伤寒沙门菌诱导巨噬细胞凋亡机制的探讨

目的了解伤寒沙门菌诱导巨噬细胞凋亡机制。方法在巨噬细胞中分别加入caspase3,caspase8,caspase9抑制剂和TNF-α抗体共孵育后加入伤寒沙门菌建立感染模型,于8h后用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,进一步检测伤寒沙门菌作用巨噬细胞8h后caspase3,caspase8,caspase9含量和TNF-α、NO产生量。结果caspase3,caspase8抑制剂和TNF-α抗体均能不同程度抑制伤寒沙门菌诱导的巨噬细胞凋亡(P<0.01);且作用8h后caspase3、caspase8及NO、TNF-α的产生量均高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论伤寒沙门菌诱导巨噬细胞凋亡可以由NO及TNF-α介导,caspase3和caspase8参与的外源性凋亡途迳。     

布鲁氏菌强毒株16M和疫苗株M5-90诱导巨噬细胞凋亡线粒体途径相关因子的表达比较

目的比较布鲁氏菌强毒株16M和疫苗株M5-90侵染小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7后其凋亡相关因子的转录和表达。方法建立16M、M5-90侵染RAW264.7模型,采用CFU计数法比较16M、M5-90侵染RAW264.7 4、8、12、24h后的胞内生存情况;采用qRT-PCR检测AIF、Bcl-2、Bax、Apaf-1、Bcl-xl基因转录水平的变化;采用ELISA检测TNF-α和Cyt C在细胞内的表达;采用激光共聚焦检测Cyt C在细胞内共定位表达情况。结果布鲁氏菌16M在侵染后4h~24h胞内CFU呈增多趋势,而M5-90CFU先增多后减少。qRT-PCR显示AIF基因的转录水平在侵染后4h~24h内呈上升趋势,且M5-90侵染组与16M侵染组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);由M5-90侵染诱导的Apaf-1基因转录水平与16M侵染组比较有统计学意义(P0.05);Bcl-xl的转录量随着侵染时间增长而不断增加,且16M诱导组与M5-90组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);M5-90侵染组Bax和Bcl-2水平与16M组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);M5-90侵染组Bax/Bcl-2比值与16M侵染组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ELISA分析显示TNF-α、Cyt C分泌量随着时间增长而增加,且M5-90诱导组与16M组比较差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。激光共聚焦显示Cyt C定位在RAW264.7内,属于胞浆表达,且M5-90诱导的表达量与16M组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),并随感染时间的延长不断增加。结论布鲁氏菌疫苗株M5-90侵染RAW264.7 4h~24h内,凋亡相关因子Cyt C、AIF、Bax/Bcl-2、Apaf-1的表达量高于强毒株16M侵染组,而Bcl-xl则相反,表明在此侵染阶段M5-90具有更强的促细胞凋亡作用。     

白花蛇舌草诱导白血病CEM细胞凋亡的分子机制

目的探讨白花蛇舌草通过调控细胞凋亡信号通络-死亡受体途径相关信号分子的表达诱导白血病CEM细胞凋亡的研究。方法分光光度法测定CEM细胞内凋亡酶半胱氨酸-天冬氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)3、caspase8、caspase9的活性;免疫印迹实验测定caspase3、caspase8凋亡酶蛋白的表达。结果白花蛇舌草水提物浓度为6.64、33.20、166.0μg/ml分别作用于CEM细胞12、24、36 h,细胞内凋亡酶caspase3、8的活性表达高于对照组(P0.05),细胞内凋亡酶caspase9的活性表达与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。白花蛇舌草水提物不同浓度(6.64、 33.20、 166.00μg/ml)分别作用于CEM细胞不同时间(6、12、24 h),凋亡酶蛋白caspase3、8的表达随白花蛇舌草作用浓度的增加和时间的延长呈上升趋势,且与对照组比较差异有显著意义(P0.05)。结论白花蛇舌草水提物可通过上调细胞凋亡信号通路-死亡受体途径信号分子中caspase3、8的表达而达到诱导白血病CEM细胞凋亡。     

