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1.
Background
The mediodorsal thalamus plays a critical role in cognition through its extensive innervation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), but how the two structures cooperate at the single-cell level to generate associated cognitive functions and other mPFC-dependent behaviors remains elusive. Maintaining the proper balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) is of principal importance for organizing cortical activity. Furthermore, the PFC E/I balance has been implicated in successful execution of multiple PFC-dependent behaviors in both animal research and the context of human psychiatric disorders.Methods
Here, we used a pharmacogenetic strategy to decrease mediodorsal thalamic activity in adult male rats and evaluated the consequences for E/I balance in PFC pyramidal neurons as well as cognition, social interaction, and anxiety.Results
We found that dampening mediodorsal thalamic activity caused significant reductions in gamma-aminobutyric acidergic signaling and increased E/I balance in the mPFC and was concomitant with abnormalities in these behaviors. Furthermore, by selectively activating parvalbumin interneurons in the mPFC with a novel pharmacogenetic approach, we restored gamma-aminobutyric acidergic signaling and E/I balance as well as ameliorated all behavioral impairments.Conclusions
These findings underscore the importance of thalamocortical activation of mPFC gamma-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons in a broad range of mPFC-dependent behaviors. Furthermore, they highlight this circuitry as a platform for therapeutic investigation in psychiatric diseases that involve impairments in PFC-dependent behaviors. 相似文献2.
Alex C. Bender Andrea M. Austin Francine Grodstein Julie P.W. Bynum 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2017,13(7):792-800
Introduction
We examined the relationship between health care expenditures and cognition, focusing on differences across cognitive systems defined by global cognition, executive function, or episodic memory.Methods
We used linear regression models to compare annual health expenditures by cognitive status in 8125 Nurses' Health Study participants who completed a cognitive battery and were enrolled in Medicare parts A and B.Results
Adjusting for demographics and comorbidity, executive impairment was associated with higher total annual expenditures of $1488 per person (P < .01) compared with those without impairment. No association for episodic memory impairment was found. Expenditures exhibited a linear relationship with executive function, but not episodic memory ($584 higher for every 1 standard deviation decrement in executive function; P < .01).Discussion
Impairment in executive function is specifically and linearly associated with higher health care expenditures. Focusing on management strategies that address early losses in executive function may be effective in reducing costly services. 相似文献3.
Background
Theories of executive control propose that communication between medial frontal cortex (MFC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) is critical for learning. 6-Hz phase synchronization may be the mechanism by which neural activity between MFC and lPFC is coordinated into a functional network. Recent evidence suggests that switching from eyes closed to open may induce a change in brain-state reflected by enhanced executive control and related functional connectivity.Objective/Hypothesis
To examine whether causal manipulation of MFC and lPFC can improve learning according to the brain-state induced by switching from eyes closed to open.Methods
Within-subjects, sham-controlled, double-blind study of 30 healthy subjects, each receiving 6-Hz in-phase high definition transcranial alternating-current stimulation (HD-tACS) applied to MFC and right lPFC prior to performing a time estimation task.Results
HD-tACS with eyes open improved learning ability relative to sham, whereas HD-tACS with eyes closed had no significant effect on behavior.Conclusion
Results suggest a phase-sensitive mechanism in frontal cortex mediates components of learning performance in a state-dependent manner. 相似文献4.
