经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松压缩性骨折缓解疼痛的观察

自从1987年法国的Galibert等报道应用经皮椎体成形术（PVP）治疗椎体血管瘤获得良好效果后，PVP得以广泛开展，并用于治疗骨质疏松脊柱压缩性骨折（VCF）及脊柱良恶性肿瘤，其能起到迅速止痛、稳定脊柱的目的。笔者在2002～2004年间开展对经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松压缩性骨折缓解疼痛的效果进行随访观察，以评价其近、远期疗效和临床意义。     

椎体成形术和椎体后凸成形术的应用比较

经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)和经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutancous kyphoplasty,PKP)都是近年来发展起来的脊柱微创技术, 有止痛和恢复椎体的强度、硬度的作用,PKP还可恢复椎体的高度,从而矫正脊柱的后凸畸形.目前两者已被国内外广泛应用于治疗脊柱转移瘤、骨髓瘤、骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折(vertebral compression fractures,VCFs)和症状性脊柱血管瘤等[1～5].     

脊柱微创手术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的疗效及其并发症

经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)和经皮脊柱后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)是近几年来脊柱外科和介入放射科热点研究应用的技术,主要用于治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折,可收到立竿见影的止痛效果,但仍存在较多的直接或间接并发症,有待进一步探讨解决.石继祥等报道经皮椎体成型术治疗胸腰椎体压缩性骨折和早期临床疗效满意,我科2006年3月-2008年9月共施行PVP和PKP术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折30例,通过对临床资料的回顾性分析及总结,观察其临床疗效,对相关并发症的防治策略提出一些建议,与同仁们共同探讨.     

椎体后凸成形术治疗多发性老年骨质疏松脊柱骨折的临床研究

目的 探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗多发性老年骨质疏松性脊柱骨折的疗效. 方法 选取本院2009年1月至2013年6月86例多发性老年骨质疏松性脊柱骨折患者,应用经皮椎体后凸成形术.观察术前和术后VAS疼痛评分,后凸Cobb角及椎体高度压缩率的变化情况. 结果 86例患者术程顺利,患者平均手术时间为50.5±10.6分钟,术中出血量40.5±12.6ml,平均住院时间为5.5±1.5天,所有患者术后VAS疼痛评分、椎体高度压缩率、Cobb角度与治疗前相比,差异均有统计学意义. 结论 经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗多节段老年骨质疏松性脊柱骨折创伤小,止痛效果良好,能较好地恢复椎体高度,很好的矫正后凸Cobb角.     

PVP、PKP、囊袋治疗新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床分析

[目的]对比分析经皮椎体成形术(PVP)、经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)、编织囊袋扩张椎体成形术(Vesselplasty)治疗新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折(OVCF)的临床效果,选择最优手术方案,提高新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的治疗效果。[方法]选取新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者526例(单节段)分别接受PVP、PKP、囊袋治疗,分别记录三组手术后及术后1个月视觉模拟评分(VAS)、术后伤椎后凸角、椎体前柱高度,比较三组之间治疗效果。[结果]手术全部成功,无严重并发症发生。三组患者术后VAS评分均较术前明显降低。骨水泥渗漏囊袋组发生率低于PVP、PKP组,PKP组和囊袋组在术后伤椎后凸角、伤椎前柱高度恢复方面优于PVP组。[结论] PVP、PKP、囊袋三种手术方式治疗新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折均取得了满意的临床效果;囊袋在治疗新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折中未发生骨水泥渗漏。     

后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性脊柱骨折的疗效观察

目的评价后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性脊柱骨折的临床效果。方法将78例脊柱压缩性骨折患者随机分为2组,观察组给予经皮椎体后凸成形术,对照组行经皮椎体成形术(PVP)。比较2组患者的治疗效果。结果观察组后凸Cobb角、椎体高度改善效果显著优于对照组(P0.05),并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05),2组差异有统计学意义。结论经皮后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性脊柱骨折,疗效确切,不良反应少,脊柱功能恢复好。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折61例体会

目的分析经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床效果。方法对61例老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者实施经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗,观察术后疼痛改善、椎体高度恢复及并发症发生率等情况。结果 61例患者均顺利完成手术,术后发生骨水泥渗漏2例(3.28%),未出现其他脊髓或脊神经损伤等严重并发症。术后均随访12~18个月,术后1周及末次随访的VAS评分、椎体前缘高度、Cobbe角测量值均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PKP治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折,能明显改善患者疼痛等症状,且并发症少,效果可靠。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者40例疗效观察