虫草多糖对肿瘤坏死因子α诱导肝细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨虫草多糖对肝细胞凋亡的影响和作用机制。方法以人正常肝细胞L02作为研究对象,将不经任何药物处理的人正常肝细胞L02作为正常组;利用不同浓度的TNFα(5、10、20、40 ng/ml)进行干预24 h后筛选肝细胞凋亡模型的造模条件并作为模型组;根据实验设计,使用3种不同浓度的虫草多糖(50、100、200μg/ml)预作用12 h后给予或者不给予筛选后的TNFα模型浓度24 h作为实验组,收取样本进行检测,采用CCK8法检测细胞增殖活力;采用Annexin V/PI双染法检测肝细胞凋亡数;采用RT-PCR法检测细胞凋亡(Bax、caspase3、caspase8、caspase9、死亡受体Fas)的mRNA表达;采用蛋白免疫印迹法检测cleaved-caspase3、cleaved-caspase8蛋白表达。计量资料多组间比较采用单因素方差分析或Kruskal-Wallis H检验,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验或Dunnett-t检验。结果 CCK8法检测结果显示,40 ng/ml的TNFα诱导L02肝细胞24 h后,L02肝细胞增殖较正常组显著降低(73.54%±14.19%vs 100.00%±23.61%,P 0.01),3种不同浓度的虫草多糖在对肝细胞无明显细胞毒性的前提下,较模型组(93.02%±7.21%),细胞增殖均显著升高(P值均0.01),分别为108.10%±9.05%、114.30%±8.79%、117.70%±9.66%。Annexin V/PI双染法检测结果显示,与正常组细胞凋亡数量比较,模型组细胞凋亡数量显著升高(7.71%±1.20%vs 11.57%±1.41%,P 0.05),3种不同浓度的虫草多糖较模型组(18.91%±0.80%)均明显降低细胞凋亡数量,分别为15.16%±0.16%、13.28%±1.57%、16.91%±0.21%(P值均0.05)。RT-PCR法和蛋白免疫印迹检测结果显示,40 ng/ml TNFα造模后细胞凋亡相关的Bax、死亡受体Fas的mRNA表达较正常组均增强,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05),并且激活形式的cleaved-caspase3、cleaved-caspase8的蛋白表达显著增强(P值均0.05),与模型组比较,50μg/ml的虫草多糖可显著降低Bax、caspase3、caspase9的mRNA表达和cleaved-caspase8蛋白表达,100μg/ml的虫草多糖可显著降低Bax、caspase3、caspase8、Fas、caspase9 mRNA和cleaved-caspase8蛋白表达,200μg/ml的虫草多糖可显著降低caspase3、caspase8、Fas、caspase9 mRNA和cleaved-caspase3、cleaved-caspase8蛋白表达,3种虫草多糖浓度作用具有一定量效趋势。结论虫草多糖可以有效抑制TNFα诱导的L02正常肝细胞凋亡。     

斑蝥素对胰腺癌细胞系PANC1、CFPAC-1的凋亡诱导作用及机制研究

目的 研究斑蝥素对胰腺癌细胞系PANC1、CFPAC-1的凋亡诱导作用及机制。方法 用斑蝥素处理PANC1、CFPAC-1细胞。四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞增殖;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;酶化学法检测caspase活性;RT-PCR及蛋白质印迹法检测凋亡相关基因的表达。结果 斑蝥素呈剂量依赖性明显抑制胰腺癌细胞系PANC1、CFPAC-1增殖及诱导细胞凋亡。10μmol/L斑蝥素处理细胞72 h,PANC1、CFPAC-1细胞的增殖抑制率最高,分别达(52.95 +6.34)％和(71.21 +6.30)％。处理24h,PANC1细胞的早期和晚期凋亡细胞分别从7.35％增加到24.89％、6.36％增加到17.73％;CFPAC-1细胞从6.39％增加到24.70％、9.21％增加到12.58％(P值均＜0.01)。PANC1细胞的caspase 8和caspase9活性分别为对照组的(155.8±11.5)％和(194.6±14.7)％;CFPAC-1细胞分别为对照组的(182.5±24.3)％和(215.8±12.2)％(P值均＜0.01)。促凋亡基因TNF-α、TRAILR1、TRAILR2、Bad、Bak和Bid表达增加,抗凋亡基因Bcl-2表达减少。结论 斑蝥素通过激活Caspase、上调促凋亡基因及下调抗凋亡基因的表达从而诱导胰腺癌细胞凋亡。     

