常染色体显性遗传先天性核性白内障一家系致病基因的初步定位

目的 初步定位一个显性遗传性先天性核性白内障家系的致病基因.方法 在已知与先天性白内障相关的致病基因附近选择合适的微卫星标记,基因组PCR扩增后进行基因分型,由LINKAGE软件处理,对该家系进行连锁分析.结果 在22q的D22S258、D22S315、D22S1163显示最大LOD值2.11（重组率θ=0）.单倍型分析提示致病基因位于D22S1174～D22S270大约18.5 Mbp的遗传距离.结论 该家系的致病基因定位于22q11.2～22q13,该范围内的CRYBB1、CRYBB2、CRYBB3、CRYBA4为其可能致病基因.     

东北地区一遗传性白内障家系的临床遗传学及基因定位研究

目的:分析一先天性核型白内障家系的遗传方式及致病基因所在位置。方法:收集一个3代遗传性白内障家系成员的临床资料;提取家系成员外周血DNA,选取62个态性微卫星标记进行连锁分析。应用LINKAGE软件(version 5.2)中的MLINK程序计算两点连锁LOD值,并人工构建家系成员的单体型。结果:确定该家系为一常染色体显性遗传性白内障大家系,在微卫星标记D22S689可获得最大LOD值2.71(θ=0时),单体型提示该家系表型可能与染色体22q11.2-12.1区域连锁。该区域含有CRYBB1,CRYBB2,CRYBB3,CRYBA44个候选基因。结论:本研究先天性核型白内障家系符合常染色体显性遗传规律,其致病基因定位于22q11.2-12.1区域。     

花冠状常染色体显性遗传性先天性自内障致病基因初步定位

目的 初步定位具有花冠状表型的常染色体显性遗传性先天性白内障一家系的致病基因.方法 收集家系成员的资料,提取基因组DNA,据文献报道在已知先天性白内障致病基因和位点附近,选择合适的短串联重复序列多态性标记,使用LINKAGE 5.1软件计算标准LOD值,对此家系进行连锁分析.结果 此表型先天性白内障的致病基因定位在3q22.3-q25.2,即D3S3612至D3S1594之间15.2 cM范围内.在D3S1569和D3S3599处,得到与致病基因住点连锁的最大LOD值均为3.01(重组率=0.00).结论 该花冠状常染色体显性遗传性先天性白内障致病基因初步定位在第3对染色体上3q22.3-q25.2.     

常染色体显性先天性白内障一家系致病基因的连锁分析

背景先天性白内障约1／3的病例是由遗传所致,已发现遗传性白内障有着极为明显的遗传异质性,了解先天性白内障的致病基因对其基因治疗极为重要。目的分析一个具有常染色体显性遗传特点的先天性白内障家系的临床表型特征,进行已知致病基因的筛查定位。方法对遗传性先天性白内障一家系共16名成员眼部进行详细的临床检查,包括6例患者,确定为本家系白内障患者的临床表型。收集其中11名家系成员的血液样本提取DNA,包括3名正常家系成员及其配偶、5例患者。利用连锁分析进行排除定位,并采用Schuelke报道的新方法,只合成普通引物及一种荧光标记的通用引物M13,进行聚合酶链反应（PCR）,对连锁区域内的候选基因进行基因序列分析。结果本家系的白内障遗传方式符合常染色体显性遗传特征。基因连锁分析表明,在D22S315得到最高LOD值为1．20,在D16S3068得到LOD值为0．6。CRYBB2基因所有编码区及外显子与内含子交界处未发现基因序列突变。结论本家系初步排除了CRYBB2基因与此家系先天性白内障的相关性。对这个家系的基因定位需要更进一步的全基因组扫描,以发现致病基因在染色体上的可疑区间。连锁分析中进行微卫星位点的PCR扩增时,利用合成荧光标记的通用引物M13,可以显著降低成本,并取得同样的实验结果。     

