。回顾性分析治疗结果及并发症和术后转归情况。结果 10例患者完成气囊辅助内镜ERCP,总体成功率为83.3%,2例患者系单纯性吻合口狭窄,8例在狭窄的基础上合并肝内胆管结石。2例未完成的患者中1例因胆肠吻合口极度狭窄,导丝未能进入胆管内;1例因R-Y肠肠吻合口角度太小,镜身和套管无法进入输入袢。术后发生黄疸1例,消化道穿孔1例,并发症发生率为16.7%,均经内科保守治疗后痊愈。结论气囊辅助内镜ERCP安全性良好,疗效确切,与传统ERCP相比,成功率较低,有独特的并发症。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术在胃肠改道术后患者中的诊断和治疗进展

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)是诊断胰腺和胆管疾病的重要手段。以十二指肠镜为基础的ERCP是目前诊治胆胰疾病的常规内镜技术。近年来随着双气囊小肠镜(double-balloon enteroscope,DBE)、单气囊小肠镜(single-balloon enteroscope,SBE)及螺旋式小肠镜等新设备及透明帽辅助ERCP、腹腔镜辅助ERCP等的出现,提高了EPCP在胃肠改道术后患者胰胆管疾病诊治的成功率。     

气囊辅助内镜技术诊治消化道复杂手术后胰胆疾病的初步探索

目的 探索消化道复杂手术后胰胆系统疾病内镜诊治的方法.方法 回顾性总结4例复杂消化道手术(2例Roux-en-Y术、2例Whipple术)后进行气囊辅助内镜检查的患者资料,其中1例患者为单纯双气囊小肠镜探查手术后胆肠吻合口,3例为气囊辅助内镜检查结合ERCP技术.结果 1例患者成功实施治疗性ERCP,其余3例患者明确了诊断.4例患者术后均无明显出血、穿孔等操作相关并发症.结论 气囊辅助内镜检查法结合ERCP技术是消化道复杂手术后胰胆疾病重要的诊治手段.     

173例胰胆管疾病患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影术诊治分析

目的 讨论内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)及内镜治疗对胰胆管疾病的诊断与治疗价值。方法 回顾分析173例胆胰疾病患者应用十二指肠镜进行诊断和治疗的临床效果。结果 ERCP成功率为93．6％，造影发现胆道结石69例，一次性成功取净结石66例，造影发现胆胰肿瘤20例，5例放置内支架引流。ERCP术后胰腺炎2例，十二指肠乳头肌切开(EST)术后出血2例，均经非手术治疗痊愈。结论 ERCP对于胆胰疾病的诊断明确可靠，内镜下治疗可使部分患者免除外科手术。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影916例临床分析

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在诊断及治疗胰胆道疾病中的应用价值及安全性,寻找提高ERCP操作成功率以及防止或减少并发症发生率的有效措施。方法2003年1月~2005年7月,我院接受ERCP诊断及治疗的患者916例,记录并分析其操作过程及术后并发症的发生。结果在916例患者中,总操作成功率为94.7%,共有128例患者接受十二指肠乳头肌预切开术。术后严重并发症发生率为5.4%(50例),其中包括胰腺炎33例,胆管炎10例,消化道出血4例和消化道穿孔3例。另外,有297例患者出现术后高淀粉酶血症(占32.4%)。结论对于胰胆道疾病患者,诊断性和治疗性ERCP是安全有效的诊治措施,其术后并发症主要有胰腺炎、胆管炎、消化道出血、消化道穿孔和高淀粉酶血症。十二指肠乳头肌预切开术有助于提高ERCP选择性插管的成功率。     

气囊辅助小肠镜治疗Peutz-Jeghers综合征的临床价值

目的探讨气囊辅助小肠镜治疗Peutz-Jeghers综合征(Peutz-Jeghers syndrome,PJS)患者小肠息肉的临床价值与安全性。方法回顾性分析2006年6月-2014年3月在北京军区总医院就诊并行气囊辅助小肠镜下息肉切除术的28例PJS住院患者的临床资料。结果 28例患者共行气囊辅助小肠镜下息肉切除术44例次,其中经口进镜28例次,经肛进镜16例次。1例小肠息肉呈密切分布,给予腹腔镜联合小肠镜切除息肉。17例患者小肠镜前行术前检查,其中6例行小肠钡餐造影检查,11例行小肠仿真CT检查。术前检查组单次切除息肉数高于未检查组。术后出现并发症3例次(消化道出血1例次,术中穿孔2例次),并发症发生率6.8%。结论气囊辅助小肠镜下切除小肠息肉治疗PJS安全有效。术前检查有助于小肠镜进镜方式的选择。对于息肉密集分布患者,单纯镜下切除困难,可内镜联合腹腔镜治疗,一次大量切除小肠息肉,达到较好的治疗效果。     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术在完全性内脏反位中的临床应用价值

目的评价在完全性内脏反位(SIT)患者中进行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2008年12月至2018年12月在杭州市第一人民医院消化内镜中心行ERCP治疗的SIT患者的资料,评估插镜成功率、插管成功率、治疗成功率和并发症发生情况。结果共有10例SIT患者进行了11例次ERCP,其中胆总管结石7例,胆总管结石合并胆总管下端狭窄1例,胆总管下端恶性狭窄1例,胆总管下端良性狭窄1例。所有患者采用常规左侧卧位,插镜成功率为100%,胆道插管的成功率为100%,总体治疗成功率为100%,有2例放置金属支架的患者术后出现腹痛,给予保守治疗后好转。结论在SIT患者中施行ERCP安全有效。     

合并十二指肠狭窄患者实施经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术的策略

目的 探讨合并十二指肠狭窄患者实施ERCP诊疗的方法与策略.方法 回顾性分析合并十二指肠狭窄患者的ERCP处理方法,观察内镜操作的成功率及并发症.结果 7276例接受ERCP的患者中,合并十二指肠狭窄158例(2.17％),其中恶性肿瘤浸润肠壁120例,十二指肠良性狭窄38例.采用改变体位或导丝引导的方法顺利通过狭窄处完成ERCP及胆道引流96例,实施柱状水囊扩张术后完成ERCP 33例,先放置十二指肠金属支架后行胆管引流4例,另有25例未能完成或放弃治疗.内镜操作成功率84.2％ (133/158),术中有少量出血5例,未发生持续出血或穿孔等并发症.结论 十二指肠狭窄患者仍有可能完成ERCP操作,轻度狭窄可通过改变体位或导丝引导帮助内镜通过,重度狭窄需采用水囊扩张或先留置肠道支架,根据局部病变情况循序应用以上方法实施内镜治疗仍是安全的,且成功率较高.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.