Role of calcium and other trace elements in the gastrointestinal physiology

Calcium is an essential ion in both marine and terrestrial organisms, where it plays a crucial role in processes ranging from the formation and maintenance of the skeleton to the regulation of neuronal function. The Ca2 balance is maintained by three organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, bone and kidney. Since first being cloned in 1993 the Ca2 -sensing receptor has been expressed along the entire gastrointestinal tract, until now the exact function is only partly elucidated. As of this date it still remains to be determined if the Ca2 -sensing receptor is involved in calcium handling by the gastrointestinal tract. However, there are few studies showing physiological effects of the Ca2 -sensing receptor on gastric acid secretion and fluid transport in the colon. In addition, polyamines and amino acids have been shown to activate the Ca2 -sensing receptor and also act as allosteric modifiers to signal nutrient availability to intestinal epithelial cells. Activation of the colonic Ca2 -sensing receptor can abrogate cyclic nucleotide-mediated fluid secretion suggesting a role of the receptor in modifying secretory diarrheas like cholera. For many cell types changes in extracellular Ca2 concentration can switch the cellular behavior from proliferation to terminal differentiation or quiescence. As cancer remains predominantly a disease of disordered balance between proliferation, termination and apoptosis, disruption in the function of the Ca2 -sensing receptor may contribute to the progression of neoplastic disease. Loss of the growth suppressing effects of elevated extracellular Ca2 have been demonstrated in colon carcinoma, and have been correlated with changes in the level of CaSR expression.     

Lipid peroxidation and trace elements in systemic sclerosis

Oxidative stress appears to be important in the causation and perpetuation of tissue injury and fibrosis in systemic sclerosis or scleroderma (SSc). We conducted a case-control study to assess lipid peroxidation levels as determined by measuring fasting plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum levels of the trace elements selenium, iron, zinc and copper in SSc. Plasma MDA levels were almost tenfold higher in patients than in controls (p=0.00007), and an inverse relationship between MDA levels and disease duration (r=–0.52, p=0.044) was observed. Selenium levels were lower in patients than in controls (p=0.012). Within the patient cohort, copper correlated inversely with the total skin score (r=–0.52, p=0.03). Our findings provide further evidence that lipid peroxidation is increased and antioxidant capacity is reduced in SSc. The gradual decline in MDA levels with time suggests that antioxidant therapy, if to be useful in SSc, is most likely to be effective early in the course of the disease.     

血清金属元素含量与老年阿尔茨海默病的关系

目的探讨血清金属元素含量与老年阿尔茨海默病的关系。方法随机选择老年科住院的33例阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer disease,AD）患者以及33例同期住院的认知功能正常的内科疾病患者,对两组人口学统计资料、认知功能及血清26种金属元素含量进行测定并进行比较。结果两组血清金属元素含量测定Zn、Cr、Co、Ni浓度AD组较对照组降低（正态分布元素值Zn0．75±0．20和0．92±0．40;非正态分布元素值Cr28．24和38．76;Co28．17和38．83;Ni27．79和39．21,P〈0．05）结论部分金属元素如Zn、Cr、Co、Ni等可能与AD的病理相关。     

Effects of statins on experimental colitis in normocholesterolemic rats

Objective. The results of previous studies suggest that statins have a direct anti-inflammatory effect that is not directly related to their cholesterol-lowering activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simvastatin (SIM) and fluvastatin (FLU) on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colonic inflammation in rats. Material and methods. The drugs were given for 3 days (0.1 and 1 mg/kg day^?1; intraperitoneally) after induction of colitis. The lesions in the distal colon were scored at the macroscopic and microscopic level. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and collagen content were assessed and formation of reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrite was monitored by chemiluminescence (CL) assay. Trunk blood was collected for the measurement of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level. Results.Treatment with SIM reduced the lesion score of the colitis group at macroscopic level (p<0.05), but there was no effect of treatment with FLU. The increase in colonic MDA level of the colitis group was reduced by both drugs at all doses (p<0.05–0.001). The decrease in GSH and the an increase in MPO activity in the colitis group were reversed by SIM at all doses (p<0.01), but FLU had no effect. An increase in colonic lucigenin CL value in the colitis group was reduced by SIM and FLU at all doses (p<0.001) and an increase in peroxynitrite ratio in the colitis group showed a significant reduction in SIM-treated groups; FLU reduced this effect at a dose of 1 mg/kg (p<0.01). An increase in tissue collagen content and serum TNF-α level in the colitis group was reversed by both drugs at all doses (p<0.001). Conclusions. SIM and FLU seemed to be beneficial in a TNBS-induced rat colitis model through the prevention of lipid peroxidation, superoxide generation, cytokine production and neutrophil accumulation.     