HSF4基因突变导致常染色体显性遗传核性白内障

目的 鉴定一个延续5代常染色体显性遗传核性白内障家系的致病基因。方法 根据已知先天性白内障致病基因在染色体上的定位，选择了D16S539分子标记，对该家系进行连锁分析，通过基因测序鉴定致病基因。结果 该69名家系成员中有16例患有先天性核性白内障，致病基因定位于16q21-q22，并在候选基因HSF4外显子3检测到一新的突变杂合子134456G-A，该突变导致112E的同义突变，而在家系正常成员中则未检测到该突变。结论 该家系核性白内障表型很可能系由HSF4基因134456G-A突变所致，且此突变尚未见报道。     

先天性白内障一家系致病基因的排除性定位

目的 明确一个国人常染色体显性先天性白内障（ADCC）家系致病基因的染色体位点是否位于已知的22个非综合征型ADCC致病位点内，从而初步定位该ADCC家系致病基因的染色体位点。设计 家系遗传研究。研究对象 一个先天性白内障家系。方法 对26例家系成员中的16例进行临床检查、采集静脉血样、提取基因组DNA；在已知的22个非综合征型ADCC致病位点内，分别选取3-6个多态性微卫星标记，对该ADCC家系进行遗传连锁分析。主要指标 先天性白内障临床表型、Lod值。结果 该家系患者为晶状体前囊膜及前囊膜下混浊；所有多态性微卫星标记与致病基因两点间的Lod值均≤-2，证实微卫星标记所在的染色体区域与该ADCC家系的致病基因不连锁。结论 该ADCC家系致病基因的染色体位点不在已知的22个非综合征型ADCC致病位点内，可能是一个新的致病基因导致了该家系的临床表型。     

遗传性先天性核性白内障家系CRYAB错义突变

目的 鉴定一个四代常染色体显性遗传性先天性白内障(autosomaldominant congenital cataract,ADCC)家系的致病基因.方法 收集ADCC一家系资料,全面检查,提取血液DNA,在已报道的与先天性白内障相关的致病基因和其附近选择合适的微卫星标记位点进行连锁分析,对提示连锁的染色体区域内的已知候选基因测序.结果 系谱图分析示该ADCC家系符合常染色体显性遗传特点.裂隙灯显微镜检查示全部患者表型均为核性.连锁分析示致病基因定位在11q22.3-23.1区域内,对此区域内的候选基因B-晶状体蛋白基因进行测序,发现其外显子1第58位核苷酸C→T错义突变,引起所编码的第20位脯氨酸被丝氨酸取代(p20S).结论 B-晶状体蛋白的点突变导致了该家系遗传性先天性核性白内障,丰富了基因型-表型谱,并为分子机制的研究提供了新线索.     

先天性核性白内障家系致病基因的定位与候选基因突变检测

目的 对中国一常染色体显性遗传性先天性核性白内障家系进行致病基因的定位与候选基因突变检测.方法 实验研究.采集家系成员的外周静脉血,提取基因组DNA.用约400个中密度微卫星标记进行基因扫描,平均遗传距离10厘摩(cM).利用LINKAGE软件包进行连锁分析.在阳性定位区域内选取更为精细的微卫星标记进行精细定位.利用CYRILLIC软件进行单体型分析,确定候选基因所在染色体区域.候选基因直接测序检测基因突变.结果两点间连锁分析在微卫星标记D2S325处获得最大对数优势计分(LOD)值Zmax=2.29(θmax=0.00).精细定位和单体型分析将致病基因定位于微卫星标记D2S117和D2S2382之间,遗传距离约19.04 cM,染色体位置为2q32.3-q35.候选基因直接测序发现CRYGC基因第3外显子第470碱基一个G→A的点突变.结论本研究将我国一个先天性核性白内障家系的致病基因定位于2号染色体2q32.3-q35约19.04cM区域内,并在CRYGC基因发现一个新的点突变与此家系共分离.(中华眼科杂志,2009,45:234-238)     