高氧所致急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织细胞凋亡和坏死的研究

目的　观察吸入高浓度氧所致急性肺损伤中细胞死亡方式 ,探讨细胞凋亡在急性肺损伤中所起的作用。方法　将 5 4只小鼠置于密闭的高浓度氧气室 (氧浓度 >98% ) ,另 18只小鼠呼吸正常空气作为对照组 ;分别于 2 4、4 8和 72h取出小鼠评价肺损伤及气道上皮脱落程度 ;用脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的末端标记法 (TUNEL)检测损伤的肺组织中细胞凋亡的发生程度 ;逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)及免疫组织化学测定肺组织中caspase 3的表达及组织分布。 结果　高氧能引起急性肺损伤 ,伴部分支气管上皮从基底膜分离甚至脱落 ;TUNEL分析显示当暴露于高氧 4 8h后 ,支气管上皮细胞及肺泡上皮细胞凋亡指数分别为 0 5 1± 0 10和 0 4 6± 0 0 8,较对照组 (0 0 4±0 0 2 ,0 0 2± 0 0 1)显著增加 (P均 <0 0 1) ;RT PCR结果显示caspase 3mRNA表达量在暴露于高氧4 8h后达 0 5 3± 0 0 9,较对照组 (0 34± 0 0 7)显著增加 (P <0 0 5 ) ,72h达最高 (0 6 0± 0 0 8) ;免疫组织化学研究结果显示在损伤的肺组织中 ,caspase 3蛋白表达于气道上皮细胞、肺泡上皮细胞和巨噬细胞的胞浆及细胞核中 ,caspase 3蛋白在气道上皮细胞的表达在高氧环境下 2 4h达 4 1 6 2± 3 4 6 ,较对照组 (15 86± 1 84 )显著升高 (P     

MMI-166对人胰腺癌细胞株SW1990体外增殖及凋亡的影响

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂MMI-166对人胰腺癌SW1990细胞增殖和凋亡的影响.方法 应用不同浓度(25、50、100μg/ml)的MMI-166处理人胰腺癌SW1990细胞24、48 h.用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞增殖抑制率;采用Annexin V-PI法检测细胞凋亡,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率.结果 25、50、100μg/ml MMI-166处理细胞24h后,细胞生长抑制率分别为(34.23±3.87)％、(44.81±2.01)％、(53.91±1.74)％;48 h的抑制率为(39.95±1.83)％、(52.26±3.46)％、(63.20±2.48)％,呈浓度及时间依赖性.24h的细胞凋亡率分别为(4.17±0.55)％、(8.22±0.70)％、( 14.10±0.44)％;48 h的细胞凋亡率为(11.19±0.47)％、(23.01±0.53)％、(28.10±0.52)％,均显著高于对照组的(0.09±0.12)％(P＜0.05).结论 MMI-166以浓度和时间依赖性抑制胰腺癌SW1990细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡.     

