孤独症儿童的营养状况调查

目的了解儿童孤独症患者膳食营养素摄入量与体格发育状况。方法采用连续3天24小时回顾法调查孤独症儿童膳食营养素摄入状况;测量其同期身高、体重,用Z评分法评价其营养状况。结果111名孤独症儿童中超重或肥胖占31．5％,急性或慢性营养不良占8．1％;该人群11种营养素摄入量不能满足其需要,尤其VA、VC、VB6、叶酸、钙和锌严重不足,尚不足推荐摄入量的60％,39．6％的患儿存在不同程度的营养素缺乏,其中钙、锌、叶酸、VB6的缺乏率达到88％以上。结论该人群营养过剩与营养缺乏并存,膳食营养素的摄入普遍不足,应采取相应措施改善其营养状况,促进其健康成长。     

中国部分农村地区2～7岁留守儿童膳食营养现况研究

目的 了解中国农村留守儿童膳食营养状况,为农村留守儿童营养干预提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,随机选择农村2～7岁留守儿童1278名和对照儿童1273名作为调查对象.采用3日膳食称重法和食物摄人频率法进行膳食调查,并以中国营养学会推荐的膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)为依据,评价农村留守儿童膳食能量和各种营养素的摄人状况.结果 农村留守儿童膳食以粮谷类和蔬菜类为主,留守儿童肉禽水产类、水果类及零食类等食物的摄入量低于对照儿童,差异有统计学意义.农村留守儿童能量、三大产热营养素及部分矿物质(钙、锌、硒、钾)和维生素(维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2)的摄入量均低于推荐摄入量.农村留守儿童能量及主要营养素普遍摄入不足,能量摄入不足率在50%以上,蛋白质摄人不足率达80%以上,而钙、锌等矿物质和维生素B1、维生素B1等维生素的摄入不足率达90%以上.蛋白质来源中,优质蛋白质摄入量仅占总蛋白质摄入量的35%,而植物蛋白质占65%.此外植物性铁的摄入比例明显偏高,达到87%.结论 中国农村留守儿童的膳食结构不尽合理,能量和多种营养素摄入不足,能量、蛋白质及铁的来源不合理,膳食营养状况有待改善.     

太原市1140名学龄前儿童膳食营养状况调查

目的了解太原市学龄前儿童的营养状况,为合理营养配餐提供科学依据。方法采用3 d称重法和编制膳食记录表,调查太原市1 140名3～5岁学龄前儿童的膳食摄入状况,用膳食分析软件分析调查数据。结果各年龄段儿童平均每人每日摄入的能量、蛋白质以及大部分营养素摄入量基本达到RNIs,但3～4岁年龄段维生素C摄入量不足,4岁年龄段维生素A和锌摄入量不足,此外各年龄段钙摄入量明显低于RNIs的80%。能量来源中,动物类所占比例较高;蛋白质来源中豆类食物所占百分比较低。铁来源中动物性食物所占比例较低。结论太原市学龄前儿童的能量和大部分营养素的摄入较理想,但部分微量营养素摄入不足或食物来源不合理。     

天津市孤独症谱系障碍儿童膳食营养状况

  目的  调查分析天津市孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童的膳食营养素摄入量和营养状况,为ASD儿童制定科学有效的营养干预措施提供依据。  方法  采用3 d 24h膳食回顾法调查天津市某特殊教育学校90名3~9岁ASD儿童24种膳食营养素的摄入情况,并对儿童进行体格测量。  结果  ASD儿童中超重肥胖儿童共31名,占34.4%;3名消瘦者占3.3%;1名生长迟缓者占1.1%。各年龄组ASD儿童维生素A、维生素B₁、维生素D、维生素B₆、叶酸、钙和碘的平均摄入量均低于推荐摄入量标准,铜、磷和锌的摄入量均高于推荐摄入量标准,其中有超过10%的ASD儿童铜和镁的摄入量超过可耐受最高摄入量。能量、脂肪、维生素A摄入情况构成在正常、超重、肥胖组差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为9.24,10.03,P值均 <0.05)。  结论  孤独症谱系障碍儿童超重、肥胖率较高,营养素缺乏与过量的现象同时存在,建议采取个性化的饮食营养干预方案。     

