The accuracy of serum galactomannan assay in diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Galactomannan (GM) antigen is an aspergillus specific antigen that is released during the growth phase of invasive aspergillosis. We aimed to find the optimum cutoff and accuracy of serum Galactomannan assay in immunocompromised patients. Immunocompromised patients diagnosed with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Mycosis Study Group (EORTC/MSG) with three levels of certainty proven, probable and possible, referred for GM antigen measurement at Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute (IAARI) from 2006 to 2009 and if they met the criteria were enrolled in this study. Totally 49 patients with IPA were enrolled in our study. According to EORTC/MSG, patients categorized into three levels of certainty: They were diagnosed as 'proven' invasive pulmonary aspergillosis 16(32.7%), 'probable' 18(36.7%) and 'possible' 15(30.6%). The most common host risk factor was solid tumors 17(34.7%). The accuracy of Galactomannan assay increased from 0.5 to 2 cutoffs. The optimum sensitivity and specificity obtained at the index cutoff of ≥1.5 for diagnosis of "proven" IPA; which were respectively, 69.2% and 72.2%. Other cutoffs had high variance between sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of IPA. The calculated cutoff gained by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for detecting proven IPA was 1.5. Intermediate accuracy of serum GM test in conjunct with clinical findings would help early IPA detection among immunocompromised patients.     

支气管肺泡灌洗液半乳甘露聚糖检测在老年肺部疾病并存侵袭性肺曲霉病的诊断价值初探

目的 了解支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)半乳甘露聚糖(GM)检测在老年人肺部疾病并存侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)诊断中的价值。 方法 收集半年来因肺部疾病住院并高度怀疑并存IPA的老年患者,予支气管镜行支气管肺泡灌洗后,行BALF GM检测,同时行血清GM检测,并予痰或BALF真菌培养及涂片、胸部计算机断层显像(CT)等检查,依照欧洲癌症研究及治疗组织和真菌研究小组(EORTC/MSG)的建议,依宿主因素、临床特征、微生物学证据和组织病理学检查,将入选者分为确诊IPA、临床诊断IPA、拟诊IPA和非IPA患者,用统计学方法了解BAIF GM检测的诊断效率。 结果 共76例高度怀疑IPA的老年患者入选,其中1例确诊IPA,11例临床诊断IPA,6例拟诊IPA,以上18例作为病例组,其余58例非IPA患者作为对照组。当以GM值为0.5作为界值时,BALF GM检测的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为83.3％、82.8％、60.0％和94.1％.而血清GM检测在同样界值时的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为55.6％、91.4％、66.7％和86.9％;以GM值为1.0作为界值时,BALF GM和血清GM的特异度、阳性预测值均可达100％,但BALF GM检测的敏感度和阴性预测值（66.7％和90.6％）明显高于血清GM检测（22.2％和80.6％）。受试者工作特性曲线(ROC)分析结果显示,以GM值0.725为界值时BALFGM检测诊断效率最高,其敏感度、特异度分别为83.3％、96.6％。 结论 BAIF GM检测在诊断老年人肺部疾病并存IPA中具有重要意义,值得广泛推广。     

Usefulness of the MSG/IFICG/EORTC diagnostic criteria of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the clinical management of patients with acute leukaemia developing pulmonary infiltrates

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a frequently fatal complication in patients with acute leukaemia. Because diagnosis is still difficult, non-invasive diagnostic criteria were recently proposed by MSG/IFICG/EORTC for study purposes. We have analysed their usefulness in the clinical management of acute leukaemic patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Twenty-seven infiltrates developed during 174 chemotherapy cycles given to 50 consecutive patients. According to diagnostic criteria, IPA was diagnosed in 42% of patients and 77.8% of pulmonary infiltrates. AML diagnosis and the first induction cycle were significant risk factors. “Proven” IPA was rare, occurring in one patient (2%). The diagnosis of “probable” IPA was made in seven patients (14%) and was strongly supported by the significant association of characteristic radiological lesions (“major” clinical criterion) with the positivity of one microbiological criterion (P = 0.026). Conversely, “possible” IPA was frequent (26%) because its pertinent diagnostic criteria were fulfilled in 48.1% of pulmonary infiltrates. However, in 84.6% of cases, the diagnosis of “possible IPA” aspecifically derived from the association of two conditions, a new pulmonary infiltrate with symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection (“minor clinical criterion”), together with the definition of “susceptible” host, which applied to 100% of our leukaemic patients. We conclude that, according to MSG/IFICG/EORTC criteria, a high number of pulmonary infiltrates would be diagnosed as IPA, but only a diagnosis of “proven/probable” IPA should be considered reliable in the clinical management of suspected IPA.     

