Update on Cochrane data on paediatric respiratory diseases

INTRODUCTION: Systematic reviews seek to describe and summarise the best evidence for a given intervention by pooling data from relevant quality clinical trials. The Cochrane Collaboration has fostered the development and dissemination of systematic reviews throughout the world. We have identified and summarised The Cochrane systematic reviews of relevance to the paediatric pulmonologist. METHODS: We performed an expert search of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews using a combination of medical subject headings and free text terms relating to paediatric respiratory disease. RESULTS: The search identified 120 systematic reviews with interventions specific to children with some relevance to pulmonary disease, and 327 reviews with interventions relating to pulmonary disease in adults and children. After pragmatic exclusions, 81 reviews were sorted by disease and 59 of these are discussed in detail. CONCLUSIONS: There are now many systematic reviews that make a positive contribution to paediatric pulmonology. The majority of reviews (69%) found evidence that either confirmed or refuted an accepted practice. The remaining reviews concluded that the evidence for an accepted practice is poor and sometimes wholly absent. Clinicians must be aware that lack of evidence of effect is not the same as evidence of lack of effect. Caution must be exercised before applying the conclusions of systematic reviews based upon adult data to childhood disease.     

Passive smoking by asthmatics: its greater effect on boys than on girls and on older than on younger children

In 415 nonsmoking asthmatic children who were seen consecutively, asthma symptoms were more severe if the mother was a smoker than if she was a nonsmoker. This applied to both sexes but was more marked in boys than in girls. There were also other indications that sons were the more severely affected: the forced expiratory volume at 1 second, the forced expiratory flow rate during the middle half of the forced vital capacity, and the provocation concentration of histamine needed to result in a 20% decrease in the forced expiratory volume at 1 second were significantly decreased only in the sons, and lung function test results were significantly less in sons than in daughters of mothers who smoked. When the 415 children were stratified according to age, lung function improved significantly with increasing age in the children of nonsmokers; in children of smokers, by contrast, symptoms and lung function test results became progressively worse. As well, there was a correlation between these indications of asthma severity and the number of years the child had been exposed to the mother's smoke. It appeared that, compared with girls, boys were more sensitive to passive smoking, and that its adverse effect increased with age and with duration of exposure.     

不同气体条件对腹膜形态影响的实验研究

目的 在体实验研究提示,CO2气腹后,腹膜结构出现改变.本实验研究不同气体条件对腹膜形态的影响,探讨CO2气腹对腹腔肿瘤细胞影响的潜在机制.方法 在体实验:乳猪14头,年龄7～14 d,体重2～4 kg.随机分为两组:CO2气腹组(CO2组,n=7),N2O气腹组(N2O组,n=7).分别行100%CO2及100%N2O气腹,气腹时间为4 h,气腹压力为12 mm Hg.实验结束,采集腹膜标本.离体实验:C57BL/6小鼠10只,年龄4周左右,经0.125%胰酶预处理后,通过腹腔灌洗分离培养小鼠腹膜间皮细胞.离体细胞随机分为三组:对照组(5%CO2组).100%CO2组,8 cm H2O压力100%CO2组.细胞培养至连续单层后,将细胞分别暴露于5%CO2、100%CO2及8cmH2O压力100%CO2中4 h.不同气体条件下腹膜及分离培养的间皮细胞行电镜观察.结果 在体实验腹膜电镜结果提示压力12 mm Hg的100%CO2气腹维持4 h,导致腹膜间皮细胞层破坏,基底膜暴露,仅存细胞骨架;相同条件的100%N2O气腹使间皮细胞间隙增大,部分区域基底膜暴露.离体实验观察100%CO2破坏间皮细胞微绒毛,压力下的100%CO2对问皮细胞影响更加明显.结论 100%CO2使在体腹膜及离体间皮细胞超微结构发生明显改变,因此,小鼠模型中发现的CO2气腹后神经母细胞瘤转移增加可能与间皮细胞屏障削弱有关.