哈尔滨市孕妇孕期膳食摄入调查及评价

目的调查孕妇孕能量及膳食营养素摄入情况,找出存在的营养缺陷与问题。方法调查孕妇孕能量及膳食营养素摄入情况,分析营养缺陷与问题。结果哈尔滨市孕妇能量摄入是合理的,但蛋白质和脂肪供能比例偏高,碳水化合物供能比例偏低;维生素A与核黄素摄入量为边缘不足,硫胺素摄入不足,与中国居民营养素参考摄入量（RNI）比较维生素A差异无统计学意义,后两者差异极有统计学意义（P值均〈0.01）;膳食纤维摄入量低于推荐的摄入范围;维生素B6和叶酸摄入不足,与适宜摄入量或RNI相比较差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0.001）;钙、铁与锌的摄入不能满足随着孕龄增加而需要量的增加;其他营养素摄入都是充足的。结论哈尔滨市孕妇在孕早、中与晚期的膳食摄入均有一定缺陷,应对孕妇开展经常性的营养与健康教育。     

强化面粉改善河北围场县妇女微量营养素缺乏效果观察

目的观察强化面粉对河北围场县妇女微量营养素缺乏改善效果。方法对河北省围场县611名农村妇女进行为期3年的食用强化面粉生物学效果观察。结果强化面粉显著增加干预组妇女膳食中维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、叶酸、尼克酸、铁、锌7种微量营养素摄入水平,其摄入量达到中国居民膳食营养素推荐量标准或适宜摄入量标准;贫血率下降,铁营养状况明显改善;血清锌、血清叶酸和血清维生素A水平显著升高,此干预效果在食用强面粉1年后开始显现,并持续至3年观察期末。而试点地区对照组的监测结果显示随着经济的发展微量营养素缺乏问题并没有改善。结论通过摄入强化面粉改善中国贫困地区妇女微量群营养素缺乏是有效和可行的。     

长春市251例乳母膳食营养的分析评价

目的:了解长春市乳母膳食特点,评价乳母膳食是否符合营养学要求。方法:运用3天24 h膳食回顾法对251名产后20~22天的健康乳母进行膳食调查,应用金钥匙营养专家系统软件计算宏量营养素、部分矿物质、维生素及5种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的每日平均摄入量,与中国居民膳食推荐摄入量比较。结果:蛋白质和脂肪摄入量较高,分别为推荐值的150.20%和131.29%;碳水化合物摄入略低,占推荐值的86.72%;优质蛋白质占64.24%。矿物质中铁、硒、铜、磷摄入量较高,分别占推荐值的131.20%、145.78%、138.21%和217.70%;钙、钠、锌较低,分别占推荐值的80.15%、58.01%和75.32%。维生素中Vit B3和VitE摄入较高,分别占推荐摄入量的149.28%和215.05%;而Vit B1、Vit C和叶酸摄入较低,分别占推荐摄入量的77.73%、64.36%和46.95%,其他营养素摄入量较合理。膳食中n-6/n-3 PUFA比值适当。结论:应适当减少脂肪、蛋白质摄入,考虑通过乳制品增加钙摄入,选择含钠、锌及Vit B1、Vit C和叶酸丰富的食物增加其摄入。     

内蒙古民族大学蒙古族学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解蒙古族大学生的膳食结构和营养状况,为合理营养提供科学依据。方法采用称重记账法和膳食记录法进行5d膳食调查,依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》中18岁以上中等体力劳动的推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)进行比较评价。结果蒙古族男女学生蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足,男生铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2均达到和超过推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)。蒙古族男女学生膳食中存在的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙不足,脂肪类食物来源比例不合理。蒙古族女生膳食蛋白质质量尚可,但数量不足,膳食中能量、铁、锌、维生素B2摄入不足,维生素A和维生素B1摄入严重不足;蒙古族男生早餐能量摄入不足。结论蒙古族男女大学生膳食结构均不合理,应对学生加强营养知识的教育。     