必需微量元素与燃煤污染型砷中毒关系探讨

目的 探讨硒、锌、铜、铁、钴、铬、钼7种必需微量元素与燃煤污染型砷中毒的关系.方法 以贵州省兴仁县交乐乡燃煤污染型砷中毒病区为调查点,采用分层抽样方法选择砷暴露者(包括病区非病人及轻、中、重度患者)139例为暴露组;同时选择距病区约13 km的非砷污染村村民34例为对照组.采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定病区和对照区燃煤、土壤、大米、玉米和辣椒以及暴露组和对照组头发、血液和尿液中砷、硒、锌、铜、铁、钴、铬及钼元素水平.结果 病区燃煤、土壤、玉米和辣椒中含砷量分别为4.894、146.551、0.522、1.440 mg/kg,分别高于对照区的1.980、50.167、0.296、0.948 mg/kg(P＜0.05或＜0.01);病区土壤中含硒量为5.038 mg/kg,低于对照区的8.948 mg/kg(P＜0.05);病区土壤中含铜、铁、铬量及玉米中含铁量分别为44.114、5731.500、98.323、89.996 mg/kg,分别高于对照区的13.473、1298.430、36.839、57.391 mg/kg(P均＜0.05).暴露组发砷和尿砷分别为1.985 mg/kg和149.593 μg/g Cr,分别高于对照组的0.670 mg/kg和49.853μg/g Cr(P均＜0.01);暴露组发硒为1.706 mg/kg,低于对照组的2.405 mg/kg(P＜0.01);暴露组发铁、发铬、血铜及血铜/锌比值分别为88.295、8.933 mg/kg、1.053 mg/L和0.074,分别高于对照组的47.970、4.099 mg/kg、0.934 mg/L和0.065(P＜0.01或＜0.05).发硒与病情发展呈负相关(r=-0.414,P＜0.01);发铁、发铬和血铜/锌比值与病情发展呈正相关(r值分别为0.271、0.261和0.250,P均＜0.01).结论 病区环境高砷同时存在低硒、高铜、高铁和高铬现象.暴露组发硒偏低,发铁、发铬、血铜和血铜/锌比值偏高,与环境中元素水平变化趋势一致,且与病情发生发展有一定联系.     

乙型肝炎患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群及血清Zn、Se含量变化

测定乙型肝炎患者和健康人外周血淋巴细胞亚群及血清Zn、Se含量。用流式细胞术测定CD4、CD8、CD3、cD56+16。光谱分析法测定微量元素Zn、Se。乙型肝炎组CD4、CD3、cD56+16及CD4/CD8、Zn、Se水平显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。而CD8则高于正常对照组(P相似文献   

氟病区人群微量元素水平对血液抗氧化酶类的影响

检测了饮水氟含量不同的两组氟病村患者及两组正常人群内外环境 F、Se、Zn、Cu、Mo 等元素,血液 GSH—Px、SOD 及 LPO。结果病村、非病村内外环境 Se 含量较低。随饮水 F 增加,氟病患者体Se 增加;血、尿 F、血 Zn、Mo、Zn/Cu 比升高,血 Cu、Cu/Mo 比减少;血 LPO 升高,GSH—Px、SOD、GSH—Px/LPO 比降低。此提示,氟中毒患者体内 Se 等元素平衡紊乱,抗氧化酶类受损害,脂质过氧化代谢发生异常。本文就其相互关系及在氟病发病中的作用进行了初步讨论。     

肝炎、肝硬变和肝癌大鼠血中10种微量元素的变化

本文系列观察了DAB诱发肝炎、肝硬变和肝癌大鼠血中10种微量元素变化及其变化规律。给予Wistar大鼠喂养DAB饲料26周。在实验第8周(肝炎期)、18周(肝硬变期)和26周(肝癌期)分别检测6只肝炎、肝硬变和肝癌大鼠血中10种微量元素。结果显示:肝炎时仅Mn低于正常组(P<0.005);肝硬变时Mn、Ba、Fe、Si、Zn和Se均显著低于正常组(P<0.05～0.001),Cu显著高于正常组(P<0.001);肝癌时Mn、Ba、Fe、Si、Zn、Se和Mo均显著低于正常组(P<0.05～0.001),Cu和Cr显著高于正常组(P<0.001)。结果表明:1.肝病越重,微量元素变化越明显;2.Se、Zn、Mn、Si、Fe、Mo和Ba可能对肝硬变和肝癌有预防作用。     