Abstract：

Objective Electron microscopic studies have shown significant morphologic changes of peritoneum after CO2 pneumoperitoneum in vivo. This experiment was to assess the effect of different gas on the morphology of peritoneum and the underlying mechanism of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on tumor cells. Methods In vivo, fourteen piglets (2-4 kilogram in weight, 7-14 days of age) were equally divided into the CO2 group(n = 7) and N2O group(n = 7). 100% CO2 or 100% N2O pneumoperitoneum was infused for 4 hours. Pneumoperitoneum pressure was 12 mmHg. At the end of the experiment, the samples of peritoneum were collected. In vitro, primary murine peritoneal mesothelial cells were36 collected by peritoneal lavage from ten C57BL/6 mice (4 weeks of age) after 0. 125% trypsin pretreatment. Isolated cells were divided into three groups: control group (5% CO2),100% CO2 group and 8 cm H2O pressure &. 100% CO2 group. After monolayers of mesothelial cells were established, cells were cultured with 5%CO2, 100% CO2 and 100% CO2 with 8 cm H2O pressure for 4 hours. Peritoneum and isolated mesothelial cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results Scanning electron microscopy investigation suggested in vivo, 12 mmHg 100% CO2 pneumoperitoneum for 4 hours destroyed mesothelial cells layer of peritoneum, exposing the basal lamina. In contrast, 100% N2O pneumoperitoneum leaded to an increase of intercellular gaps and the basal lamina was exposed in part areas under same pressure and duration. In vitro, 100% CO2 exposition was associated with a significant destruction of the microvilli formation of isolated mesothelial cells. 100% CO2 with 8 cm H2O pressure had more significant impact on mesothelial cells. Conclusions The peritoneal mesothelial cells lose their typical cell morphology when exposed to 100% CO2. Thus, the increased neuroblastoma metastasis observed after CO2 pneumoperitoneum in mice might be related to an impaired mesothelial barrier function.     

缬沙坦对肾小球硬化影响实验研究

目的探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ1 -型受体拮抗剂 (AT1RA)缬沙坦对肾小球硬化的影响及其作用机制。方法将36只SD大鼠随机均分为3组 ,即正常对照组、肾病未治疗组和缬沙坦治疗组 ,观察各组大鼠的尿蛋白、血生化值、肾脏病理改变及肾脏组织中转化生长因子 - β1(TGF_β1)和纤维连接蛋白 (FN)的表达。结果①缬沙坦治疗组尿蛋白自第7周起较未治疗组明显降低 (P<0.01) ;②实验结束时 ,治疗组血白蛋白较未治疗组明显增高 (P<0.05) ;③肾小球硬化指数 (GSI)治疗组较未治疗组明显降低 (P<0.01) ;④肾组织中TGF_β1 和FN在正常组表达最少(P<0.05) ,未治疗组表达最强(P<0.01)。结论缬沙坦对肾小球硬化模型大鼠的肾脏病变具有保护作用 ,其机制可能为通过下调TGF_β1 的表达 ,减少细胞外基质的沉积 ,延缓肾小球硬化的进展。     

家族性高胆固醇血症患者动脉粥样硬化超声随访价值

目的 探讨家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)患者动脉粥样硬化(AS)的超声随访价值.方法 选择6个FH家系中17名FH患者(FH组).男5例,女12例;年龄(16.12±6.65)岁.FH组患儿均有皮肤黄色瘤.同期选择性别、年龄相匹配的17例健康体检者作为健康对照组.测定二组患儿血脂水平,并应用彩色多普勒超声显像仪观察FH患者外周动脉、腹腔动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)、管腔狭窄程度、形态和功能等改变.结果 FH组血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平与健康对照组比较均有显著性差异(Pa<0.05),三酰甘油(TG)水平与健康对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05).13例患者颈动脉、锁骨下动脉、腹主动脉、股总动脉IMT不同程度增厚,平均2.9 mm,且随年龄增长向腹主动脉和股动脉发展、泛化.结论 FH患者早期出现AS病变,且随年龄增长动脉病变逐渐加重,从颈动脉向腹主动脉、股动脉泛化.彩色多普勒超声可作为一种明确FH患者AS进程的无创性血管超声检查方法 .     

大黄治疗婴儿肝炎综合征的作用机制

目的探讨大黄治疗婴儿肝炎综合征(IHS)的机制。方法采用全自动生化分析仪检测52例IHS患儿及18例非IHS择期手术前婴儿(对照组)血清总胆红素(TB)、结合胆红素(DB)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、总胆汁酸(TBA)水平,采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测其血清及胆汁IL-6、TNF-α水平,硫代巴比妥酸比色法(TBA法)和黄嘌呤氧化酶法分别检测其血清及胆汁丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平。结果大黄治疗后IHS患儿血清TB、DB、ALT、γ-GT、TBA分别为(58.7±20.9)μmol/L、(36.7±13.1)μmol/L、(56.8±22.1)U/L、(83.2±22.7)IU/L、(88.6±31.5)μmol/L,均较治疗前显著降低(Pa<0.05),血清及胆汁IL-6、TNF-α、MDA分别为(20.71±7.93)ng/L、(246.74±83.15)ng/L、(2.60±0.85)μmol/L、(81.96±17.05)ng/L、(627.91±193.37)ng/L、(6.32±2.05)μmol/L,均较治疗前降低(Pa<0.05),SOD与治疗前比较均升高[分别为(107.2±22.7)μU/L、(169.8±57.1)μU/LPa<0.05]。结论IL-6、TNF-α、MDA、SOD参与了IHS的病理过程,大黄通过降低血清及胆汁中IL-6、TNF-α、MDA水平,提高SOD水平而起到退黄护肝的作用。