2003-2006年幼儿园儿童微量营养素摄入情况分析

目的对幼儿园2003—2006年的儿童营养状况进行膳食调查,分析49622名儿童微量营养素的摄入情况及近4年来的变化趋势,以指导幼儿园的膳食管理。方法采用称重法对广州市越秀区78家幼儿园进行5天的膳食调查,用中山大学公共卫生学院编制的儿童保健——营养分析软件进行营养素计算,以2000年修订的"中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量Chinese DRI)"进行分析评价。结果摄入量不足80%DRI的微量营养素从高到低依次为钙(88.5%)、铜(73.0%)、锌(51.4%)、硫胺素B1(44.6%)、视黄醇(13.5%)、维生素C(11.8%)、硒(9.1%)、核黄素B2(4.1%)、维生素E(3.4%)、铁(3.0%)、尼克酸(2.1%);虽然钙的人均每日摄入量2003—2006年逐年增加(P<0.05),但钙摄入量不足50%DRI的仍高达36.5%;公办幼儿园在钙、锌、视黄醇、硫胺素B1、维生素C的摄入量明显高于民办幼儿园(P<0.05)。结论钙是幼儿园儿童膳食结构中缺乏最明显的营养素,应适当使用强化食品加以改善;加强对民办幼儿园膳食的管理,制定幼儿每日的均衡膳食,增加钙、锌、视黄醇、硫胺素B1、维生素C的摄入。     

2012年阳江市公立幼儿园儿童膳食营养评价与分析

目的 了解阳江市公立幼儿园的儿童膳食营养状况.方法 每个季度1次,每次1周,采用称重法连续5天进行膳食调查,参照《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》(DRIs)和《中国居民膳食指南》,利用计算机软件进行评价.结果 调查对象膳食结构中大部分营养素摄入量正常,脂肪、维生素A、维生素C、钙和锌的摄入明显不足;三大营养素供热比为蛋白质及碳水化合物供能比例高,但脂肪比例低;优质蛋白质占总蛋白比例正常.在各餐次热量分配比例方面,早餐及午餐供能比例偏低;各食物种类摄入量构成比例欠合理.结论 我市公立幼儿园儿童的膳食摄入食物种类及比例应做出调整,平衡合理的膳食模式有助于提高幼儿因儿童的膳食营养质量,改善儿童的体格发育状况.     

Dietary intake and nutritional status of vegetarian and omnivorous preschool children and their parents in Taiwan

The aim of this study was to assess and compare dietary intake and nutritional status of vegetarian and omnivorous preschool children and their parents. Fifty-six omnivores (28 children and 28 parents) and 42 vegetarians (21 preschool children with 18 lacto-ovo-vegetarians and 3 ovo-vegetarians; 21 parents with 16 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 2 ovo-vegetarians, 1 lacto-vegetarian, and 2 vegans) were recruited. Anthropometric measurements were taken; body mass index and weight-for-height index (WHI) were calculated. Nutrient intake was recorded using 3-day dietary records. Fasting venous blood samples were obtained to estimate hematologic and vitamin status parameters. Height, weight, body mass index, WHI, and triceps skinfold thickness value differences between omnivores and vegetarians in both parent and child groups were not found. Both omnivorous parents and their children had significantly higher fat and lower fiber intakes than vegetarian parents and children. Omnivorous children had significantly higher protein and lower vitamin C intakes than vegetarian children, whereas omnivorous parents had significantly lower vitamin A and iron intakes than vegetarian parents. Vegetarians and omnivores in both parent and child groups had mean calcium consumption less than 75% of the Taiwan dietary intakes. All mean hematologic and biochemical nutrient status indices were within the reference range in any groups. However, both vegetarian parents and children had significantly lower mean total cholesterol and serum ferritin concentrations than those of omnivorous parents and children. Our vegetarian and omnivorous preschool children had normal growth and adequate nutritional status. However, both parents and children had inadequate calcium intakes, which may potentially affect bone health, especially for preschool children in the growing stage.     