目的探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者疗效观察及近、中期预后效果。方法选取我院79例老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者,依据手术术式不同分组,对照组39例采用经皮椎体成形术治疗,观察组40例给予经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗,观察比较两组术前、术后3个月、术后12个月Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评分、疼痛(VAS)评分及手术前后伤椎Cobb角、椎体压缩率变化情况,并统计两组并发症发生率。结果术后3个月及12个月两组ODI、VAS评分均低于术前,观察组术后3个月伤椎Cobb角及椎体压缩率均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组并发症发生率为2.50%(1/40),低于对照组20.51%(8/39),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论给予老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗,效果较佳,可矫正畸形,促进椎体高度恢复,降低并发症发生率。     

经皮椎体成形术在骨质疏松性椎体骨折及椎体肿瘤中的应用

目的 比较3种经皮椎体成形术的优缺点,总结经皮椎体成形术在治疗肿瘤和骨质疏松所致椎体压缩性骨折中的临床经验.方法 对经过治疗的47例106个病变椎体进行回顾性总结,其中包括骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折(VCF)33例,椎体转移癌11例,多发性骨髓瘤2例,椎体血管瘤1例.分别采用经皮椎体成形术(PVP)、经皮球囊椎体后凸成形术(PKP)、及经皮膨胀式椎体后凸成形术(Sky) 3种方法.结果 穿刺成功率100%,近期效果佳,中远期效果有待进一步观察.结论 根据患者的病种、年龄、体质及经济状况综合分析,个体化选择治疗方案.     

老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折的外科治疗

目的探讨老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折的外科治疗方法以及疗效。方法对132例老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折,男35例,女97例,年龄56～78岁,平均66岁,采用经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗113例,采用切开复位、膨胀式椎弓根钉系统内固定术治疗19例。结果术后122例腰背部疼痛基本消失,椎体成形组术后6～8h可以离床活动,切开复位内固定组术后2d可以离床活动。术后摄X线确认压缩性骨折椎体基本复位,后凸畸形平均矫正15°(10～30°)。术后随访6～36个月,腰背部疼痛无复发,经皮穿刺椎体成形伤椎高度无丢失。切开复位、膨胀式椎弓根钉系统内固定伤椎高度部分丢失。结论经皮穿刺椎体成形术作为治疗老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折有手术微创、操作简便、效果明确等优点;切开复位、膨胀式椎弓根钉系统在恢复椎体高度方面有优势,但创伤较大,远期椎体高度丢失较大。     

Are intravertebral vacuum phenomena benign lesions?

We retrospectively reviewed plain radiographs from patients with four different diseases that can cause vertebral collapse: osteoporotic vertebral collapse, spinal infection, spinal metastasis, and multiple myeloma. The objective of the study was to find the percentages of intravertebral vacuum phenomena and vertebral collapse rates in the four groups. The vacuum phenomenon is often observed in osteoporotic compression fractures. However, these phenomena are rarely seen in spinal infection and malignant lesions. Whether the vacuum phenomenon is a benign indicator is not known. We retrospectively reviewed plain radiographs from four groups of patients, including 328 osteoporotic vertebral collapse patients, 317 spinal infection patients, 302 spinal metastasis patients, and 325 multiple myeloma patients. The pattern and occurrence rates of intravertebral vacuum phenomena and vertebral body collapse were analyzed. The occurrence rate of intravertebral vacuum phenomena in patients with osteoporotic vertebral collapse was approximately 18.9%. Only one case of intravertebral vacuum phenomena was observed in patients with spinal infection. Vacuum phenomena were not observed in patients with spinal metastasis. The occurrence rate of intravertebral vacuum phenomena in patients with multiple myeloma was 6.4%. The patterns of intravertebral vacuum phenomena were also analyzed. Intravertebral vacuum phenomena are common in patients with osteoporotic vertebral collapse. Most cases of intravertebral vacuum phenomena are of a benign nature. Moreover, intravertebral vacuum phenomena occur extremely rarely in patients with spinal infection. Such phenomena are also found in patients with multiple myeloma.     

骨质疏松性腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨椎体成形辅助椎弓根螺钉固定治疗骨质疏松性腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤的临床疗效。方法2006年7月-2007年9月,对7例患者应用此法治疗。平均随访11.6个月（6-20个月）。按ASIA分级标准检查神经功能,用X线片测量伤椎术前、术后后凸畸形的角度和椎体前缘高度进行临床评价。结果7例患者中神经功能由C级恢复到D级4例、恢复到E级1例,由D级恢复到E级2例。伤椎椎体前缘高度压缩率术前为53.00%±9.59%,术后为72.00%±6.70%,丢失4.00%±3.72%（P〈0.01）;后凸畸形角度术前为21.00°±6.57°,术后为8.00°±4.18°（P〈0.01）,丢失2.00°±2.67°（P〈0.05）。7例患者均无骨水泥渗漏,1例出现椎弓根螺钉松动。结论椎体成形辅助椎弓根螺钉固定术是对骨质疏松引起的腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤的一种有效治疗方法。     