Clinical findings in 19 cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with liver cirrhosis

Background

Aspergillus infection was mostly reported with high mortality rates and a bad prognosis in immunocompromised patients, but data were lacking on the clinical characteristics of aspergillus infection in liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess the morbidity and mortality rate, clinical manifestation, risk factors, and medication of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in liver cirrhosis in The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University.

Methods

Patients with liver cirrhosis who had been diagnosed with proven or probable IPA by clinical and laboratory parameters from 1^st December 2008 to 1^st May2012 were retrospectively evaluated for predisposing factors for IPA and clinical outcome. The follow up ended on 30^th July2012. IPA was defined according to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mysoses Study group criteria.

Results

In total, 6,600 patients with liver cirrhosis were enrolled, and 19 out of these developed IPA. Seventeen out of 19 patients died. Imaging findings such as the halo sign and lower respiratory tract infection symptoms contributed to the early diagnosis of IPA. Possible risk factors for IPA included a high Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score, broad antibiotic usage and steroid exposure. The use of antifungal compounds may prolong a patient’s life.

Conclusions

The mortality of liver cirrhosis with IPA is high. Liver cirrhosis should be considered a risk factor of IPA. Once patients with high CTP scores and steroid and broad spectrum antibiotics exposure present cough and fever, IPA should be taken into consideration and antifungal agents should be used as soon as possible.     

重症慢性呼吸道疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉病的临床特点

目的 总结重症慢性呼吸道疾病(CRD)合并侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)的临床特点,为早期诊断和治疗提供依据.方法 分析2004年10月至2007年2月在北京朝阳医院呼吸科重症监护室(RICU)住院的149例痰或BALF分离出曲霉的CRD患者资料.以SPSS 10.0统计软件进行数据处理,所有计量资料以均数±标准差表示,计数资料以例数表示.计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用X2检验.结果 149例CRD患者中共收集16例IPA病例(COPD 11例,COPD合并支气管哮喘4例,支气管扩张症1例),其中3例确诊,10例临床诊断,3例拟诊.12例在人RICU前使用过大量糖皮质激素,15例使用广谱抗生素.15例临床表现为严重气道痉挛,9例行无创通气失败,14例因严重呼吸衰竭而需有创机械通气.12例X线胸片可见明显渗出影.外周血白细胞及中性粒细胞比例在疾病后期迅速增高;早期气管镜检查可见气道黏膜充血、水肿、糜烂,气道痉挛,痰液黏稠,后期气道黏膜可出现伪膜;早期真菌病原学检查阳性率低(2/12),后期阳性率高(10/12);早期治疗的患者存活率高(4/4),晚期治疗效果差(11/12),由呼吸衰竭迅速进展为多脏器衰竭是最主要的死亡原因.结论 CRD合并IPA并不少见,预后差.根据临床特点进行早期诊断及经验性治疗可改善患者的预后.     

侵袭性肺曲霉病49例临床分析

目的 通过分析侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)病例,提高IPA临床诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析49例IPA患者的人口学资料、宿主因素、基础疾病、胸部CT表现、微生物检验、组织病理学检查、治疗和转归.结果 49例IPA患者确诊19例(38.8%),临床诊断30例(61.2%).3例(6.1%)无宿主因素,与1PA相关的宿主因素和基础疾病25例(51.0%),关系不肯定的基础疾病2l例(42.9%).胸部CT表现:结节29例次,斑片影15例次,团块12例次,实变10例次,空洞34例次,晕征19例次,支气管充气征18例次,新月征6例次,双肺影33例次,多发病灶38例次.痰真菌培养阳性率为26.5%(13/49),支气管肺泡灌洗液真菌培养阳性率为66.7%(10/15),曲霉半乳甘露聚糖试验阳性率为30.6%(11/36),肺组织病理检查阳性率为90.5%(19/21).烟曲霉为主要病原菌81.0%(17/21).抗真菌药物初始治疗有效率为50%(21/42).结论 IPA患者胸部影像学表现以双肺、多发、结节影、空洞为主,晕征、新月征少见.侵袭性诊断技术具有较好的诊断价值.     