Anthropometric indices and selected nutrient intakes of young children in Kwangju, Korea

The assessment of children''s nutritional intakes is important because any nutritional inadequacies or toxicities may have adverse consequences. Studies on the nutritional intakes of Korean children are limited. The aims of this study were to determine anthropometric indices, estimate selected nutrient intakes of young Korean children, and compare these intakes with current Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. This study included 136 healthy children (65 boys, 71 girls), 2-6 y old, living in Kwangju, Korea. Weights and heights were measured. Three consecutive 24-h food recalls were obtained. According to International Obesity TaskForce BMI cutoffs, 8% were overweight and 2% were obese. The energy intakes of 40% were < Korean Estimated Energy Requirements, while all subjects consumed ≥ Korean Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for protein. The majority of the children consumed > Korean EAR for iron, zinc, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, vitamin B₆, and niacin. Vitamin E intakes of 65% of the Korean children were < Korean Adequate Intake, and approximately half of the subjects had < Korean EAR for calcium and for folate. Many young children in Kwangju, Korea, likely have inadequate status of calcium, folate, and vitamin E.     

海南省城乡居民膳食营养状况分析

对１９９２年海南省城乡人群的膳食结构和营养状况调查结果进行了分析。结果表明，热能摄入量偏低，食物搭配不合理，三大主要营养素摄入量，城市高于农村，各类营养素的摄入量随着经济收入的增加而上升。城市钙、锌、视黄醇，硫胺素、核黄素摄入不足，农村钙、硫胺素、核黄素摄入仅占供给量（ＲＤＡ）５０％。来源于动物性食物的热能，城市为２１．１％，农村为１１．６％。学龄前儿童热量、钙、锌摄入不足，维生素缺乏。     

肝硬化病人维生素A、E及某些矿物质营养状况探讨

本文观察了24例肝硬化病人维生素A、E及铁、锌、铜、锰、钙和镁的营养状况。结果显示,肝硬化(代偿期)病人除维生素E外,上述各种营养素的摄入量均显著低于健康对照组;肝腹水病人的摄入量更低。肝硬化(代偿期)病人血清维生素A、E、铁、锌、铜和锰的含量显著低于健康对照组;肝腹水病人血清铜、镁的含量未见明显变化,但血清钙的含量显著下降,其他各项指标的值更低。上述结果提示,肝硬化病人有维生素A、E、铁、锌、锰和钙的不足或缺乏。     

裕固族3～6岁儿童营养状况6年对比分析

目的:了解裕固族3～6岁儿童6年前后(2003年与2009年)营养状况的变化情况,探讨该人群当前可能存在的营养相关性疾病,为我国少数民族儿童营养干预提供依据。方法:采用随机整群抽样的方法,随机抽取甘肃省肃南县裕固族聚居区140例3～6岁裕固族儿童,进行24h回顾法结合记账法的膳食调查及体格检查,并与6年前的调查结果进行对比分析。结果:调查对象膳食构成仍以粮谷类为主,动物性食物及豆类的摄入量较6年前有明显的提高,蔬菜类摄入量下降;多种营养素的摄入量较6年前有较大幅度提高,但是维生素A、维生素C、钙、锌的摄入量仍未能达到推荐摄入量(RNI)的60%;体格发育状况较6年前得到一定的改善。结论:裕固族3～6岁儿童营养状况较6年前得到了改善,但是一些营养素摄入不足问题依然存在,提示有必要提高该群体新鲜蔬菜、水果、蛋类等食物的摄入量,进一步改善该人群营养状况。     

会宁县2～4岁儿童膳食营养与神经心理发育状况分析

目的 了解会宁县2～4岁儿童膳食营养及神经心理发育状况,探讨儿童营养状况与神经心理发育的关联程度.方法 随机整群抽取会宁县362名2～4岁儿童,采用24 h膳食回顾法及称重法调查儿童随机1 d膳食,运用营养软件评价其营养状况;神经心理发育采用0～6岁,小儿神经心理发育诊断量表进行测验,并计算发育商,以评价儿童神经心理发育状况.结果 儿童膳食能量、蛋白质及碳水化合物基本满足其营养需求,动物性食品摄人较少,脂肪供能偏低.膳食钙、锌、维生素A、维生素C、叶酸、碘摄入普遍不足,其低下率分别为87.8%,97.0%,97.8%.92.0%,96.7%和99.4%;多数儿童神经心理发育正常,处于低下水平的儿童为2.4%.儿童不同神经心理水平间膳食锌、硒、碘摄人量差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 会宁县2～4岁儿童膳食营养状况有待改善,神经心理发育与其营养状况存在一定关联.     