过伸位下经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗老年人胸腰椎椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨脊柱过伸位辅助复位后,行球囊扩张经皮椎体后凸成形术（percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP）治疗老年人胸腰段椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法椎管麻醉下脊柱过伸位在C型臂X线机引导下行PKP治疗25例（30个椎体）合并骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患者,并对术前、术后患者的症状和椎体高度进行评估。结果所有患者术后疼痛症状明显减轻甚至消失。椎体高度明显恢复,和术前相比差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。未发生明显或严重并发症。结论过伸位下PKP治疗老年人合并骨质疏松的椎体压缩性骨折是一种创伤小、较安全、疗效确切的方法。     

Osteoporotic spinal deformity: a biomechanical rationale for the clinical consequences and treatment of vertebral body compression fractures

This review article develops a biomechanical rationale for the clinical consequences and treatment of osteoporotic vertebral body compression fracture. In patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures and spinal deformity, altered spinal biomechanics and global spinal imbalance are important factors in the increased morbidity and mortality reported in this population. Severe spinal deformity impairs physical functioning, health, and quality of life. The spinal deformity itself, independent of pain, is a significant cause of disability. Spinal deformity is also an independent risk factor for hip fracture. Treatments directed at osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures should ideally address spinal deformity as well as pain. Balloon kyphoplasty, the minimally invasive technique of reduction and internal fixation of osteopenic vertebral body compression fractures that addresses pain and spinal deformity, is discussed.     

椎体压缩性骨折高度恢复与治疗效果的相关性研究

目的评价经皮椎体成形术、经皮椎体球囊扩张后凸成形术、保守疗法治疗OVCF的近期临床疗效,探讨椎体高度恢复与疼痛程度的相关性。方法将符合条件的并进行相关治疗的患者分成:经皮椎体成形术(PVP)组和经皮后凸成形术(PKP)组,保守治疗组,每组选取15例患者。采用VAS、ODI评分标准和影像资料分别评估,对比分析组之间的疗效、影像资料变化,并分析椎体高度恢复与治疗效果的相关性。结果①PVP、PKP组椎体高度的恢复效果显著;②两组早期止痛效果确切,有助于患者早期恢复日常生活,但远期疼痛缓解效果与保守治疗组相当;③骨折椎体前缘高度压缩程度与疼痛有一定的相关性,治疗后椎体前缘高度恢复程度与疼痛的缓解无相关性;④PVP手术过程中发生了4例骨水泥渗漏、PKP组2例,术后随访发生了4例椎体再骨折。保守治疗组在卧床恢复期间出现肺部感染2例、褥疮2例。结论骨折椎体前缘高度压缩程度与疼痛有一定的相关性,压缩骨折椎体中等程度压缩时疼痛值相对较高;手术后椎体前缘高度恢复程度与疼痛的缓解无相关性。PVP与PKP手术治疗后中短期临床疗效优于保守疗法;保守疗法在经济性及安全性有较大优势。     

Vertebral body compression fracture after removal of pedicle screws: a report of two cases

While the risks of pedicle screw insertion are well established, there is a paucity of reports on complications associated with implant removal. We report two cases of acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures of the instrumented vertebral body adjacent to the fractured vertebra due to removal of pedicle screws in two female patients previously treated for vertebral lumbar burst fractures. Both patients had experienced only mild occasional pain at the thoracolumbar junction prior to the removal of the implants. In the formerly almost asymptomatic individuals, the acute osteoporotic fractures led to persistent severe back pain despite prolonged intensive treatment. Patients must be thoroughly informed of the rare but potential risks of spinal implant removal, particularly in cases of osteoporosis. We therefore do not recommend removal of spinal implants unless there are clear clinical indications for implant removal.     

注射性锶羟磷灰石在椎体成形术中的临床应用

目的 探讨使用锶羟磷灰石行经皮椎体成形术的临床疗效。方法 行经皮椎体成形术患者23例(36个椎体)，男6例，女17例；年龄43-80岁，平均69.3岁；1个椎体13例，2个椎体7例，3个椎体3例。其中骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折18例，脊椎血管瘤3例，多发性骨髓瘤2例。所有患者均采用经皮注入锶羟磷灰石治疗，对术中患者的血压、心率、血氧饱和度及术后感染、骨水泥渗漏、疼痛、活动度、影像学征象等指标与术前进行对比分析，了解治疗效果。结果 术后CT扫描示8例11个椎体有少量渗漏，1例2个椎体有椎体后壁渗漏；2例2个椎体在椎间孔内有少量渗漏；5例7个椎体有椎旁渗漏，4例是因穿刺针使椎体前缘破溃所致。所有渗漏并未引起明显的神经损伤症状。23例行经皮椎体成形术患者，1例死亡，其余22例均获得随访，随访时间6-18个月，平均12．5个月。17例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者，11例疼痛基本消失，6例明显减轻；3例脊椎血管瘤患者疼痛基本消失；2例多发性骨髓瘤患者，1例疼痛明显减轻，1例缓解后又加重。末次随访时X线片与术后X线片比较示椎体并无继续塌陷的征象。结论 锶羟磷灰石应用于经皮椎体成形术有较好的临床疗效和安全性。     

