The age variation of HER2 immunohistochemistry positive rate in biopsy specimens of gastric cancer

AimsThe aim of this study was to explore HER2 status and characteristics in biopsy specimens of gastric cancer (GC) in Chinese population.Methods and resultsA total of 27,787 biopsy specimens of GC from 103 hospitals were obtained. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of HER2 was performed. Overall HER2 IHC positive rate was 11.2 %. HER2 positive rate elevated with the increase of age in total patients and both genders. The rates were 7.1 %, 8.1 %, 9.0 %, 10.9 %, 11.8 %, 12.6 %, and 12.1 % when patient age was ≤30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, 61–70, 71–80, and >80, respectively (P < 0.001). In male, the rates were 6.5 %, 8.4 %, 9.6 %, 11.5 %, 12.4 %, 13.3 %, and 12.1 % (P < 0.001). In female, the rates were 7.4 %, 7.9 %, 8.0 %, 9.0 %, 9.6 %, 10.6 %, and 11.9 % (P = 0.128). The changes in male were more dramatic than in female (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the proportion of the intestinal type GCs increased with age in total patients and both genders (P < 0.001), and in male the changes were more dramatic (P < 0.001). While the proportion of the diffuse type showed the opposite tendency to that of the intestinal type (P < 0.001). HER2 IHC positive rate showed a positive correlation with the proportion of the intestinal type (r=0.986, P < 0.001), and a negative correlation with the proportion of the diffuse type (r=0.984, P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe HER2 IHC positive rate showed age variation in biopsy specimens of GC. In male the variation was more dramatic than in female. The variation of HER2 positive rate can be attributed to the age variation of the Lauren subtypes.     

Herceptin联合9-顺式视黄酸对ErbB2阳性乳腺癌细胞的抑制作用及其相关分子机制的研究

目的 探讨Herceptin联合9-顺式视黄酸对ErbB2阳性乳腺癌细胞的协同增殖抑制效应及其分子机制.方法 利用MTT法检测经Herceptin、9-顺式视黄酸单独和联合作用后HER2/neu阳性的MDA-MB-453乳腺癌细胞的增殖活性的变化,在此基础上,利用免疫印记和半定量PCR法对HER2/neu、RXR以及COX-2的表达进行检测,同时利用ELISA法检测细胞培养上清内PGE-2的水平变化.结果 一定剂量的Herceptin和9-顺式视黄酸能够有效协同抑制MDA-MB-453细胞的增殖活性.经二者联合作用后,磷酸化、非磷酸化的ErbB2以及COX-2的表达较对照组均显著下降,而RXRα的表达则无明显变化.同时,二者联合作用还能有效降低细胞PGE-2的分泌水平.结论 Herceptin和9-顺式视黄酸可在体外分别通过抑制HER2/neu 和COX-2的表达和活性来达到协同抑制HER2/neu阳性乳腺癌的作用.     

EZH2 promotes gastric cancer cells proliferation by repressing p21 expression

EZH2 is a core component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and promotes carcinogenesis by epigenetically silencing many tumor suppressor genes. Increased EZH2 expression is a marker of advanced and metastatic in many cancers, including lung, prostate and breast cancer, and it has been considered as a potential novel therapeutic target. However, the clinical significance and molecular mechanisms of EZH2 controlling gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion are not well documented. In this study, immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to investigate the EZH2 expression in gastric cancer. We found that EZH2 levels were increased in gastric cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, patients with high levels of EZH2 expression had a relatively poor prognosis. Furthermore, knockdown of EZH2 expression by siRNA could impair cell proliferation and invasion both in vitro and vivo. Finally, we found that EZH2 influences gastric cancer cells proliferation partly through regulating p21 expression. Our findings present that EZH2 over-expression can be identified as a poor prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer.     

HER2胞外段及相关蛋白增强赫赛汀ADCC功能的研究

目的:探讨人表皮生长因子受体-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)蛋白的哪种结构域更适合激发赫赛汀抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒性(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity,ADCC)效应。方法:真核表达五种包含H...     

Tumor cryoablation in combination with natural killer cells therapy and Herceptin in patients with HER2-overexpressing recurrent breast cancer

In this study, we investigated the clinical benefits of a combination of tumor cryoablation with natural killer (NK) cells therapy and Herceptin for human epidermal growth factor (HER) 2-overexpressing recurrent breast cancer. From May 2015 to May 2016, 48 patients who met the enrollment criteria were assigned to three groups (n = 16): cryoablation group (group I), cryoablation-NK cells therapy group (group II) and cryoablation-NK cells therapy-Herceptin group (group III). Safety and short-term effects were evaluated. All the adverse effects were manageable and acceptable. The three-therapy combination treatment not only yielded good clinical efficacy, it also improved the quality of life; reduced levels of circulating tumor cells (CTCs); reduced carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) expression; enhanced immune function significantly. Furthermore, it can resulte in significant prolongation of progression free survival (PFS). This is the first clinical study to demonstrate the benefit of the three-therapy combination of tumor cryoablation, NK cells therapy, and Herceptin for HER2-overexpressing recurrent breast cancer.     