实时荧光PCR法对器官移植术后侵袭性肺曲霉病的早期诊断价值

目的 评价实时荧光PCR检测血清曲霉DNA对器官移植术后侵袭性肺曲霉病的早期诊断价值. 方法 收集2004年1月至2006年3月在上海交通大学附属第一人民医院器官移植中心接受器官(或组织)移植伴肺部病变的器官移植术后59例患者的274份血清.按照欧洲癌症研究治疗组织及真菌研究组(EORTC/MSG)的标准分为侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)确诊、临床诊断、拟诊及非IPA患者,用实时荧光PCR法检测血清曲霉DNA. 结果 59例中男43例,女16例,平均年龄51.7岁.59例中确诊5例,临床诊断6例,拟诊18例,非IPA患者30例.确诊及临床诊断的11例中7例实时荧光PCR检测阳性;30例非IPA患者中2例实时荧光PCR检测阳性,考虑为假阳性.与痰培养、胸部CT及血清半乳甘露聚糖抗原(galactomannan,CM)检测比较,实时荧光PCR法出现阳性结果的时间较痰培养平均提前7.9 d,较胸部CT平均提前6.0 d,较GM检测平均提前1.5 d. 结论 实时荧光PCR法对侵袭性肺曲霉病具有早期诊断意义.     

重症监护室中侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的诊断标准：因人而异

侵袭性肺曲霉菌病（IPA）在重症监护室（ICU）患者中发病率、病死率高。因此，制定足够灵敏、特异的诊断标准辅助早期识别IPA对改善患者的预后至关重要。目前关于IPA的诊断标准主要包括欧洲癌症研究和治疗组织/侵袭性真菌感染协作组织提出的诊断标准（以下简称EORTC/MSG标准）、ICU患者诊断标准、Bulpa标准、流感相关性肺曲霉菌病（IAPA）诊断标准和国际心肺移植学会（ISHLT）针对心肺移植术后患者的诊断标准。本文主要对以上标准的适用人群、主要特点及局限性进行阐述，以期临床医生能够在临床诊疗中针对不同的患者选择个体化的诊断标准。     

52例侵袭性肺曲霉菌病临床分析

目的分析侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)的临床特征。方法对52例IPA患者的基础疾病、宿主因素、临床特征、治疗及转归进行回顾性分析。结果原发性IPA共8例,均获治愈;44例继发性IPA患者,治愈35例,死亡9例。恶性肿瘤放化疗、器官移植、慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重者中,继发性IPA的发病率较高,其临床表现主要有发热、咳嗽、咳痰、喘息、呼吸困难、咯血。IPA患者的肺CT改变呈多样性,并呈动态演变。结论原发性IPA一般预后良好,继发性IPA好发于免疫缺陷的患者,临床表现缺乏特异性,肺CT具备一定的特征,结合宿主因素,为早期治疗提供诊断依据,从而改善预后。     

Diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis using polymerase chain reaction-based detection of aspergillus in BAL

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of Aspergillus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test performed on the BAL in diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). DESIGN: Between January 1996 and 1997, we prospectively followed up 249 cancer patients with pulmonary infiltrates suggestive of pneumonia. Bronchoscopy with fungal stains, cultures, and PCR was performed on all patients. PCR was used for the detection of Aspergillus mitochondrial and alkaline protease gene DNA. The PCR products were visualized either directly on polyacrylamide gel or after Southern transfer and probing with specific probes for mitochondrial and alkaline protease DNA. RESULTS: The 249 patients consisted of 10 patients with proven IPA (tissue invasion), 22 patients with probable IPA (microbiologic culture), 18 patients with possible IPA (consistent clinical and radiologic findings), and 199 control patients with no evidence of IPA. PCR positivity was strongly associated with all forms of IPA (p < 0.002). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of PCR were 80%, 93%, 38%, and 99%, respectively, for proven IPA, and 64%, 93%, 52%, and 96%, respectively, for probable IPA. Southern blotting analysis did not improve the diagnostic yield of the PCR test. CONCLUSION: PCR performed on BAL is associated with high specificity and negative predictive value for IPA. The low positive predictive value could be related to the transient colonizing presence of aspergilli in the respiratory tract. The sensitivity correlates with the certainty of the diagnosis based on tissue invasion.     