Dietary Patterns,Eating Behavior,and Nutrient Intakes of Spanish Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Eating behavior problems are characteristic of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with a highly restricted range of food choices, which may pose an associated risk of nutritional problems. Hence, detailed knowledge of the dietary patterns (DPs) and nutrient intakes of ASD patients is necessary to carry out intervention strategies if required. The present study aimed to determine the DPs and macro-and micronutrient intakes in a sample of Spanish preschool children with ASD compared to typically developing control children. Fifty-four children with ASD (two to six years of age) diagnosed with ASD according to the Diagnostic Manual-5 criteria), and a control group of 57 typically developing children of similar ages were recruited. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used, and the intake of energy and nutrients was estimated through three non-consecutive 24-h dietary registrations. DPs were assessed using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. Children with ASD exhibited a DP characterized by high energy and fat intakes and a low intake of vegetables and fruits. Likewise, meat intake of any type, both lean and fatty, was associated with higher consumption of fish and dietary fat. Furthermore, the increased consumption of dairy products was associated with increased consumption of cereals and pasta. In addition, they had frequent consumption of manufactured products with poor nutritional quality, e.g., beverages, sweets, snacks and bakery products. The percentages of children with ASD complying with the adequacy of nutrient intakes were higher for energy, saturated fat, calcium, and vitamin C, and lower for iron, iodine, and vitamins of group B when compared with control children. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the need to assess the DPs and nutrient intakes of children with ASD to correct their alterations and discard some potential nutritional diseases.     

Gluten and casein free diets in autism: a study of the effects on food choice and nutrition

Background There is growing interest in possible dietary involvement in the aetiology and treatment of Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Research has focused on the physiological and behavioural effects of dietary change but has not examined the effect of exclusion diets on nutritional intake. Aims The aim of this study was to examine whether the removal of major dietary staples placed children with autism at risk of nutrient deficiency and compares their food choice with ASD children not following gluten and/or casein free diets. Methods A postal questionnaire was sent to parents of children aged 3–16 years, diagnosed with ASD belonging to the National Autistic Society in Leicestershire and southern Derbyshire. Detailed dietary information and a 3‐day food diary were collected. The sample size was small: those using gluten/casein free diets (n = 8) and those not following diet (n = 29). Results Nutrient intakes fell below the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI) in 12 children (32%) for zinc, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B12 and riboflavin in the nondiet group and four children (50%) for zinc and calcium in the diet group. Fruit and vegetable intakes were higher and cereal, bread and potato consumption were lower in those children using gluten and/or casein free diets. Conclusion No significant differences in the energy, protein and micronutrient intakes were found between the two groups of children. A longitudinal prospective study is suggested to examine whether differences in food choice are the result of dietary intervention or the prerequisite for the successful application of diet in this special group of children.     

北京山区3所小学学龄儿童膳食营养素摄入量与生长发育状况研究

目的：了解北京近郊山区学龄儿童膳食营养素摄入量与体格发育状况，方法：采用膳食调查等方法调查学龄儿童膳食营养素摄入量状况；测量其同期身高，体重，计算身体质量指数（BMI）并与正常参考值比较。结果：（1）受检儿童膳食能量、蛋白质、铁、硫胺素与维生素C平均每日摄入量均达RDA的85％以上，膳食钙、锌、视黄醇与核黄素分别低于RDA的70％，膳食钙摄入量仅占RDA的36．9％。（2）食物频率调查显示，食物构成比较单调，经常摄入的是米，面和蔬菜，而鱼类，肉类、猪肝、豆制品等很少摄入，经常不吃早餐的儿童占27．1％，早餐食物质量不高，主要为方便面，米饭，缺乏牛肉，豆浆，鸡蛋等。（3）平均身高，体重与全国调研标准基本符合。男生超重检出率为9．77％，肥胖检出率为4．78％；女生超重检出率为10．93％，肥胖检出率为2．50％，结论：该人群膳食主体是以植物性食物为主，缺少动脉性食物，豆类及其制品，属温饱型膳食结构，应采取合理的综合干预措施，有效地改善其膳食营养状况。