HER2高表达胃癌细胞中miR-4728-3p表达及生物信息学分析

目的 探讨HER2高表达的胃癌细胞中miR-4728-3p表达状况及其调控靶基因所涉及的信号通路,旨在初步分析miR-4728-3p在胃癌中的作用机制及其与HER2的相关性.方法 首先采用Real-time PCR技术检测胃癌细胞株NCI-N87中miR-4728-3p及HER2 mRNA,然后通过miRanda、DIANA-microT、Targetscan和Targetmine软件预测miR-4728可能的靶基因,并通过DAVID数据库进行靶基因功能富集分析及信号转导通路富集分析.结果 miR-4728-3p及HER2 mRNA在胃癌细胞中均高表达,二者呈正相关(r=0.990,P=0.000).miR-4728-3p预测靶基因共有54个,靶基因功能主要富集于转录活性调节(P=0.014)、DNA结合(P=0.019)及蛋白质磷酸化氨基酸结合(P=0.036)等分子功能,RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子的转录调控(P=0.001)、转录调控(P=0.003)及细胞内信号级联(P=0.021)等生物学过程以及轴突部分(P=0.008)等细胞组分上;信号转导通路则主要富集于肿瘤通路(P=0.013)和卵母细胞减数分裂通路(P=0.041).结论 miR-4728-3p在HER2高表达的胃癌细胞中表达上调,二者表达呈正相关;生物信息学分析提示miR-4728-3p通过调控其靶基因参与胃癌的发生发展.     

HER2介导乳腺癌细胞多药耐药的作用及机制

目的筛选HER2高表达乳腺癌细胞化疗耐受的药物种类,探讨HER2介导的乳腺癌多药耐药的机制。方法构建HER2稳定高表达的乳腺癌细胞MCF-7/HER2模型;MTT法检测该细胞对多种临床常用的抗乳腺癌药物的敏感性;Hochest33258染色观察药物诱导的MCF-7/HER2的凋亡率,并采用聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测细胞中bcl-2和survivin基因的mRNA表达。结果MCF-7/HER2细胞对Taxol,MMC,5-FU,VP-16及TSPA的耐药指数分别为对照细胞的74,22,2.5,3.5和2.8倍,出现了明显的药物抗性(P<0.05);而对CDDP,ADM,VBL,VCR,NBV和MTX等的耐药指数与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);由Taxol,MMC,5-FU,VP-16诱导的MCF-7/HER2细胞凋亡率明显低于对照细胞;MCF-7/HER2细胞survivin基因表达明显高于对照组,而bcl-2基因表达与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义。结论HER2可介导乳腺癌细胞对Taxol,MMC,5-FU,VP-16和TSPA等的多药抗性,这种多药抗性的产生可能与HER2上调survivin表达所致的凋亡抗性有关。     

HER2 testing in gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas

HER2 evaluation has become standard practice in metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinomas. In 2010, the international ToGA (Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer) trial demonstrated improved survival in patients with HER2 overexpressing gastric and GEJ adenocarcinomas who were treated with trastuzumab (Herceptin^®) in combination with standard chemotherapy. The evaluation of HER2 in gastric and GEJ adenocarcinomas has several key differences compared to the HER2 evaluation that has been traditionally performed for breast carcinomas. In addition to differences in immunohistochemistry scoring, there are also differences in judging adequacy of biopsy specimens. Furthermore, the routine evaluation of HER2 expression in gastric and GEJ adenocarcinomas is still relatively new and widespread programs for quality assessment have not been well established. This review examines the critical issues to consider in the implementation of HER2 evaluation for gastric and GEJ adenocarcinomas.     