一特殊表型的常染色体显性遗传先天性白内障家系致病基因的筛选与鉴定

背景遗传因素是先天性白内障的主要致病因素之一,致病基因的筛查是研究先天性白内障发病分子机制的重要步骤。目的明确一结晶样晶状体混浊的先天性常染色体显性遗传白内障（ADCC）家系的致病基因。方法收集山西省榆社县一个四代先天性结晶样混浊白内障家系22名成员,其中患者10例。在获得知情同意后,该家系成员进行家系调查以确定遗传方式。经裂隙灯显微镜检查和常规眼科临床检查确定表型。采集其中17例家系成员的外周静脉血5ml并提取DNA,ADCC的17个已知致病基因周围选取22个荧光标记的微卫星,通过对微卫星标志物的扩增和基因型分析对该家系进行基因两点连锁分析,并计算对数优势评分（LOD）值。对筛选的候选基因进行直接测序分析。结果该家系患者晶状体混浊表型非常类似,家系分析表明为四代垂直遗传,符合单基因ADCC的特点。基因连锁分析提示,该家系与微卫星D2S325位点和D2S2358位点连锁,最大LOD值分别为1．20（0=0）和0．22（0=0）,位于此区域内的CRYGD基因测序后发现一个已经报道的错义突变c．C70A（p．P23T）。结论CRYGD基因P23T突变是该家系结晶样晶状体混浊的致病原因。     

晶状体蛋白βB1基因错义突变引起常染色体显性遗传性白内障

目的 对河北汉族一个四代先天性核性常染色体显性遗传白内障家系进行基因分析,了解此家系在候选基因上是否存在突变位点.方法 该家系22名成员(包括患者7人,非患者15人)知情同意进入本研究,并接受全面的眼部及全身检查,以排除白内障以及外眼部及全身疾患.该家系成员中患病者经眼部裂隙灯检查发现晶状体均为核性混浊.采集22名家系成员的外周静脉血,提取基因组DNA.选择国内外已报道的与先天性核性白内障发生相关的7个候选基因(CRYBA3/A1、CRYBB1、CRYBB2、CRYGD、GJA3、CJA8和MIP),设计引物使聚合酶链反应扩增的片段覆盖候选基因外显子,对扩增产物进行测序和序列分析,寻找突变位点.结果 发现编码晶状体蛋白Bb1的基因(CRTBB1)第4外显子一个等位基因的第457个碱基发生错义突变C＞A.形成杂合子,导致其编码蛋白第129位氨基酸由丝氨酸(S)转变为精氨酸(R),其余外显子的碱基序列与GenBank数据库中的正常序列一致.结论 该家系的核性先天性白内障是由于CRYBB1基因外显子4的错义突变C＞A引起.     

先天性后极性白内障超微结构分析及突变基因筛查

目的 探讨一先天性后极性白内障家系晶状体的超微结构改变,并初步筛查其致病基因.方法 收集一常染色体显性遗传性先天性后极性白内障家系资料,对家系成员行眼部检查;在透射电镜下观察晶状体细胞超微结构的改变;选择CRYAB、CRYBA1/A3、CRYBB2、GJA8、CHMP4B、PITX3和EPHA2这7个热点基因进行突变位点筛查.结果 根据家系图分析该家系为垂直遗传,符合单基因常染色体显性遗传特点.裂隙灯显微镜下检查示全部患者晶状体混浊形态完全相同.透射电镜下发现患者前囊面晶状体上皮细胞排列紧密,结构完整,未见特异性病理变化;前皮质晶状体纤维细胞排列紧密,细胞内密度均一一致,但后皮质晶状体纤维细胞内出现斑驳状中高密度异常颗粒沉着.热点基因筛查显示:7个候选基因的外显子及其邻近内含子序列与基因库对照未发现任何突变.结论 本研究将后极性白内障病变定位于后皮质晶状体纤维细胞,排除了前囊面晶状体上皮细胞及前皮质晶状体纤维细胞.此家系携带的遗传突变位点位于尚未见报道的与后极性白内障相关的致病基因上.     

