饮用水中重点有机污染物对人体健康危害的研究进展

水中的污染物,尤其是有机污染物和氯化消毒副产物,不仅在水中存在的时间长,而且危害大,特别是对长期暴露人群的慢性毒性,尤其值得关注。从20世纪70年代初,美国环保局(EPA)在自来水中首先发现有机化学污染物以后,人们对饮水中有机污染物对健康的潜在危害性日益引起重视。全世界已在水中测定出的2221种有机化学污染物,其中765种存在于自来水中,20种已被确认为致癌物,23种为可疑致癌物;18种为促癌物;56种为诱变物质〔1〕。饮用水的有机物污染已经成为严重的环境问题,国内外学者对此做了大量的研究〔2,3〕。本文将就饮用水中有机污染物的来源…     

电磁辐射与人体健康

不论是在职业场所 ,还是在家中 ,人体都受到不同程度的电磁场辐照。就极低频电磁场 (ＥＬＦＥＭＦ)而言 ,自然环境中的电场和磁场分别约为 10 - 4Ｖ/ｍ和 10 - 13Ｔ ,而 5 0Ｈｚ高压输电线下的电场和磁场约为 1～ 10ｋＶ/ｍ和 1～ 10 μＴ ,极端情况下可达到 11ｋＶ/ｍ和 10 0 μＴ ;普通居民家中的本底电场约为 1～10Ｖ/ｍ ,但电热毯或加热水床可达几个ｋＶ/ｍ ;家中磁场一般在 1μＴ以下 ,家用电器可产生 10 0 μＴ的磁场。美国估计普通人群所接受的电磁场辐照比194 0年上升了 5倍左右 ,而这段时间内肿瘤发生率则提高 10 %～ 2 0 % ,提示…     

第二松花江吉林市段多环芳烃类有机污染物人体健康风险评价

目的：为研究第二松花江吉林市段多环芳烃类有机污染物对人体健康产生的潜在风险。方法：以第二松花江吉林市段的10座桥和2个渡口为采样点,在枯水期（2月）、平水期（5月）和丰水期（8月）分别采集江水,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）测定其中15种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量,以12个采样点江水中15种PAHs的检测质量浓度为基础数据,采用健康评价四步法对PAHs进行人体健康风险评价。结果：第二松花江吉林市段枯水期、平水期和丰水期江水中PAHs的质量浓度范围分别为0.983~4.569μg/L、1.042~5.542μg/L和1.194~4.983μg/L,不同江段和不同水期江水中的PAHs总质量浓度变化较大,江水中PAHs的检出种类和检出总质量浓度基本规律为平水期〉丰水期〉枯水期,城市下游江段〉城市上游江段;人体健康风险值为10-6~10-7。结论：第二松花江吉林市段水体PAHs对人体健康存在风险,但属于可接受范围,水体对于PAHs污染物具有一定承载能力。     

母乳和脐血中多氯联苯暴露水平研究

目的了解多氯联苯（PCBs）污染区孕产妇和新生儿暴露水平，为保障污染区居民健康提供科学依据。方法随机抽查污染区孕产妇及新生儿各50例，分别采集脐带血和母乳，并调查孕产妇的相关情况。结果母乳中均检出PCBs，浓度为8．358ng／g，其中以PCB138和PCB156两种异构体浓度较高，分别占总量的22．70％和15．79％，其余在3．05％-7．38％之间。而脐带血中PCBs浓度为0．578ng／g。母乳中PCBs各异构体浓度与脐带血中的成正比。结论废旧电器（电容器）拆解业周围的PCBs污染已累及孕产妇和新生儿，已经影响当地居民的身体健康。     

环境激素己烯雌酚和多氯联苯的健康影响及防控研究进展

近年来人工合成的有机产品产量激增,人体接触人工合成有机产品的机会及带来的不良反应和疾病也随之增加.在这些人工合成有机产品中,环境激素因其特有的毒性和隐蔽性而受到学术界的广泛关注.该文结合国内外最新研究进展,就两种典型的环境激素(己烯雌酚和多氯联苯)的理化性质、对人类健康的影响及防控措施及研究进展进行综述.     

食品中多氯联苯的污染及其控制

有机化合物多氯联苯（PCBs）自1881年由德国人成功合成后，美国于1929年开始工业生产。它是一类具有两个相联苯环结构的含氯化合物，它具有非常优良的物理特性，因而被广泛应用于许多行业之中。多氯联苯在使用过程中，通过各种途径进入环境中，并通过食物链传递和富集而进入人体，因此对人类健康危害极大，目前各国已普遍减少使用或停止生产多氯联苯。但是，多氯联苯已使用近40年的时间，由于它用途极其广泛，理化性质稳定，又对人体健康危害较大，因此各国都把多氯联苯列入必须优先处理的食品污染物名单中。     