Jana Wörsching Frank Padberg Stephan Goerigk Irmgard Heinz Christine Bauer Christian Plewnia Alkomiet Hasan Birgit Ertl-Wagner Daniel Keeser 《Brain stimulation》2018,11(5):998-1007
Background
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been widely applied in cognitive neurosciences and advocated as a therapeutic intervention, e.g. in major depressive disorder. Although several targets and protocols have been suggested, comparative studies of tDCS parameters, particularly electrode montages and their cortical targets, are still lacking.Objective
This study investigated a priori hypotheses on specific effects of prefrontal-tDCS montages by using multimodal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy participants.Methods
28 healthy male participants underwent three common active-tDCS montages and sham tDCS in a pseudo-randomized order, comprising a total of 112 tDCS-fMRI sessions. Active tDCS was applied at 2?mA for 20?min. Before and after tDCS, a resting-state fMRI (RS fMRI) was recorded, followed by a task fMRI with a delayed-response working-memory (DWM) task for assessing cognitive control over emotionally negative or neutral distractors.Results
After tDCS with a cathode-F3/anode-F4 montage, RS-fMRI connectivity decreased in a medial part of the left PFC. Also, after the same stimulation condition, regional brain activity during DWM retrieval decreased more in this area after negative than after neutral distraction, and responses to the DWM task were faster, independent of distractor type.Conclusion
The current study does not confirm our a priori hypotheses on direction and localization of polarity-dependent tDCS effects using common bipolar electrode montages over PFC regions, but it provides evidence for montage-specific effects on multimodal neurophysiological and behavioral outcome measures. Systematic research on the actual targets and the respective dose-response relationships of prefrontal tDCS is warranted. 相似文献5.
Melinda C. Power Andreea Rawlings A. Richey Sharrett Karen Bandeen-Roche Josef Coresh Christie M. Ballantyne Yashashwi Pokharel Erin D. Michos Alan Penman Alvaro Alonso David Knopman Thomas H. Mosley Rebecca F. Gottesman 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2018,14(2):167-177
Introduction
Existing studies predominantly consider the association of late-life lipid levels and subsequent cognitive change. However, midlife rather than late-life risk factors are often most relevant to cognitive health.Methods
We quantified the association between measured serum lipids in midlife and subsequent 20-year change in performance on three cognitive tests in 13,997 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.Results
Elevated total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were associated with greater 20-year decline on a test of executive function, sustained attention, and processing speed. Higher total cholesterol and triglycerides were also associated with greater 20-year decline in memory scores and a measure summarizing performance on all three tests. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not associated with cognitive change. Results were materially unchanged in sensitivity analyses addressing informative missingness.Discussion
Elevated total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides in midlife were associated with greater 20-year cognitive decline. 相似文献6.
Anna E. Leeuwis Marije R. Benedictus Joost P.A. Kuijer Maja A.A. Binnewijzend Astrid M. Hooghiemstra Sander C.J. Verfaillie Teddy Koene Philip Scheltens Frederik Barkhof Niels D. Prins Wiesje M. van der Flier 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2017,13(5):531-540
Introduction
We examined the association between decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and subjective cognitive decline (SCD).Methods
We included 161 AD, 95 MCI, and 143 SCD patients from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort. We used 3-T pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling to estimate whole-brain and regional partial volume–corrected CBF. Neuropsychological tests covered global cognition and five cognitive domains. Associations were investigated using linear regression analyses.Results
In the whole sample, reduced overall and regional CBF was associated with impairment in all cognitive domains. We found significant interactions between diagnosis and CBF for language and between diagnosis and parietal CBF for global cognition and executive functioning. Stratification showed that decreased CBF was associated with worse performance in AD patients but not in MCI or SCD.Discussion
Our results suggest that CBF may have potential as a functional marker of disease severity. 相似文献7.
Lauren M. Reynolds Matthew Pokinko Angélica Torres-Berrío Santiago Cuesta Laura C. Lambert Esther Del Cid Pellitero Michael Wodzinski Colleen Manitt Paul Krimpenfort Bryan Kolb Cecilia Flores 《Neuropsychopharmacology》2018,83(2):181-192
Background
Dopaminergic input to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) increases throughout adolescence and, by establishing precisely localized synapses, calibrates cognitive function. However, why and how mesocortical dopamine axon density increases across adolescence remains unknown.Methods
We used a developmental application of axon-initiated recombination to label and track the growth of dopamine axons across adolescence in mice. We then paired this recombination with cell-specific knockdown of the netrin-1 receptor DCC to determine its role in adolescent dopamine axon growth. We then assessed how altering adolescent PFC dopamine axon growth changes the structural and functional development of the PFC by quantifying pyramidal neuron morphology and cognitive performance.Results
We show, for the first time, that dopamine axons continue to grow from the striatum to the PFC during adolescence. Importantly, we discover that DCC, a guidance cue receptor, controls the extent of this protracted growth by determining where and when dopamine axons recognize their final target. When DCC-dependent adolescent targeting events are disrupted, dopamine axons continue to grow ectopically from the nucleus accumbens to the PFC and profoundly change PFC structural and functional development. This leads to alterations in cognitive processes known to be impaired across psychiatric conditions.Conclusions
The prolonged growth of dopamine axons represents an extraordinary period for experience to influence their adolescent trajectory and predispose to or protect against psychopathology. DCC receptor signaling in dopamine neurons is a molecular link where genetic and environmental factors may interact in adolescence to influence the development and function of the prefrontal cortex. 相似文献8.