A novel splice site mutation of CRYBA3/A1 gene associated with congenital cataract in a Chinese family

AIM: To identify the disease-causing mutation responsible for the presence of congenital cataract in a Chinese family. METHODS: The study recruited a four-generation Chinese pedigree affected by autosomal dominant congenital cataract (ADCC). Family history and the history of cataract extraction were recorded. Blood samples were collected from individuals for DNA extraction. Direct sequencing of congenital cataract-associated genes was performed. Single-strand conformational polymorphism and bioinformatic analysis were conducted to further study the mutation. RESULTS: Direct sequencing revealed a novel splice site mutation of c.30-2 A>G in the CRYBA3/A1 gene. The mutation co-segregated within all affected individuals in the family and was not found in unaffected members or 100 unrelated normal controls. These results were further confirmed by single-strand conformational polymorphism and bioinformatic analysis using the Human Splicing Finder and MaxEnt online software and Annovar computer software. CONCLUSION: c.30-2 A>G mutation of CRYBA3/A1 gene is a novel mutation and broadens the genetic spectrum of ADCC.     

A Novel CRYBB2 Missense Mutation Causing Congenital Autosomal Dominant Cataract in an Italian Family

Congenital cataract is a leading cause of visual impairment in children and brings approximately 10% of childhood blindness worldwide. Molecular analysis revealed ~60 loci to be associated with several phenotypes of childhood cataracts. Until now, more than 30 loci and 18 genes on different chromosomes have been associated with autosomal dominant congenital cataract (ADCC). Here, we present a three-generation Italian family with a non syndromic ADCC. A linkage analysis carried out using HumanCytoSNP-12 DNA Analysis BeadChip led us to identify ten genomic regions virtually involved in the disease. All the genes located in these regions were scored for possible relationship with ADCC and, according to a strict clinical and genetic selection, 4 genes have been analyzed. A novel sequence variant was found in the CRYBB2 gene (p.Ser143Phe). This variant affects a conserved aminoacid in the third Greek key motif of the protein, cosegregates with the disease phenotype in all affected individuals and is not present both in the unaffected family members and 100 healthy control subjects. Finally, we identified the first CRYBB2 mutation in an Italian family causing a clinical picture of ADCC.     

Homozygous CRYBB1 deletion mutation underlies autosomal recessive congenital cataract

PURPOSE: Some 30% of cases of congenital cataract are genetic in origin, usually transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. The molecular defects underlying some of these autosomal dominant cases have been identified and were demonstrated to be mostly mutations in crystallin genes. The autosomal recessive form of the disease is less frequent. To date, only four genes and three loci have been associated with autosomal recessive congenital cataract. Two extended unrelated consanguineous inbred Bedouin families from southern Israel presenting with autosomal recessive congenital nuclear cataract were studied. METHODS: Assuming a founder effect, homozygosity testing was performed using polymorphic microsatellite markers adjacent to each of 32 candidate genes. RESULTS: A locus on chromosome 22 surrounding marker D22S1167 demonstrated homozygosity only in affected individuals (lod score > 6.57 at theta = 0 for D22S1167). Two crystallin genes (CRYBB1 and CRYBA4) located within 0.1 cM on each side of this marker were sequenced. No mutations were found in CRYBA4. However, an identical homozygous delG168 mutation in exon 2 of CRYBB1 was discovered in affected individuals of both families, generating a frameshift leading to a missense protein sequence at amino acid 57 and truncation at amino acid 107 of the 252-amino-acid CRYBB1 protein. Denaturing [d]HPLC analysis of 100 Bedouin individuals unrelated to the affected families demonstrated no CRYBB1 mutations. CONCLUSIONS: CRYBB1 mutations have been shown to underlie autosomal dominant congenital cataract. The current study showed that a different mutation in the same gene causes an autosomal recessive form of the disease.     