室内空气污染对人体健康影响的研究进展

随着经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高 ,室内装修装饰和添置家具越来越普遍 ,使室内空气污染物的来源及种类也越来越多。现代建筑物密闭程度增加 ,新风量不足 ,使室内空气污染物不容易扩散 ,增加了室内人群与污染物的接触机会。室内空气污染物与人群健康的效应关系已经引起人们的广泛重视 ,在环境流行病学和毒理学方面开展广泛深入的研究。近年 ,丹麦和美国开展从量 -应答关系(dose -responserelationship) 〔1〕 上研究空气污染物对人体健康的影响 ,利用VOC的混合物对眼睛刺激感 ,测量眼睛应答强度与VOC浓度的依赖关系。1　室内空气污染…     

各国人体二(口恶)英及多氯联苯负荷水平现状和暴露风险分析

本文概括分析了目前国内外二(口恶)英及多氯联苯的人体负荷水平和暴露风险.通过比较,我国普通人群的二(口恶)英及多氯联苯人体负荷和暴露水平处于比较安全的范围,低于其他工业发达国家的人体负荷水平,也未超过世界卫生组织规定的每日摄入限量水平.     

持久性有机污染物的环境行为及对人体健康的危害

持久性有机污染物的环境行为是环境化学和生态毒理学研究的热点。本文主要综述了持久性有机污染物的组成、环境污染源、在环境中的迁移转化行为、通过食物链的富集过程、对生态系统乃至人类造成的有害影响 ,旨在强调说明持久性有机污染物的环境污染已成为全球环境问题 ,是环境卫生安全和食品卫生安全体系面临的重大课题     

Polychlorinated biphenyls and human health

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were manufactured and used widely for many years. Because they are very persistent in both the environment and biological systems, there has been significant global contamination. This review presents a summary of known or suspected health effects of various PCB congeners, documented on the basis of both human and animal studies. As our knowledge increases several important points become apparent. PCBs interfere with many biological functions, including the immune system, the nervous system, and several endocrine system, and the fetus appears to be particularly vulnerable to these actions. PCBs cause certain cancers in animals. PCBs are mixtures of multiple congeners, differing on the basis of the numbers and positions of chlorines around the biphenyl ring, and it is becoming increasingly apparent that different congeners may have very different actions. These observations suggest that the potential human health hazards from PCB exposure have been underappreciated.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls--toxicology and health risk]

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were or are manufactured as commercial products. The chemical stability and lipophilicity of these compounds, and their resistance to degradation results in their persistence in the environment and bioaccumulation in animal organisms by entering of various food chains. Food, especially of animal origin, is regarded as a major source of these chemicals for man. Acute toxicity of PCB is low. However, when absorbed in low doses over longer time periods they can cause changes leading in chloracne and other hypo- and hyperplastic responses, endocrine disorders, hepatotoxicity and porphyria, reproductive toxicity and carcinogenesis. Infants fed with breast milk are at greatest risk. The health risk assessment for environmental exposure to PCB was also discussed.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): routes of exposure and effects on human health

The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic organochlorine chemicals that were useful industrial products in the past, but their production was ended because they persist in both the environment and living organisms. The PCBs are mixtures of up to 209 different components (congeners), depending on the number and position of chlorines around the biphenyl ring. The PCBs are fat-soluble substances to which everyone is exposed through ingesting animal fats, inhalation, or dermal contact. Exposure to PCBs suppresses the immune system, thereby increasing the risk of acquiring several human diseases. Both ortho-substituted and coplanar (dioxin-like) congeners are tumor promoters that enhance the effects of other carcinogenic substances. PCB exposure, especially during fetal and early life, reduces IQ and alters behavior. The PCBs alter thyroid and reproductive function in both males and females and increase the risk of developing cardiovascular and liver disease and diabetes. Women are at high risk of giving birth to infants of low birth weight, who are at high lifetime risk for several diseases. As knowledge of their toxic effects has grown faster than environmental levels have declined, PCBs remain dangerous contaminants.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - Among the chlorinated hydrocarbon synthetic pollutants in the environment, polychlorinated biphenyls represent a class of compounds...     

Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides in human milk in Israel

Individual samples of human milk collected in Jerusalem at 2 to 12 weeks post partum were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated insecticides. PCBs were found in 95% of the samples and the mean value was 0.54 mg/kg fat. The mean values of DDE, the major metabolite of DDT, was 2.44 mg/kg fat and DDT 0.29 mg/kg fat. All samples were contaminated with HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane); the mean value was 0.35 mg/kg fat and with hexachlorobenzene, mean value 0.08 mg/kg fat. HCH was not detected, and in less than 50% of the samples small residues of HCH (lindane) were found. The results provide further data on the general trend of a decrease in the levels of organochlorine insectides in human milk and proves the effectiveness of the steps taken by the health authorities to restrict or ban the use of these compounds. The omnipresence of PCBs require further monitoring and epidemiological studies to clarify possible detrimental health effects in breast-fed infants.