Jorge Sepulcre Mert R. Sabuncu Quanzheng Li Georges El Fakhri Reisa Sperling Keith A. Johnson 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2017,13(11):1261-1269
Introduction
Misfolded tau and amyloid β (Aβ) proteins progressively accumulate in the human brain, causing altered neuronal function and neurodegeneration. This study sought to investigate whether the wide spectrum of functional reorganization in aging brains of cognitively normal individuals relates to specific pathological patterns of tau and Aβ deposits.Methods
We used functional connectivity neuroimaging and in vivo tau and Aβ positron emission tomography scans to study cortical spatial relationships between imaging modalities.Results
We found that a negative association between tau and functional connectivity combined with a positive association between Aβ and functional connectivity is the most frequent cortical pattern among elderly subjects. Moreover, we found specific brain areas that interrelate hypoconnectivity and hyperconnectivity regions.Discussion
Our findings have critical implications to understanding how the two main elements of Alzheimer's disease–related pathology affect the aging brain and how they cause alterations in large-scale neuronal circuits. 相似文献9.
Rosa Manenti Maria Sofia Cotelli Chiara Cobelli Elena Gobbi Michela Brambilla Danila Rusich Antonella Alberici Alessandro Padovani Barbara Borroni Maria Cotelli 《Brain stimulation》2018,11(6):1251-1262
Background
A number of non-motor symptoms occurs in Parkinson Disease (PD), cognitive decline and mood disturbances representing the most prevalent.Recent studies reported that cognitive training could potentially help to attenuate cognitive deficits in patients with PD and several researches demonstrated a beneficial effect of active transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (anode over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cathode over right supraorbital area) on cognitive deficits and mood disturbances.Objective
To investigate the effects of active tDCS combined with computerized cognitive training on cognition and mood disturbances in PD patients.Methods
Twenty-two patients with PD were assigned to either active tDCS plus computerized cognitive training (CCT) or sham tDCS plus CCT groups. Each patient underwent two weeks' treatment of daily application of tDCS for 25?minutes during CCT focalized on functions related with prefrontal cortex. Each patient was evaluated at baseline, after treatment and at 3-month follow-up.Results
A significant reduction of depressive symptoms was observed in the active tDCS group from baseline to post-treatment assessment and from baseline to 3-month follow-up. An improvement in cognitive performances, referring more specifically to language, attentional and executive functions, was observed in both groups post-treatment and at follow-up. However, phonemic verbal fluency showed significant greater changes from baseline in the active tDCS group.Conclusions
We concluded that cognitive training along with active tDCS is a useful combined approach in the management of mood and cognitive dysfunctions in PD. 相似文献10.