赫赛汀诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡及对其细胞周期的影响

目的研究免疫靶向治疗药物赫赛汀(Herceptin)对HER-2过表达的乳腺癌细胞凋亡及细胞周期的影响。方法Herceptin处理体外培养的乳腺癌SKBR3细胞系,经MTT试验筛选最佳药物处理浓度和时间的组合,应用荧光显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜及流式细胞仪检测乳腺癌细胞凋亡的特征、凋亡细胞百分率及细胞周期的变化。结果在Herceptin作用下,荧光显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜观察SKBR3细胞均出现凋亡特征。Annexin/PI染色流式仪测定,药物处理组早期凋亡百分率较对照组显著增加(P<0.01)。流式仪细胞周期分析显示,S期细胞含量下降,而G2期细胞含量上升。结论免疫靶向治疗药物Herceptin可特异性地诱导HER-2过表达的乳腺癌细胞发生凋亡,并可使其生长受阻于G2期。诱导凋亡可能是Herceptin抗肿瘤作用的重要机制之一。     

Evaluating HER2 amplification and overexpression in breast cancer.

The development of Herceptin (Trazumatab) makes testing for HER2 status important for choosing optimal therapy in breast cancer. This study addresses the precision, accuracy, and reproducibility of HER2 assays. HER2 was assessed retrospectively by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with Dako 'Herceptest', by IHC with the monoclonal antibody CB11, and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH, PathVysion), in a series of 216 formalin-fixed breast carcinomas including 191 for which quantitative HER2 data from radioimmunohistochemistry (Q-IHC) were available. All tests were scored independently by two observers. Positivity rates varied between Herceptest (12.6%), FISH (19.4%), and CB11 IHC (28.5%). Kappa values showed that IHC-based tests were more susceptible to inter-observer variation (kappa=0.67 and 0.74 for Herceptest and CB11, respectively) than FISH (kappa=0.973). Overall test accuracy (see the Materials and methods section) for CB11 IHC (83.8%) was lower than Herceptest (87.4%) or FISH (93.2%). FISH predicted p185 HER2 overexpression (determined by Q-IHC) better (concordance index C.Ind. 0.90) than CB11 IHC (C.Ind.=0.85) or Herceptest (C.Ind.=0.81). Of 42 cases with gene amplification by FISH, 67% were positive in the Herceptest (2+ or 3+) vs. 83% with CB11. Of 174 cases negative by FISH, 96% were negative in the Herceptest and 68% with CB11. In conclusion, FISH is the most accurate, reproducible, and precise predictor of HER2 overexpression in routine diagnostic laboratories.     

赫赛汀诱导子宫内膜癌Ishikawa细胞凋亡并增强其对化疗的敏感性

目的:研究赫赛汀单独或联合阿霉素(adriamycin,ADR)、顺铂(cisplatin,DDP)及紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)对子宫内膜癌细胞凋亡和化疗敏感性的影响,为临床应用赫赛汀治疗子宫内膜癌提供理论依据。方法:MTT法检测赫赛汀、ADR、DDP及PTX处理子宫内膜癌Ishikawa细胞的IC50。进一步应用1/2 IC50量的赫赛汀与各1/2 IC50量的ADR、DDP及PTX药物联合,流式细胞术检测细胞周期与凋亡变化。结果:赫赛汀抑制子宫内膜癌Ishikawa细胞生长,引起细胞G1期阻滞,诱导细胞凋亡。子宫内膜癌Ishikawa细胞应用赫赛汀、ADR、DDP及PTX的IC50分别为57.12 mg/L、0.572μmol/L、67.4μmol/L和719.5 nmol/L,赫赛汀联合化疗后显著提高各组化疗药的杀伤效果,诱导细胞凋亡,与单纯化疗组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:赫赛汀诱导子宫内膜癌细胞凋亡,并提高子宫内膜癌细胞株对化疗的敏感性。     

Integrin β1对胃癌细胞SGC7901多药耐药性的影响

目的:探究整合素β1(integrinβ1)对胃癌多药耐药性的影响及可能的作用机制。方法:Western blot法及q PCR实验检测胃癌细胞株SGC-7901及胃癌耐药细胞株SGC-7901/DDP中integrinβ1的表达情况。采用integrinβ1反义寡核苷酸转染,敲减胃癌耐药细胞株SGC-7901/DDP中integrinβ1的表达,CCK-8法检测细胞活力,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,Western blot法检测integrinβ1、Bcl-2/Bax、cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3、细胞色素C(CytC)和p-AKT/AKT的蛋白水平。结果:耐药细胞株SGC7901/DDP中integrinβ1的mRNA及蛋白表达水平均明显高于亲本细胞株;并且在亲本细胞株SGC7901中加入顺铂、长春新碱及5-氟尿嘧啶等化疗药物刺激后,integrinβ1的蛋白表达水平明显升高。敲减integrinβ1的表达可诱导胃癌耐药细胞SGC7901/DDP的凋亡,增加细胞对化疗药物的敏感性;此外下调Bcl-2/Bax、p-AKT~(Ser473)和p-AKT~(Thr308)的蛋白水平,同时促进线粒体Cyt-C的释放,上调cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平。结论:敲减胃癌顺铂耐药细胞SGC7901/DDP的integrinβ1表达可恢复细胞对化疗药物的敏感性,促进细胞经线粒体路径的凋亡,其机制可能与抑制AKT的磷酸化,阻断该信号通路有关。     

miR-218 inhibits multidrug resistance (MDR) of gastric cancer cells by targeting Hedgehog/smoothened