弓形虫感染小鼠血清对小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的观察RH株弓形虫感染小鼠血清在体外对小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞增殖以及凋亡的影响。方法B16细胞在含5%、10%和20%RH株弓形虫感染小鼠血清RPM1640中培养24和48 h,四甲基氮噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测B16细胞增殖抑制率;在10%、20%感染小鼠血清中培养24 h,Annexin V/PI染色,流式细胞检测细胞凋亡,HE染色观察细胞形态改变。结果正常血清能促进B16细胞增殖。5%、10%和20%弓形虫感染小鼠血清与B16细胞共孵育24和48 h,细胞生长抑制率分别为（9.06±0.36）%（、14.77±0.94）%（、23.74±0.5）%和（14.82±0.77）%（、24.56±1.04）%、（39.77±2.82）%,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;10%、20%弓形虫感染鼠血清组B16细胞24 h凋亡率分别为（26.01±3.27）%和（44.55±2.87）%,显著高于对照组凋亡率（5.01±2.62）（P〈0.05）。弓形虫感染鼠血清作用的B16细胞生长密度明显降低,细胞核固缩、浓染。结论RH株弓形虫感染血清能够抑制B16细胞增殖并促进其凋亡。     

胰岛素对肝癌细胞增殖、侵袭、凋亡的影响及机制

目的:探讨胰岛素对肝癌细胞增殖、侵袭、凋亡的影响。方法:不同浓度的胰岛素(5μIU/m L、10μIU/m L、20μIU/m L、40μIU/m L、80μIU/m L)处理人肝癌Hep G2细胞24h,同时设置对照组,CCK8检测细胞增殖情况; 80μIU/m L胰岛素处理细胞24h,Transwell法检测细胞侵袭能力;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡; Western blot检测凋亡蛋白Cleaved caspase 3、侵袭相关蛋白(MMP-2)和MMP-9、PI3K/AKT信号通路PI3K和p AKT的蛋白表达。结果:随着胰岛素浓度的升高,肝癌细胞增殖能力增强,与对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05),选择80μIU/m L胰岛素进行后续侵袭、凋亡及蛋白表达实验研究;与对照组比较,胰岛素组细胞侵袭数显著升高,细胞凋亡率显著降低; Cleaved caspase 3蛋白表达显著下调,MMP-2、MMP-9、PI3K、p AKT蛋白表达显著上调(P 0. 05)。结论:胰岛素可促进肝癌细胞增殖和侵袭能力,抑制细胞的凋亡,其功能与Cleaved caspase 3、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达及PI3K/AKT信号通路密切相关。     

选择性环氧合酶-2抑制剂NS-398对人肝癌细胞株HepG2增殖和凋亡的影响

目的探讨选择性环氧合酶-2抑制剂NS-398对人肝癌HepG2细胞株的生长抑制、诱导凋亡及其对bcl-2表达的影响。方法采用MTT法检测细胞增殖，流式细胞术检测细胞周期、凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白bcl-2的表达。结果NS-398抑制HepG2的增殖活性，经20、40、80和160μmol／L的NS-398处理细胞48h后，其抑制率分别为6．72％、16．21％、20．86％和25．34％，呈剂量依赖效应关系；细胞经160bLmol／L的NS-398处理24h、48h和72h后，G。／G1期细胞由76．07±0．75％分别减少至62．27±0．74％、59．17±1．47％和53．03±1．60％（P〈0．05），S期细胞由11．40±0．79％分别增加至13．23±0．81％、16．20±1．95％和16．60±1．25％（P〈0．05），G2／M期细胞无明显变化；凋亡细胞增多，凋亡率分别为8．47％、16．3％和23．9％；细胞经160μmol／L的NS-398处理48h后bcl-2蛋白与对照组比，表达下调（P〈0．01）。结论NS-398对人肝癌细胞株HepG2有抑制增殖、诱导凋亡作用，细胞凋亡的机制可能与细胞凋亡相关基因bcl-2表达下调有关。     

妊娠时间与肺结核复发的相关性研究及诊治对策

目的 分析肺结核史患者妊娠时间和肺结核复发间相关性.方法 选取我院收治的有肺结核史的妊娠妇女576例作为研究对象,对其妊娠前肺结核治疗、治愈后妊娠时间、妊娠后复发肺结核等进行分析,总结有肺结核史育龄女性的妊娠时间和肺结核复发之间的关系.结果 肺结核治愈后不同时间段妊娠者的结核复发率比较,差异具有显著性（P＜0.05）,停药后间隔时间越久妊娠,肺结核复发的几率越小.结论 加强孕期痰菌检查,及早发现复发肺结核,提高母婴安全.     