Raphaëlle Richieri Antoine Verger Laurent Boyer Mohamed Boucekine Anthony David Christophe Lançon Michel Cermolacce Eric Guedj 《Brain stimulation》2018,11(5):1093-1097
Background
Previous clinical trials have suggested that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has a significant antidepressant effect in patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD). However, results remain heterogeneous with many patients without effective response.Objective
The aim of this SPECT study was to determine before treatment the predictive value of the connectivity of the stimulated area on further rTMS response in patients with TRD.Methods
Fifty-eight TRD patients performed a brain perfusion SPECT before high frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). A voxel based-analysis was achieved to compare connectivity of the left DLPFC in responders and non-responders using inter-regional correlations (p?<?0.005, corrected for cluster volume). A multiple logistic regression model was thereafter used with the goal of establishing a predictive score.Results
Before rTMS, responders exhibited increased SPECT connectivity between the left DLPFC and the right cerebellum in comparison to non-responders, independently of age, gender, severity of depression, and severity of treatment resistance. The area under the curve for the combination of these two SPECT clusters to predict rTMS response was 0.756 (p?<?0.005).Conclusions
SPECT connectivity of the left DLPFC predicts rTMS response before treatment. 相似文献11.
Paul K. Crane Emily Trittschuh Shubhabrata Mukherjee Andrew J. Saykin R. Elizabeth Sanders Eric B. Larson Susan M. McCurry Wayne McCormick James D. Bowen Thomas Grabowski Mackenzie Moore Julianna Bauman Alden L. Gross C. Dirk Keene Thomas D. Bird Laura E. Gibbons Jesse Mez 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2017,13(12):1307-1316
Introduction
There may be biologically relevant heterogeneity within typical late-onset Alzheimer's dementia.Methods
We analyzed cognitive data from people with incident late-onset Alzheimer's dementia from a prospective cohort study. We determined individual averages across memory, visuospatial functioning, language, and executive functioning. We identified domains with substantial impairments relative to that average. We compared demographic, neuropathology, and genetic findings across groups defined by relative impairments.Results
During 32,286 person-years of follow-up, 869 people developed Alzheimer's dementia. There were 393 (48%) with no domain with substantial relative impairments. Some participants had isolated relative impairments in memory (148, 18%), visuospatial functioning (117, 14%), language (71, 9%), and executive functioning (66, 8%). The group with isolated relative memory impairments had higher proportions with ≥ APOE ε4 allele, more extensive Alzheimer's-related neuropathology, and higher proportions with other Alzheimer's dementia genetic risk variants.Discussion
A cognitive subgrouping strategy may identify biologically distinct subsets of people with Alzheimer's dementia. 相似文献12.
Olivier Bodart Enrico Amico Francisco Gómez Adenauer G. Casali Sarah Wannez Lizette Heine Aurore Thibaut Jitka Annen Melanie Boly Silvia Casarotto Mario Rosanova Marcello Massimini Steven Laureys Olivia Gosseries 《Brain stimulation》2018,11(2):358-365
Background
Previous studies have separately reported impaired functional, structural, and effective connectivity in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). The perturbational complexity index (PCI) is a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) derived marker of effective connectivity. The global fractional anisotropy (FA) is a marker of structural integrity. Little is known about how these parameters are related to each other.Objective
We aimed at testing the relationship between structural integrity and effective connectivity.Methods
We assessed 23 patients with severe brain injury more than 4 weeks post-onset, leading to DOC or locked-in syndrome, and 14 healthy subjects. We calculated PCI using repeated single pulse TMS coupled with high-density electroencephalography, and used it as a surrogate of effective connectivity. Structural integrity was measured using the global FA, derived from diffusion weighted imaging. We used linear regression modelling to test our hypothesis, and computed the correlation between PCI and FA in different groups.Results
Global FA could predict 74% of PCI variance in the whole sample and 56% in the patients' group. No other predictors (age, gender, time since onset, behavioural score) improved the models. FA and PCI were correlated in the whole population (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001), the patients, and the healthy subjects subgroups.Conclusion
We here demonstrated that effective connectivity correlates with structural integrity in brain-injured patients. Increased structural damage level decreases effective connectivity, which could prevent the emergence of consciousness. 相似文献13.