侵袭性肺曲霉菌病8例临床分析

目的总结侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)的临床特点,以利早期诊断。方法回顾性分析2006年4月至2006年12月解放军总医院呼吸科确诊的8例IPA患者的临床资料。结果本组病例全部经病理诊断为IPA。6/8的患者出现发热症状;1/2的患者具有"新月征"、"气环征"的CT表现;7/8的患者有病灶内空洞或空腔形成;1/2患者痰培养曲霉菌阳性,1/4的患者在病理诊断前痰培养阳性;本组入院前初次诊断正确率为0;本组1例系统性曲霉菌病患者死亡,7例经治疗好转出院。结论IPA的临床症状缺乏特异性,早期具有典型CT表现者较少,痰培养曲霉菌阳性率低,这些原因容易造成早期误诊。因此应关注有基础疾病的患者,对于新发肺部阴影者警惕IPA的可能,对可以耐受经皮肺穿刺或气管镜者,通过尽早病理检查等措施可提高早期诊断率。     

Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant recipients by polymerase chain reaction

A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test targeting Aspergillus spp. large ribosomal subunit genes was evaluated retrospectively on 175 serum samples from 37 bone marrow transplant recipients, 70% of whom received grafts from unrelated donors. Six patients had proven infection, seven had probable infection, and three had possible infection, using the revised EORTC case definitions. These 16 patients were all PCR positive (57 out of 93 samples tested). Two additional patients who did not fulfil current diagnostic criteria, but in whom invasive aspergillosis (IA) was thought clinically probable, were also PCR positive (five out of nine samples). Invasive aspergillosis was unlikely in the remaining 19 patients, four of whom were PCR positive on a single occasion (four out of 70 samples). Three samples were inhibitory to PCR. Sensitivity of PCR in diagnosing patients with IA was 100%, specificity was 79% and positive predictive value was 80%, using the criterion of a single positive result. If two positive results were required, these values were 81%, 100% and 100% respectively. The median duration of infection documented by PCR was 36 days (range 3-248 days) in 17 out of 18 patients (94%) who did not survive. Positive PCR results predated the institution of antifungal therapy in two-thirds of patients. Four patients became PCR positive during pretransplant conditioning therapy.     

Real‐time PCR on the first galactomannan‐positive serum sample for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients

Abstract: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life‐threatening complication of liver transplantation. Detection of circulating galactomannan (GM) in serum samples is a method to improve the microbiological diagnosis in patients at risk for IA. However, the assay is hampered by false‐positive results. The search for circulating Aspergillus DNA in the first GM‐positive sample could improve the specificity of the test. Among 484 liver transplant recipients followed in a single center over 4 years, 25 patients had at least 1 GM‐positive serum sample. The threshold of GM positivity was a ratio ≥1. These 25 patients were classified by the clinicians as probable IA (n=11), possible IA (n=2), and no IA (n=12) using the EORTC/MSG criteria with blinding to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results. After 1 mL aliquots of the first GM‐positive serum sample were thawed, 2 independent DNA extractions were performed using the MagNA Pure Compact apparatus. Real‐time amplification targeted at Aspergillus fumigatus mitochondrial DNA was performed on 10 μL of the final eluate in duplicate in the 2 independent DNA extractions using a LightCycler instrument. A sample was considered positive when the crossing point was ≤43 cycles in at least 2 out of the 4 replicates. Among the 13 probable or possible IA, 8 patients were PCR positive. The other 12 patients who had no IA were all PCR negative. Our data suggest that a concomitant real‐time PCR performed on the first GM‐positive sample improves the specificity of the first GM‐positive assay result.     

