闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨近端骨折

目的 探讨闭合复位经皮穿针治疗移位的儿童肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效. 方法 2007年4月至2011年8月共收治22例有移位的肱骨近端骨折患儿,男14例,女8例;年龄6～18岁,平均9岁.采用手法闭合复位,透视C型臂X线机监控下经皮克氏针内固定治疗,采用Constant-Murley评分方法评定疗效. 结果 所有患儿术后获6 ～36个月(平均15个月)随访.21例患儿骨折均愈合良好,时间为6～12周,平均8周,无骨折延迟愈合或不愈合及针道感染患者,1例患儿因术后过早、过度负重活动出现克氏针松动及骨折断端成角,及时给予夹板外固定矫正后,推迟行功能锻炼时间,12周后骨折愈合良好.按照Constant-Murley评分方法:优19例,良2例,可1例,优良率为95.4％. 结论 闭合复位经皮穿针治疗移位的儿童肱骨近端骨折具有手术创伤小、对骨折愈合干扰小、固定可靠及并发症少,是一种治疗儿童肱骨近端移位不稳定骨折的理想方法.     

闭合复位经皮穿针治疗肱骨近端移位骨折

目的探讨闭合复位经皮穿针固定治疗肱骨近端移位骨折的临床疗效。方法2004年6月～2006年6月,采用闭合复位、经皮穿针治疗15例肱骨近端移位新鲜骨折。结果15例随访12～24个月,平均15.8月,肩关节功能评分采用Neer评分法,优9例,良4例,可2例,优良率86.7%（13/15）。所有骨折在术后8～12周愈合,无固定失效,未出现肱骨头坏死。术中1例断针,术后1例针游移穿出,1例腋神经部分损伤。结论闭合复位经皮穿针固定治疗肱骨近端移位新鲜骨折手术固定可靠,术后可早期功能锻炼,疗效满意。     

闭合复位经皮穿针治疗严重移位的儿童肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨闭合复位经皮穿针治疗严重移位的儿童肱骨近端骨折的临床效果。方法 2006年3月至2008年5月,我科采用闭合复位经皮穿针治疗严重移位的儿童肱骨近端骨折12例,观察患者肩关节功能和骨折愈合情况。结果 12例患者均获得随访,时间12-30个月,平均22.6个月。骨折愈合时间5-8周,平均5.4周。穿针位置无感染,所有病例末次随访时外观良好,骨折完全愈合,肩关节活动范围和健侧完全一致。结论闭合复位经皮穿针治疗严重移位的儿童肱骨近端骨折对局部损伤小并且固定效果肯定,是治疗儿童肱骨近端严重移位骨折的一种良好的方法 。     

手法复位外侧经皮穿针内固定治疗儿童移位肱骨髁上骨折

目的:探讨采用手法复位外侧经皮穿针内固定治疗移位肱骨髁上骨折的临床疗效。方法:2004年2月至2010年6月对128例移位肱骨髁上骨折采用手法复位外侧经皮穿针内固定治疗,男96例,女32例;年龄2～15岁,平均8岁;均为移位骨折,伸直型112例,屈曲型16例;尺偏型102例,桡偏型26例;全部为闭合性骨折。通过治疗后测量肘关节屈伸范围及提携角,参照Flynn肱骨髁上骨折疗效评定标准及术后并发症情况,分析治疗效果。结果:128例患者均获随访,时间2～36个月,平均16个月。参照Flynn肱骨髁上骨折疗效评定:优116例(90.6%),良11例(8.6%),可1例(0.8%)。无针孔感染、肌缺血性挛缩及尺神经损伤发生。结论:手法复位外侧经皮穿针内固定治疗移位肱骨髁上骨折不但具有操作简单,损伤小,固定牢靠,安全有效且治疗费用低的优点,而且又避免了保守治疗和手术治疗的缺点,是治疗儿童移位性肱骨髁上骨折较好的治疗方法。     

闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折30例

目的对闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的方法和疗效进行总结。方法 2007年1月至2012年6月,采用闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折30例。男12例,女18例;年龄10~78岁,平均48岁。根据肱骨近端Neer骨折分型,一部分骨折5例,二部分骨折24例,三部分骨折1例。结果 30例肱骨外科颈骨折患者均获随访,随访时间6~15个月,平均10个月。骨折均骨性愈合。肩关节功能恢复情况根据Constant-Murley肩关节评分进行评定,优19例,良6例,可5例,优良率83.3%。结论闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折,具有微创、住院时间短、费用低、避免二次手术、可早期功能锻炼等优点,是治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的一种有效方法。     

闭合复位穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨采用闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法应用克氏针经皮穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折16例。结果16例均获随访,时间3～15个月,平均8个月。无骨折不愈合、骨髓炎、肱骨头坏死等并发症。骨折愈合后按Neer标准评分,优良率81．3％。结论闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折具有操作简单、创伤小、利于骨折愈合、住院时间短等优点,是治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的一种有效方法。     

闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗小儿Gartland Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折

目的探讨闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗小儿GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2018-01—2018-07采用闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗的59例小儿GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折。结果 59例均获得随访,随访时间平均14(12~16)周,59例均骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间平均3.57(3~4)周。术后出现1例钉道感染,对症治疗后治愈;1例因固定构型缺陷造成固定后复位丢失,有轻度肘内翻,内翻角约2°。手术时间平均25(10~50) min。术后第1天疼痛VAS评分平均1.05(1~2)分。拔针时间平均3.57(3~4)周。末次随访时Flynn评分:优53,良5例,可1例。结论闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗小儿GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折疗效确切,术后疼痛轻,肘部功能恢复好。     

闭合复位经皮螺纹克氏针内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折

目的探讨俯卧位下闭合复位经皮螺纹克氏针内固定治疗二部分肱骨外科颈骨折的方法及结果。方法回顾性分析自2002-06—2014-04采用俯卧位下闭合复位经皮螺纹克氏针内固定治疗Neer二部分肱骨外科颈骨折56例。闭合复位满意后,于三角肌止点处与肱骨干轴线成角20°~30°逆行置入3枚直径2.5 mm末端带有螺纹的克氏针至肱骨头中心再到达软骨下骨。结果本组解剖复位50例,近似解剖复位6例。56均获得随访6~25个月,平均13个月。骨折愈合时间1.5~2.5个月,平均2.1个月。末次随访时肩关节功能:前屈上举130°~170°,平均160°;内旋35°~70°,平均50°;外旋40°~55°,平均50°;后伸20°~40°,平均35°。JOA评分78~100分,平均94分;优38例,良16例,可2例,优良率96.4%。结论俯卧位下闭合复位经皮螺纹克氏针内固定治疗Neer二部分肱骨外科颈骨折操作简单,符合生物接骨理念,术后可早期功能锻练,减少并发症,是一种有效的临床治疗方法。     

微创穿针固定法治疗肱骨外科颈骨折

目的探讨微创穿针固定法治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的治疗方法及效果。方法用微创穿针固定法治疗肱骨外科颈骨折35例,术后平均随防10月(6～12月),分析其治疗效果及并发症。结果本组病例经微创穿针固定法治疗,骨折愈合早,肩关节功能恢复早,优良率达91.4%。结论微创穿针固定法治疗肱骨外科颈骨折具有创伤小,操作简易,术后能早期功能锻炼,骨折愈合早,是一种值得推广的微创手术。     

经皮克氏针固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折

目的总结闭合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗移位的肱骨外科颈骨折的方法和疗效。方法我科自2003年5月至2009年12月采用手法闭合复位,X线监控下经皮克氏针固定治疗移位的肱骨外科颈骨折27例,其中男16例,女11例;年龄11~74岁,平均45岁。伤后2~6 d手术治疗。结果本组均获随访,随访时间3~25个月,平均18个月。骨折愈合时间6~8周,无不愈合、血管神经损伤及肱骨头缺血坏死等并发症。用Constant-murley肩关节评分法进行评定,优18例,良6例,可3例,优良率88.8%。结论闭合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗移位的肱骨外科颈骨折创伤小、时间短、费用低、固定牢固、取针简便,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.