大鼠肺微量元素变化与卡氏肺孢子虫感染关系的探讨

目的　检测卡氏肺孢子虫感染对大鼠肺组织 6种微量元素 (Ca+ + 、Mg+ + 、Fe+ + 、Cu+ + 、Zn+ + 、Mn+ + )的影响。方法　 30只SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组每只大鼠皮下注射地塞米松 1mg/次 ,每周 2次 ,诱导卡氏肺孢子虫感染。 10周后将大鼠处死 ,取肺组织 ,用原子吸收分光光度计测定其微量元素的变化。结果　与PCP阴性组及对照组相比较 ,感染组肺组织中Zn+ + 的含量明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,Ca+ + 、Mg+ + 的含量明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1～ 0 0 5 ) ,Fe+ + 、Cu+ + 、Mn+ + 的含量变化不明显。结论　卡氏肺孢子虫感染能引起大鼠肺组织微量元素的变化。     

微生态制剂对TNBS诱导的大鼠结肠炎的疗效

目的:评价双歧三联活菌对三硝基苯磺酸钠(TNBS)诱导的大鼠结肠炎的疗效,并探讨其作用机制.方法:成年♀SD大鼠(n=50),随机分为健康对照组A、未治疗组B、双歧三联活菌治疗组C、奥沙拉秦治疗组D、双歧三联活菌和奥沙拉秦联合治疗组E(n=10).观察大鼠的一般情况,检测各组大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、结肠组织TNF-α细胞阳性率,比较结肠组织炎症程度.结果:A组大鼠DAI(P<0.001)、血清TNF-α(P<0.001)水平、肠组织TNF-α细胞阳性率(P<0.05)、肠组织学评分(P<0.05)显著低于未治疗组B;B组大鼠DAI、血清TNF-α水平、肠组织学评分、肠组织TNF-α细胞阳性率最高(P<0.05);3个治疗组C、D、E的大鼠DAI、血清TNF-α、肠组织TNF-α细胞阳性率明显下降,肠组织炎症明显消散,以E组最显著(P<0.05),肠组织TNF-α的表达与结肠炎病情轻重呈正相关.结论:双歧三联活菌能有效治疗TNBS诱导的大鼠结肠炎,其作用机制可能与抑制肠黏膜免疫系统效应细胞TNF-α的表达有关.     

Serum trace elements in juvenile chronic arthritis

Summary We evaluated the serum concentrations of zinc., copper and selenium in 125 patients with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). Trace element levels showed distinct abnormalities as compared with those of a large group of healthy children. Serum zinc and selenium concentrations were lower and those of copper higher in children with arthritis than in healthy children and, further, patients with polyarthritis had significantly higher copper and lower zinc levels than those with oligoarthritis. Serum zinc levels showed a direct correlation with hemoglobin and an inverse correlation with values for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), whereas copper correlated directly with ESR. Selenium values did not correlate with the activity of the disease, but were low in the patients with arthritis of long duration.     

Ischemic colitis in rats

Left-sided ischemic colitis was induced in 44 inbred Male Fischer rats of the same age by a standardized devascularization procedure. Fifteen animals had nothing else done (Group I). Twentynine animals had feces evacuated from the left colon and received an enema just before the procedure; 14 had a sterile-water enema (Group II), and 15 had a 1 per cent hydrocortisone enema (Group III). At sacrifice, 72 hours after the surgical procedure, the mucosal surface grossly involved in ischemic changes was measured. The mean area of ischemic changes in Group I was significantly greater than that of either Group II or Group III (P<.05). The incidence of circumferential changes was highest in Group I and lowest in Group III; the difference between Group I and Group III was marginally significant (P=.06). Read at the meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Colorado Springs, Colorado, June 7 to 11, 1981. Supported by the Veterans Administration.     