我国骨关节结核诊治的回顾与展望

骨关节结核是危害人们健康的严重感染性疾病,近95％由他处结核病继发而来.罹患骨关节结核疾病后几乎均将致残,严重影响人们的健康、工作和生活.建国以来在党和国家的关心和支持下,骨关节结核的诊治水平取得了长足进步.时至今日,由于多种原因,学科发展和被重视程度受到一定的制约,同整个医疗行业的发展不相适应.回顾过去,展望未来,我们需要重新审视骨关节结核的诊治方法,努力推进骨关节结核诊疗技术的科学发展.     

Effect of phosphorylation of MAPK and Stat3 and expression of c-fos and c-jun proteins on hepatocarcinogenesis and their clinical significance

AIM To study the effect of phosphorylation ofMAPK and Stat3 and the expression of c-fos andc-jun proteins on hepatocellular carcinogenesisand their clinical significance.METHODS SP immunohistochemistry was usedto detect the expression of p42/44~(MAPK), p-Stat3,c-fos and c-jun proteins in 55 hepatocellularcarcinomas (HCC) and their surrounding livertissues.RESULTS The positive rates and expressionlevels of p42/44~(MAPK), p-Stat3, c-fos and c-junproteins in HCCs were significantly higher thanthose in pericarcinomatous liver tissues (PCLT).A positive correlation was observed between theexpression of p42/44~(MAPK) and c-fos proteins, andbetween p-Stat3 and c-jun, but there was nosignificant correlation between P42/44~(MAPK) and p-Stat3 in HCCs and their surrounding livertissues.CONCLUSION The abnormalities of Ras/Raf/MAPK and JAKs/ Stat3 cascade reaction maycontribute to malignant transformation ofhepatocytes. Hepatocytes which are positive forp42/ 44~(MAPK), c-fos or c-jun proteins may bepotential malignant pre-cancerous cells.Activation of MAPK and Stat3 proteins may be anearly event in hepatocellular carcinogenesis.     

Overweight and Obesity and Progression of ADPKD

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Effect of phosphorylation of MAPK and Stat3 and expression of c-fas and c-jun proteins on hepatocarcinogenesis and their clinical significance

AIM To study the effect of phosphorylation ofMAPK and Stat3 and the expression of c-fos andc-jun proteins on hepatocellular carcinogenesisand their clinical significance.METHODS SP immunohistochemistry was usedto detect the expression of p42/44MAPK, p-Stat3,c-fos and c-jun proteins in 55 hepatocellularcarcinomas (HCC) and their surrounding livertissues.RESULTS The positive rates and expressionlevels of p42/44MAPK, p-Stat3, c-fos and c-junproteins in HCCs were significantly higher thanthose in pericarcinomatous liver tissues (PCLT).A positive correlation was observed between theexpression of p42/44MAPK and c-fos proteins, andbetween p-Stat3 and c-jun, but there was nosignificant correlation between p42/44MAPK and p-Stat3 in HCCs and their surrounding livertissues.CONCLUSION The abnormalities of Ras/Rat/MAPK and JAKs/ Stat3 cascade reaction maycontribute to malignant transformation ofhepatocytes. Hepatocytes which are positive forp42/ 44MAPK, c-fos or c-jun proteins may bepotential malignant pre-cancerous cells.Activation of MAPK and Stat3 proteins may be anearly event in hepatocellular carcinogenesis.     