Martin Schecklmann Carmen Weidler Peter Eichhammer Göran Hajak Berthold Langguth 《Brain stimulation》2018,11(5):1080-1082
Background
Schizophrenia is associated with changes in inhibitory and facilitatory brain networks which can be assessed by motor cortex excitability.Objective
Here, we investigate differences between large cross-sectional samples of un-medicated and medicated patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls in single- and double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation parameters.Methods
We measured right abductor digiti minimi muscle activity in 71 un-medicated, 43 medicated patients and 131 healthy controls. To exclude sample bias analyses were repeated with groups comparable for age and gender (un-medicated: n?=?43; medicated: n?=?38; controls: n?=?49).Results
Un-medicated patients showed increased short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in contrast to medicated patients and healthy controls. No group differences were found for resting and active motor threshold, cortical silent period and intracortical facilitation.Conclusion
Increases in SICI are in contrast to literature and highlight the necessity for large-scaled multi-centric studies with high methodological standards. 相似文献14.
Irene E. Harmsen Nathan C. Rowland Richard A. Wennberg Andres M. Lozano 《Brain stimulation》2018,11(3):481-491
Background
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an important form of neuromodulation that is being applied to patients with motor, mood, or cognitive circuit disorders. Despite the efficacy and widespread use of DBS, the precise mechanisms by which it works remain unknown. Over the last decade, magnetoencephalography (MEG) has become an important functional neuroimaging technique used to study DBS.Objective
This review summarizes the literature related to the use of MEG to characterize the effects of DBS.Methods
Peer reviewed literature on DBS-MEG was obtained by searching the publicly accessible literature databases available on PubMed. The abstracts of all reports were scanned and publications which combined DBS-MEG in human subjects were selected for review.Results
A total of 32 publications met the selection criteria, and included studies which applied DBS for Parkinson's disease, dystonia, chronic pain, phantom limb pain, cluster headache, and epilepsy. DBS-MEG studies provided valuable insights into network connectivity, pathological coupling, and the modulatory effects of DBS.Conclusions
As DBS-MEG research continues to develop, we can expect to gain a better understanding of diverse pathophysiological networks and their response to DBS. This knowledge will improve treatment efficacy, reduce side-effects, reveal optimal surgical targets, and advance the development of closed-loop neuromodulation. 相似文献15.
Despite increasing attention to the application of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for enhancing cognitive functions in subjects exposing to varying degree of cerebral atrophy such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), aging, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), there is no general information for customizing stimulation protocol.
Objective
The objective of this study is to examine how cerebral shrinkage associated with cognitive impairment and aging can perturb current density distribution through the brain.Methods
We constructed three high-resolution human head models representing young, elder, and MCI subjects and modeled two electrode configurations using rectangular electrodes.Results
Our results showed that decreasing gray matter volume in MCI, as well as aging, reduced the magnitude of the current density in the brain compared to the young model. Also, morphology alterations of the cerebral sulcus could shape the vectors of the current density to flow in the depth of cortical regions by cerebrospinal fluid.Conclusion
This study provides a framework for further advanced studies in establishing new methodologies or modifying stimulation parameters. 相似文献16.
Andreas Husch Mikkel V. Petersen Peter Gemmar Jorge Goncalves Niels Sunde Frank Hertel 《Brain stimulation》2018,11(4):863-866
Background
The gold standard for post-operative deep brain stimulation (DBS) parameter tuning is a monopolar review of all stimulation contacts, a strategy being challenged by recent developments of more complex electrode leads.Objective
Providing a method to guide clinicians on DBS assessment and parameter tuning by automatically integrating patient individual data.Methods
We present a fully automatic method for visualization of individual deep brain structures in relation to a DBS lead by combining precise electrode recovery from post-operative imaging with individual estimates of deep brain morphology utilizing a 7T-MRI deep brain atlas.Results
The method was evaluated on 20 STN DBS cases. It demonstrated robust automatic creation of 3D-enabled PDF reports visualizing electrode to brain structure relations and proved valuable in detecting miss placed electrodes.Discussion
Automatic DBS assessment is feasible and can conveniently provide clinicians with relevant information on DBS contact positions in relation to important anatomical structures. 相似文献17.