膨胀式椎弓根钉系统治疗椎体骨质疏松性骨折

[目的]探讨膨胀式椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗伴有神经损伤表现的胸腰段椎体骨质疏松性骨折的疗效。[方法]本组共有患者31例,平均年龄68.3岁(61～84岁)。术前诊断为胸腰段椎体骨质疏松性骨折并马尾神经或腰神经根损害。全部病例接受了骨折复位、椎管减压、膨胀式椎弓根钉系统内固手术治疗。采用VAS和Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI),以及影像学观测脊柱Cobb角和受伤椎体高度回复率评估临床疗效。[结果]全部患者得到随访,平均随访20.7个月(6～36个月),腰背部疼痛基本消失。术后VAS为2.8分、ODI为32.2%。术后压缩性骨折基本复位,观察期间内固定物无松脱、折断。[结论]膨胀式椎弓根钉系统有利于骨质疏松性椎体骨折的复位和维持,进而减轻疼痛症状和提高生存质量,用于伴有神经损伤的老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折是安全和有效的。     

Percutaneous vertebroplasty for pain relief and spinal stabilization

STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective review of 47 consecutive patients (1995-1998) in whom percutaneous intraosseous methylmethacrylate cement injection (percutaneous vertebroplasty) was used to treat osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures and spinal column neoplasms. OBJECTIVES: To present initial results regarding pain relief, spinal stabilization, and complications after treatment with percutaneous vertebroplasty. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Percutaneous vertebroplasty was developed in France in the late 1980s. Several European reports have described excellent results for treatment of compression fractures and neoplasms. The procedure was not performed in the United States until 1994. Only a single series of 29 patients treated in the United States has been reported. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 47 consecutive patients with 84 vertebrae treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty. Thirty-eight patients with 70 vertebrae had symptomatic, osteoporotic fractures and had failed medical therapy. Eight patients with 13 vertebrae had primary or metastatic neoplasms. One patient had a hemangioma. Immediate and long-term pain response, spinal stability, and complications were evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 38 patients treated for osteoporotic fractures, 24 (63%) had marked to complete pain relief, 12 (32%) moderate relief and 2 (5%) no significant change. Only 4 of the 8 patients with malignancies had significant pain relief. In 7 of these patients, no further vertebral compression occurred, and spinal canal compromise was prevented. The patient with the hemangioma had no significant pain reduction. Minor complications occurred in 3 (6%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous vertebroplasty provided significant pain relief in a high percentage of patients with osteoporotic fractures. The procedure provided spinal stabilization in patients with malignancies but did not produce consistent pain relief. Complications were minor and infrequent. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a promising therapy for patients with osteoporotic fractures and for selected vertebral column neoplasms.     

Prevalence of osteoarthritis, osteoporotic vertebral fractures, and spondylolisthesis among the elderly in a Japanese village

PURPOSE: To study the prevalence of osteoarthritis, osteoporotic vertebral fractures, and spondylolisthesis among elderly residents of a Japanese village and to examine the correlation between radiographic evidence of abnormality and lower back pain. METHODS: 205 men (mean age, 70.7 years) and 323 women (mean age, 70.5 years) in a Japanese village participated in this cross-sectional study. Plain lateral radiographs were taken from the lower thoracic spine to the sacral spine. They were evaluated by 3 independent orthopaedic surgeons for degree of osteoarthritis (using Weiner grading system) and the presence of osteoporotic vertebral fractures and spondylolisthesis. RESULTS: The prevalence of osteoarthritis in elderly Japanese villagers was 38.3%, whereas that of osteoporotic vertebral fractures and spondylolisthesis was 17.8% and 8.9%, respectively. There was no significant difference in osteoarthritis between men and women, but osteoporotic vertebral fractures and spondylolisthesis were significantly more common in females (p<0.01). No significant correlation was observed between lower back pain and radiographic evidence of degenerative spinal disease. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of spondylolisthesis in elderly Japanese was much lower than that in whites or African Americans. The prevalence of osteoarthritis or osteoporotic vertebral fractures was comparable with other English or US studies. Radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis, osteoporotic vertebral fractures, and spondylolisthesis is not necessarily associated with lower back pain.