一个先天性白内障家系基因突变热点分析报告

目的：对一个来自广东兴宁的四代先天性白内障家系进行常染色体显性基因突变热点的分析，了解这个家系在热点上是否有相应的改变。方法：该家系19名成员(包括患者8人，非患者11人)知情同意进入本研究。8例患者在中山眼科中心接受全面的眼部及全身检查．以排除存在白内障以外眼部及全身疾患。11例非患病亲属仅接受眼部检查。对这19例研究对象各抽取外周血5ml，提取基因组DNA。针对国外文献报道(截至2003年1月为止)的与常染色体显性遗传先天性白内障相关的10个基因(CRYAA、CRYAB、CRYBA1／A3、CRYGD、GJA8、CRYGC、CRYBB2、GJA3、MIP及BFSP2)的17个突变热点，设计引物使聚合酶链反应扩增的片段覆盖这17个位点，对扩增产物进行测序和序列分析，了解这19名研究对象在17个突变热点上是否有相应的序列改变。结果：19例研究对象，在国外文献报道的17个与常染色体显性遗传先天性白内障相关的突变热点，均未发现相应的序列改变。结论：初步排除这个常染色体显性遗传先天性白内障家系与国外文献报道的17个突变热点相关。     

先天性白内障一家系晶状体蛋白突变基因筛查

目的对先天性白内障一家系进行晶状体蛋白致病基因的初步筛查。方法通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）对先天性白内障一家系中4代8例患者进行CRYAA、CRYAB、CRYA1／A3、CRYBB2、CRYGC和CRYGD6个候选基因的外显子及内含子扩增,扩增产物进行直接测序,测序结果与GeneBank中原始序列进行BLAST比对分析。结果该家系每代均有先天性白内障患者,遗传方式为常染色体显性遗传。该家系的CRYAA、CRYAB、CRYA1／A3、CRYBB2、CRYGC和CRYGD6个晶状体蛋白候选基因的外显子及其邻近的内含子与基因库对照未发现任何突变。结论CRYAA、CRYAB、CRYA1／A3、CRYBB2、CRYGC和CRYGD为该先天性白内障家系的非致病基因。     

Mutations in betaB3-crystallin associated with autosomal recessive cataract in two Pakistani families

PURPOSE: To identify the disease locus for autosomal recessive congenital cataracts in consanguineous Pakistani families. METHODS: Two Pakistani families were ascertained, patients were examined, blood samples were collected, and DNA was isolated. A genome-wide scan was performed using >382 polymorphic microsatellite markers on genomic DNA from affected and unaffected family members. Two-point lod scores were calculated, haplotypes were formed by inspection, and candidate genes were sequenced. Real-time quantitative PCR techniques were used to determine the mRNA levels, and molecular modeling was performed to gain a better understanding of the significance of the disease-causing mutation. RESULTS: In the genome-wide scan, maximum lod scores of 2.67 and 2.77 for family 60004 and 2.02 and 2.04 for family 60006 were obtained for markers D22S539 and D22S315, respectively. The linked region, 22.7 cM (10 Mb) flanked by markers D22S420 and D22S1163, contains the beta-crystallin gene cluster including the genes CRYBA4, CRYBB1, CRYBB2, and CRYBB3. Sequencing of these genes showed a G-->C transition in exon 6 of CRYBB3 resulting in a p.G165R change in the betaB3-crystallin protein that cosegregates with the disease in both families. Real-time PCR analysis suggested that betaB3-crystallin mRNA levels approximate those of other betagamma-crystallins. Molecular modeling predicted changes in electrostatic potential that would be expected to reduce the stability of the fourth Greek-key motif, and hence the entire protein, dramatically. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, a mutation in CRYBB3 is reported in two consanguineous Pakistani families with autosomal recessive congenital cataracts.