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the main obstacle to successful chemotherapy for patients with gastric cancer. The microRNA miR-218 influences various pathobiological processes in gastric cancer, and its down-regulation in this disease raises the question of whether it normally inhibits MDR. In this study we observed that two MDR gastric cancer cell lines showed lower expression of miR-218 compared with their chemosensitive parental cell line. Overexpressing miR-218 chemosensitizes gastric cancer cells, slowed efflux of adriamycin, and accelerated drug-induced apoptosis. We identified the smoothened (SMO) gene as a functional target of miR-218, and found that SMO overexpression counteracts the chemosensitizing effects of miR-218. These findings suggest that miR-218 inhibits MDR of gastric cancer cells by down-regulating SMO expression.     

Variations in the number of regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+) in patients with breast cancer during Herceptin therapy

We studied the effect of Herceptin therapy on the population composition of lymphocytes and percentage of CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells (regulatory T cells) in breast cancer patients. Herceptin treatment decreased the number of “professional” T suppressors (CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells and regulatory T cells) in the peripheral blood. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 141, No. 3, pp. 338–340, March, 2006     

Autophagy facilitates the Lapatinib resistance of HER2 positive breast cancer cells

ErbB2 receptor (HER2) tyrosine kinase was overexpressed in about 25% breast cancers, and was correlated with extremely aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. Lapatinib, an oral, reversible inhibitor of both ErbB2 and EGFR tyrosine kinases, was approved in combination with capecitabine for treating advanced stage ErbB2 positive breast cancers. However, the clinical response of Lapatinib was seriously limited by the drug resistance. We established the Lapatinib resistant breast cancer cell lines and the preliminary data demonstrated the increased autophagosome formation in the stable resistant cells. The resistant cells were re-sensitized to Lapatinib after treated with autophagy inhibitor. According to our preliminary data and related reference, we hypothesized that autophagy could facilitate the ErbB2 positive breast cancer cells to be Lapatinib resistant and promoted the survival of the resistant cells. The abrogation of autophagy might restore the drug sensitivity. Autophagy might be one of the targets to overcome the Lapatinib resistance.     

调控FOXM1基因对乳腺癌BT474细胞赫赛汀药物敏感性的影响

目的探究调控叉头框转录因子M1(FOXM1)基因对乳腺癌BT474细胞赫赛汀药物敏感性的影响。方法将FOXM1过表达及特异性靶向FOXM1基因的小干扰RNA(FOXM1-siRNA)转染至乳腺癌BT474细胞,将细胞分为上调FOXM1基因组、下调FOXM1基因组和对照组。Western blot检测FOXM1蛋白以及PI3K/AKT信号通路蛋白的表达。MTT法检测不同浓度赫赛汀药物对BT474细胞增殖能力的影响。Transwell实验检测不同浓度赫赛汀药物对BT474细胞迁移、侵袭能力的影响。结果下调FOXM1基因后,FOXM1蛋白的相对表达量明显减少(P<0.05)。上调FOXM1基因组BT474细胞的增殖率、迁移数量、侵袭数量显著高于对照组,且随着赫赛汀浓度的增加其增殖率、迁移数量、侵袭数量逐渐增加,上调FOXM1基因可增强BT474细胞对赫赛汀的耐药性,促进增殖、迁移及侵袭。下调FOXM1基因组BT474细胞的增殖率、迁移数量、侵袭数量显著低于对照组,低浓度的赫赛汀对BT474细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭能力的抑制程度较弱,高浓度的赫赛汀对BT474细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭能力的抑制过度,而中浓度的赫赛汀抑制能力介于低、高浓度之间,能够有效抑制BT474细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭,但无抑制过度的表现。不同赫赛汀浓度下下调FOXM1基因组细胞的增殖率、迁移数量、侵袭数量显著低于上调FOXM1基因组。下调FOXM1基因组PI3K、p-PI3K、AKT、p-AKT蛋白相对表达量均低于对照组和上调FOXM1基因组(P<0.05)。结论上调FOXM1基因可增强乳腺癌BT474细胞对赫赛汀的耐药性,下调FOXM1基因在中浓度赫赛汀的干预下,可通过作用于PI3K/AKT信号通路,抑制乳腺癌BT474细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭,从而抑制乳腺癌的发展。     