Aerosol amphotericin B inhalations for prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic cancer patients

To determine the value of aerosol amphotericin B inhalations for prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), we initiated a prospective randomized multicenter trial. The scheduled intent-to-treat interim analysis included 115 patients (30%) with prolonged neutropenia after chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, or solid tumors undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. Sixty-five patients had been randomized to receive prophylactic aerosol amphotericin B inhalations at a dose of 10 mg twice daily (group A); for the remaining 50 patients no aerosol amphotericin B prophylaxis was used (group B). No serious side effects from amphotericin B inhalations occurred, but coughing (54%), bad taste (51%), and nausea (37%) caused early cessation of aerosol amphotericin B prophylaxis in 23% (15/65) of courses. In group A, the incidence of proven, probable, or possible IPA was 5% (3/65) as compared with 12% (6/50) in group B (p>0.05). Microbiologically documented bacterial pneumonias were observed in 5/65 (8%) patients in group A and in 1/50 (2%) patients in group B (p>0.05). Thus, no reduction in incidence of IPA from use of prophylactic aerosol amphotericin B inhalations was found in this interim analysis. As there were no serious side effects from aerosol amphotericin B prophylaxis, accrual in the study will continue for a total of 380 patients.     

A prospective feasibility study of primary prophylaxis against invasive fungal disease with voriconazole following umbilical cord blood transplantation with fludarabine-based conditioning

Despite the recent introduction of a new class of anti-Aspergillus agents, no standard regimen for the prevention of invasive fungal disease (IFD) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been shown to be superior to fluconazole. The present prospective, single-arm study investigated the feasibility of voriconazole (VOR) administration as primary prophylaxis in 52 recipients of umbilical cord blood transplantation (CBT) with fludarabine-based conditioning, who had no previous IFD episodes. Proven or probable IFD was determined using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) criteria were considered as breakthrough infections. VOR was administered as prophylaxis for a total of 6884 patient-days following CBT. The mean duration of VOR administration after transplantation was 132 days (range, 1–769); 44 patients (85 %) had advanced disease, 15 (29 %) had a history of allogeneic HSCT, and 29 (56 %) received systemic corticosteroid therapy for allogeneic immune-mediated complications. Under the prophylaxis with VOR, one patient developed probable invasive aspergillosis on day 71, and the cumulative incidence of IFD was 4.5 % at day 180. None of the patients developed breakthrough candida or zygomycetes infections. Under the extensive therapeutic dose monitoring, VOR was safely administered with a calcineurin inhibitor and was well tolerated. These results suggest that VOR represents a feasible primary prophylactic agent for IFD after CBT with fludarabine-based conditioning.     

血清半乳甘露聚糖在重症患者肺部曲霉菌感染分级诊断中的作用

目的 探索血清半乳甘露聚糖(GM)在重症患者侵袭性肺部曲霉菌感染(IPA)诊断中的作用.方法 前瞻性研究,入选2007年2月-2008年7月北京协和医院加强医疗科中怀疑IPA的患者.每周2次送榆痰真菌培养及血清GM,记录培养及GM阳性的时间、GM的吸光度指数(ODI).按诊断标准刚顾性分为确诊、临床诊断、拟诊及非感染.分析GM在不同诊断级别中的阳性率及在指导分级诊断中的作用.进一步根据患者是否存在粒细胞缺乏及接受影响免疫功能的治疗情况,分为粒细胞缺乏组、非粒细胞缺乏但接受影响免疫功能治疗组及非粒细胞缺乏且未接受影响免疫功能治疗组,比较GM在不同宿主人群中的敏感性、特异性及ODI.结果 94例纳入本研究,最终确诊4例,临床诊断29例,拟诊34例,非IPA 27例.94例中30例GM阳性,总体阳性率31.9%.GM阳性率与诊断级别有明确的相关性.在确诊的4例中,GM阳性3例;临床诊断者阳性率65.5%(19/29);拟诊者阳性率17.6%(6/34),非IPA组阳性率7.4%(2/27)(P=0.001).针对确诊及临床诊断者,GM敏感性66.7%(22/33)、特异性92.6%(25/27)、阳性预计值91.7%(22/24)、阴性预计值69.4%(25/36).GM阳性时间早于真菌培养2～10(5.33±2.17)d.另外,宿主不同GM的阳性率、敏感性、ODI也存在差异.在粒细胞缺乏组、非粒细胞缺乏但接受影响免疫功能治疗组及非粒细胞缺乏且未接受影响免疫功能治疗组间,GM的阳性率分别为52.9%、41.7%、34.6%(P=0.015);敏感性分别为80.0%、70.0%、53.8%(P=0.011);ODI分别为1.365(0.582～6.736)、1.123(0.623～6.868)、0.554(0.522～0.823)(P=0.005).结论 GM在重症患者IPA的早期诊断中仍有指导意义,早于微生物学;其阳性率及敏感性的高低与诊断级别和宿主有关.在应用影响免疫功能的治疗的宿主中有更高的敏感性和ODI.     