Replication and Inhibitors of Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses

The Enterovirus (EV) and Parechovirus genera of the picornavirus family include many important human pathogens, including poliovirus, rhinovirus, EV-A71, EV-D68, and human parechoviruses (HPeV). They cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from a simple common cold to life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis and myocarditis. At the moment, no antiviral therapy is available against these viruses and it is not feasible to develop vaccines against all EVs and HPeVs due to the great number of serotypes. Therefore, a lot of effort is being invested in the development of antiviral drugs. Both viral proteins and host proteins essential for virus replication can be used as targets for virus inhibitors. As such, a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication is pivotal in the design of antiviral strategies goes hand in hand with a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication. In this review, we will give an overview of the current state of knowledge of EV and HPeV replication and how this can be inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors.     

Effects of sex and time of day on metabolism and excretion of corticosterone in urine and feces of mice

Non-invasive techniques to monitor stress hormones in small animals like mice offer several advantages and are highly demanded in laboratory as well as in field research. Since knowledge about the species-specific metabolism and excretion of glucocorticoids is essential to develop such a technique, we conducted radiometabolism studies in mice (Mus musculus f. domesticus, strain C57BL/6J). Each mouse was injected intraperitoneally with 740 kBq of 3H-labelled corticosterone and all voided urine and fecal samples were collected for five days. In a first experiment 16 animals (eight of each sex) received the injection at 9 a.m., while eight mice (four of each sex) were injected at 9 p.m. in a second experiment. In both experiments radioactive metabolites were recovered predominantly in the feces, although males excreted significantly higher proportions via the feces (about 73%) than females (about 53%). Peak radioactivity in the urine was detected within about 2h after injection, while in the feces peak concentrations were observed later (depending on the time of injection: about 10h postinjection in experiment 1 and about 4h postinjection in experiment 2, thus proving an effect of the time of day). The number and relative abundance of fecal [3H]corticosterone metabolites was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC separations revealed that corticosterone was extensively metabolized mainly to more polar substances. Regarding the types of metabolites formed, significant differences were found between males and females, but not between the experiments. Additionally, the immunoreactivity of these metabolites was assessed by screening the HPLC fractions with four enzyme immunoassays (EIA). However, only a newly established EIA for 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,11beta,21-triol-20-one (measuring corticosterone metabolites with a 5alpha-3beta,11beta-diol structure) detected several peaks of radioactive metabolites with high intensity in both sexes, while the other EIAs showed only minor immunoreactivity. Thus, our study for the first time provides substantial information about metabolism and excretion of corticosterone in urine and feces of mice and is the first demonstrating a significant impact of the animals' sex and the time of day. Based on these data it should be possible to monitor adrenocortical activity non-invasively in this species by measuring fecal corticosterone metabolites with the newly developed EIA. Since mice are extensively used in research world-wide, this could open new perspectives in various fields from ecology to behavioral endocrinology.     

心电图、心电向量图与冠状动脉造影结果对比分析

目的:通过分析心电图(Electrocardiogram,ECG)和心电向量图(Vectorcardiogram,VCG)的改变与冠脉造影（CAG）结果进行对比,探讨ECG、VCG在冠状动脉病变中的诊断价值。方法: 选择2008年1月~2009年12月临床拟诊断为冠心病患者108例,行常规ECG、VCG检查,并于1周内进行CAG,对检查结果依据各自的诊断标准进行判定,以CAG为标准诊断法,利用四格表法,计算相关评价真实性的指标并进行比较。结果: ①VCG检测的灵敏度、特异度、准确度显著高于ECG(P<0.05,P<0．01)。②ECG、VCG阳性率与冠脉病变支数组间比较:在单支病变、双支病变中,VCG阳性率明显高于ECG(P<0.05),左主干或三支病变无统计学意义;组内比较:ECG组左主干或三支病变组较单支病变、双支病变阳性率高(P<0.05,P<0.01);VCG组左主干或三支病变组较单支病变阳性率高(P<0.05);与双支病变阳性率比较无统计学意义;③ECG、VCG阳性率与冠脉病变程度组间比较:冠脉病变狭窄50%～69%的VCG阳性率明显高于ECG (P<0.05),其他两组阳性率比较无统计学意义;组内比较:ECG组冠脉病变狭窄≥90%较50%～69%、70%～89%的阳性率高(P<0.05,P<0.01); VCG组狭窄≥90%较50%～69%阳性率高（P<0.01),其他无统计学意义。结论: VCG对冠心病检测价值显著高于ECG。     