靶向药物赫赛汀治疗转移性乳腺癌的研究

乳腺癌为女性常见恶性肿瘤之一,为女性常见癌症第2大死因。乳腺虽不属于人体不可或缺的器官,且原位癌也不致命,随着病情进展速度逐渐加快,癌细胞后期发展至脱落会转移,侵犯至患者心、脑等重要脏器器官,危害患者生命健康。现阶段对乳腺癌相关治疗措施包括手术、放疗、化疗及内分泌治疗等。赫赛汀以癌细胞作为靶点,能进一步抑制转移性乳腺癌发展,本文就近年来所报道的文献结合我院实际开展情况进行以下总结,为后续临床工作者提供理论参考。     

HMGA2在胃癌细胞上皮-间充质转化中的作用

目的:探讨HMGA2在胃癌细胞上皮-间充质转化(EMT)中的作用及机制。方法:采用Western blot和RT-qPCR实验检测不同分化程度的人胃癌细胞株MKN45、MKN28和SGC7901以及人永生化胃黏膜上皮细胞株GES-1中HMGA2的表达水平;采用脂质体转染法将pcDNA3.0-HMGA2质粒转染至MKN28细胞中,将si-HMGA2干扰片段转染至MKN45细胞中,并采用Western blot和RT-qPCR实验检测转染效率;CCK-8实验检测HMGA2上调对MKN28细胞活力的影响以及HMGA2下调对MKN45细胞活力的影响;采用细胞迁移和侵袭实验检测HMGA2上调对MKN28细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响;采用Western blot和RT-qPCR实验检测HMGA2过表达对MKN28细胞EMT相关标志蛋白上皮型钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、神经型钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin)和波形蛋白(vimentin)表达的影响以及敲减HMGA2表达对MKN45细胞E-cadherin、N-cadherin和vimentin表达的影响;采用RT-qPCR实验检测过表达HMGA2的MKN28细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关分子表达的变化。结果:HMGA2在不同分化程度的胃癌细胞中的表达水平是不同的(P0.05)。上调MKN28细胞HMGA2的表达水平能够抑制细胞活力(P0.05);而在MKN45细胞中下调HMGA2的表达水平能够增强细胞活力(P0.05)。上调MKN28细胞HMGA2的表达水平能够促进细胞的迁移和侵袭能力(P0.05),且E-cadherin表达降低,N-cadherin和vimentin表达升高(P0.05);敲减HMGA2在MKN45细胞的表达水平使E-cadherin表达升高,而N-cadherin和vimentin表达降低(P0.05)。上调MKN28细胞中HMGA2的表达水平,细胞内Wnt/β-catenin通路的β-catenin及其下游分子c-Myc和cyclin D1的mRNA表达水平显著增加(P0.05)。结论:HMGA2与胃癌细胞迁移和侵袭能力密切相关,并且能够通过激活细胞内Wnt/β-catenin通路,促进胃癌细胞EMT。     

AKT inhibitor suppresses hyperthermia-induced Ndrg2 phosphorylation in gastric cancer cells

Hyperthermia is one of the most effective adjuvant treatments for various cancers with few side effects. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms still are not known. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a tumor suppressor, has been shown to be involved in diverse cellular stresses including hypoxia, lipotoxicity, etc. In addition, Ndrg2 has been reported to be related to progression of gastric cancer. In the current study, our data showed that the apoptosis rate of MKN28 cells increased relatively rapidly to 13.4% by 24 h after treatment with hyperthermia (42°C for 1 h) compared to 5.1% in control cells (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, there was no obvious change in the expression level of total Ndrg2 during this process. Further investigation demonstrated that the relative phosphorylation levels of Ndrg2 at Ser332, Thr348 increased up to 3.2- and 1.9-fold (hyperthermia group vs control group) at 3 h in MKN28 cells, respectively (P < 0.05). We also found that heat treatment significantly increased AKT phosphorylation. AKT inhibitor VIII (10 µM) decreased the phosphorylation level of Ndrg2 induced by hyperthermia. Accordingly, the apoptosis rate rose significantly in MKN28 cells (16.4%) treated with a combination of AKT inhibitor VIII and hyperthermia compared to that (6.8%) of cells treated with hyperthermia alone (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data demonstrated that Ndrg2 phosphorylation could be induced by hyperthermia in an AKT-dependent manner in gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, AKT inhibitor VIII suppressed Ndrg2 phosphorylation and rendered gastric cancer cells susceptible to apoptosis induced by hyperthermia.