Annie Robitaille Ardo van den Hout Robson J.M. Machado David A. Bennett Iva Čukić Ian J. Deary Scott M. Hofer Emiel O. Hoogendijk Martijn Huisman Boo Johansson Andriy V. Koval Maaike van der Noordt Andrea M. Piccinin Judith J.M. Rijnhart Archana Singh-Manoux Johan Skoog Ingmar Skoog John Starr Graciela Muniz Terrera 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2018,14(4):462-472
Introduction
This study examines the role of educational attainment, an indicator of cognitive reserve, on transitions in later life between cognitive states (normal Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), mild MMSE impairment, and severe MMSE impairment) and death.Methods
Analysis of six international longitudinal studies was performed using a coordinated approach. Multistate survival models were used to estimate the transition patterns via different cognitive states. Life expectancies were estimated.Results
Across most studies, a higher level of education was associated with a lower risk of transitioning from normal MMSE to mild MMSE impairment but was not associated with other transitions. Those with higher levels of education and socioeconomic status had longer nonimpaired life expectancies.Discussion
This study highlights the importance of education in later life and that early life experiences can delay later compromised cognitive health. This study also demonstrates the feasibility and benefit in conducting coordinated analysis across multiple studies to validate findings. 相似文献18.
Jaimie C. Hunter Elizabeth P. Handing Ramon Casanova Maragatha Kuchibhatla Michael W. Lutz Santiago Saldana Brenda L. Plassman Kathleen M. Hayden 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2018,14(4):454-461
Introduction
We evaluated the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) and sleep quality on cognitive decline in the Health and Retirement Study.Methods
Health and Retirement Study participants (n = 8090), aged 65+ with DNA and multiple biennial cognitive observations (abbreviated Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status), were included. Participants were grouped into quartiles of NSES and sleep quality scores. We adjusted for apolipoprotein E ε4, demographic, and cardiovascular risk factors. Random effects modeling evaluated cognitive change over time.Results
NSES and sleep were significantly associated with cognitive decline, and there was a significant interaction between them (P = .02). Significant differences between high/low NSES and high/low sleep quality (P < .0001) were found.Discussion
Sleep and NSES were associated with cognitive decline; the association between sleep and cognition appeared stronger among those with low NSES. The association between low NSES, poor sleep quality, and cognitive decline was roughly equivalent to the association between apolipoprotein E ε4 and cognitive decline. 相似文献19.
N.W. Bailey K.E. Hoy N.C. Rogasch R.H. Thomson S. McQueen D. Elliot C.M. Sullivan B.D. Fulcher Z.J. Daskalakis P.B. Fitzgerald 《Brain stimulation》2018,11(1):190-203
Background
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment for depression, but only some individuals respond. Predicting response could reduce patient and clinical burden. Neural activity related to working memory (WM) has been related to mood improvements, so may represent a biomarker for response prediction.Primary hypotheses
We expected higher theta and alpha activity in responders compared to non-responders to rTMS.Methods
Fifty patients with treatment resistant depression and twenty controls performed a WM task while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Patients underwent 5–8 weeks of rTMS treatment, repeating the EEG at week 1 (W1). Of the 39 participants with valid WM-related EEG data from baseline and W1, 10 were responders. Comparisons between responders and non-responders were made at baseline and W1 for measures of theta (4–8 Hz), upper alpha (10–12.5 Hz), and gamma (30–45 Hz) power, connectivity, and theta-gamma coupling. The control group's measures were compared to the depression group's baseline measures separately.Results
Responders showed higher levels of WM-related fronto-midline theta power and theta connectivity compared to non-responders at baseline and W1. Responder's fronto-midline theta power and connectivity was similar to controls. Responders also showed an increase in gamma connectivity from baseline to W1, with a concurrent improvement in mood and WM reaction times. An unbiased combination of all measures provided mean sensitivity of 0.90 at predicting responders and specificity of 0.92 in a predictive machine learning algorithm.Conclusion
Baseline and W1 fronto-midline theta power and theta connectivity show good potential for predicting response to rTMS treatment for depression. 相似文献20.
Priya Palta Honglei Chen Jennifer A. Deal A. Richey Sharrett Alden Gross David Knopman Michael Griswold Gerardo Heiss Thomas H. Mosley 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2018,14(8):1015-1021