Detection and characterization of the product of hydroethidine and intracellular superoxide by HPLC and limitations of fluorescence

Here we report the structural characterization of the product formed from the reaction between hydroethidine (HE) and superoxide (O(2)(.-)). By using mass spectral and NMR techniques, the chemical structure of this product was determined as 2-hydroxyethidium (2-OH-E(+)). By using an authentic standard, we developed an HPLC approach to detect and quantitate the reaction product of HE and O(2)(.-) formed in bovine aortic endothelial cells after treatment with menadione or antimycin A to induce intracellular reactive oxygen species. Concomitantly, we used a spin trap, 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (BMPO), to detect and identify the structure of reactive oxygen species formed. BMPO trapped the O(2)(.-) that formed extracellularly and was detected as the BMPO-OH adduct during use of the EPR technique. BMPO, being cell-permeable, inhibited the intracellular formation of 2-OH-E(+). However, the intracellular BMPO spin adduct was not detected. The definitive characterization of the reaction product of O(2)(.-) with HE described here forms the basis of an unambiguous assay for intracellular detection and quantitation of O(2)(.-). Analysis of the fluorescence characteristics of ethidium (E(+)) and 2-OH-E(+) strongly suggests that the currently available fluorescence methodology is not suitable for quantitating intracellular O(2)(.-). We conclude that the HPLC/fluorescence assay using HE as a probe is more suitable [corrected] for detecting intracellular O(2)(.-).     

荣宝和氯硝柳胺灭螺效果比较及成本分析

目的 评价新型灭螺药物荣宝杀灭钉螺的效果,探讨其推广应用价值.方法 按目前推荐的荣宝灭螺剂量,喷洒法为30 g/m2,浸杀法为50 g/m3;氯硝柳胺喷洒法和浸杀法分别采用2 g/m2和2 g/m3杀螺剂量,分别在室内和现场进行灭螺试验,观察两种药物的灭螺效果并初步分析评估其成本.结果 在现场气温22～30℃条件下,荣宝50 g/m3浸杀3、5、7 d后,螺袋内钉螺校正死亡率均达到100.0%,与氯硝柳胺2 g/m3灭螺效果相似;荣宝30 g/m2剂量喷洒3、5、7、15 d后,钉螺校正死亡率分别为54.5%、58.0%、69.0%、79.1%,氯硝柳胺喷洒组钉螺校正死亡率分别为61.0%、69.4%、76.7%、77.9%.在室温18℃条件下,荣宝以30 g/m2喷洒3、5、7、15 d后,钉螺校正死亡率分别为72.9%、87.2%、91.5%、76.1%;而相应2 g/m2氯硝柳胺喷洒后的钉螺校正死亡率分别为81.3%、95.7%、97.9%、80.4%.同样完成1000 m2的喷洒灭螺任务,荣宝所需灭螺药物和人力资费成本比氯硝柳胺多支出0.114元/m2;完成72 m3的浸杀灭螺任务,荣宝所需灭螺药物和人力资费成本比氯硝柳胺多支出0.127元/m3.50 g/m3荣宝浸杀灭螺剂量,对成鱼(＞250 g)的活力不会造成影响,但对鱼类幼苗仍具较强毒性.结论 荣宝与氯硝柳胺灭螺效果相似,由于其成本较高,氯硝柳胺仍然是目前首选灭螺药物,但荣宝的鱼类毒性低,可作为氯硝柳胺之外有益的补充灭螺药物.