Detection of sputum Aspergillus galactomannan for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in haematological patients

We investigated the diagnostic utility of Aspergillus galactomannan (GM) in sputum for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in haematologic patients and compared the results with those of bronchial lavage fluid (BLF) and serum. Patients were classified into 4 groups using modified European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer criteria: group A, proven IPA; group B, probable IPA; group C, possible IPA; group D, others. Groups A and B were considered the IPA group (n = 6); group D was considered non-IPA group (n = 37); group C (n = 13) was equivocal for IPA. As a true negative control, sputa from patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) without risk factors (group E, n = 22) were used. From the receiver-operating characteristic curves, the cut-off levels were determined as 1.2 in sputum, 0.5–1.3 in BLF and 0.5 in serum. The sensitivity and specificity of sputum, BLF and serum GM were 100 and 62.2%, 66.7 and 100%, and 83.3 and 81.1%, respectively. Twenty-two patients with CAP (group E) showed median GM levels in the sputa of 0.1 (range 0.0–1.0). Sputum GM is a useful non-invasive test for screening of IPA in haematological patients, and may also be useful for assessment of the risk of developing IPA.     

COPD合并侵袭性肺曲霉病5例并文献复习

目的 分析重症COPD合并侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)患者临床特征,提高对COPD合并IPA的认识.方法 过从2015年6月至2016年3月西京医院呼吸与危重症科诊断的5例COPD合并IPA患者的资料进行回顾性分析及文献复习.结果 5例COPD合并IPA患者中确诊3例,临床诊断2例.在入住RICU前5例使用广谱抗生素,4例使用大量激素.5例均表现为气道显著痉挛,4例使用无创机械通气后有2例转为有创机械通气,2例自动出院.胸部CT早期无特殊表现,病情进展出现沿支气管周围渗出病变以及实变,病变多发.支气管镜下可见气道黏膜水肿、充血、溃烂、伪膜形成,痰液黏稠.病情进展迅速,病死率高.结论 COPD合并IPA容易误诊,病情进展快,病死率高,需充分认识其临床特点以提高诊断率及降低死亡风险.     

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients

To discuss diagnosis, risk factors, clinical and radiologic manifestations of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) that is accepted as an important mortality factor in organ transplant recipients. We retrospectively evaluated seven IPA cases who were diagnosed among 207 patients that had undergone organ transplantation surgery in our center between 1998-2001. Of seven patients, four was renal and three was liver recipients. Diagnosis was made histopathologically (three post-mortem, one transbronchial lung biopsy) in four patients while culture positivity (sputum and tracheal aspiration material) with clinical and radiological evaluation was the diagnostic criteria for three patients. The most common respiratory symptoms were fever, productive cough and dyspnea. The most common fiberoptic bronchoscopic findings were mucosal fragility, hemorrhage. In one patient plaque formation was found. One liver recipients had been on hemodialysis because of renal insufficiency (serum creatine was 2.6 mg/dL). All liver and kidney recipients had allograft failure. One liver and two kidney recipients had neutropenia, two liver and one kidney recipients had thrombocytopenia. Six patients had received amphotericin-B and/or itraconazole therapy. Four of the five exitus were receiving antifungal treatment. Three of them were lost in a short time while only one non-survivor had received itraconazole for three weeks. The most frequent CT findings were patchy infiltrations and nodule formation with or without cavitation. Five patients were lost in two months (mortality, 71.4 %), two survivors are under follow up. These findings showed, IPA should be thought in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infections after organ transplantation.