华法林钠治疗大鼠实验性结肠炎的作用

目的:探讨炎症性肠病中凝血异常与炎性反应的关系.明确华法林钠抗凝治疗在2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸钠(TNBS)诱导的实验性大鼠结肠炎模型中的作用.方法:40只大鼠均分为正常对照组、结肠炎组、华法林钠组和柳氮磺胺吡啶(SASP)组,正常对照组予以0.9%氯化钠溶液灌肠,其余三组予以含有20 mg TNBS的50%乙醇溶液0.5 ml灌肠.造模后第7天,华法林钠组给予华法林钠溶液240 ng·kg-1·d-1灌胃;SASP组给予SASP溶液100 mg·kg-1·d<-1>灌胃;正常对照组和结肠炎组予以每天1次0.9%氯化钠溶液灌胃.第14天取大鼠血液和结肠后处死.比较各组大鼠疾病活动指数(DAI)、大鼠结肠大体评分、结肠组织病理评分、血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)浓度、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、血小板计数(PLT)和抗凝血酶活性(AT)值.结果:第14天华法林钠组和SASP组DAI值分别为1.20±0.45和1.78±0.90,均较结肠炎组(2.25±0.89)降低,但差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).华法林钠组和SASP组大体评分分别为1.40±0.55和3.14±1.46,均低于结肠炎组(4.75±1.66,P值均<0.01);而华法林钠组更低于SASP组(P<0.01).病理评分华法林钠组和SASP组分别为4.00±1.41和4.28±1.49,与结肠炎组比较差异有统计学意义(7.75±1. 04,P值均<0:01).血清TNF-α正常对照组较其余三组低(P<0.01),而结肠炎组较其余三组高(P<0.01).结肠炎组PT、APTT较华法林钠组和正常对照组缩短,AT活性也较后两组低(P值均<0.01).结肠炎组血小板计数明显高于正常对照组、SASP组和华法林钠组(P值均<0.01).结论:TNBS诱导的大鼠结肠炎模型中存在凝血异常.华法林钠治疗可减轻实验性大鼠结肠炎的炎症和损伤水平.     

垂盆草对实验性结肠炎的保护作用及其机制研究

[目的]观察垂盆草干预三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导的结肠炎模型大鼠转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)、IL-10的改变,探讨垂盆草是否对结肠炎具有保护作用及其可能作用机制。[方法]30只SD大鼠随机分为3组;模型组及干预组经肛灌入TNBS/乙醇,对照组灌入0.85%氯化钠。造模后干预组给予垂盆草灌胃,对照组及模型组给予0.85%氯化钠,检测炎症活动指数(DAI)、大体形态损伤指数(CMDI)、组织学损伤指数(TDI)的改变,免疫组化检测结肠TGF-β1的表达,ElISA法检测血清IL-2、IL-10。[结果]干预组结肠TGF-β1表达平均光密度(0.21±0.02)较模型组(0.19±0.01)升高;干预组血清IL-10浓度(34.00±6.56)pg/ml较模型组(27.61±4.28)pg/ml升高;干预组血清IL-2浓度(66.70±3.51)pg/ml较模型组(66.70±3.51)pg/ml降低(均P<0.05)。干预组大鼠的DAI、CMDI及TDI与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。[结论]垂盆草对TN-BS诱导的实验性结肠炎具有保护作用,可能通过调控T细胞分泌TGF-β1、IL-2、IL-10等细胞因子发挥作用。     

Curcumin reverses attenuated carbachol-induced contraction of the colon in a rat model of colitis

Background- Curcumin ameliorates colitis whether it reverses colitis-induced reduction in colonic contractility remains to be investigated. Objectives- To investigate the effect of curcumin on colitis-induced reduction of carbachol-induced contraction in colon segments from rats treated with trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid. Methods- Colitis was induced in rats by intra rectal administration of trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid and followed for 5 days. A group of animals which received trinitobenzene sulphonic acids was treated with curcumin (100 mg/Kg and 200 mg/kg body weight) 2 hrs prior to induction of colitis. The controls received phosphate buffered saline in a similar fashion. Markers of inflammation and contractility of colon were assayed using standard procedures. Results- Induction of colitis was associated with increased myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde levels, gross histological changes characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells. All these changes were prevented by treatment with curcumin (100mg/kg). Treatment with curcumin also reduced the histological scores from 3.34±0.40 to 1.75±0.30 confirming an anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin in this experimental model of colitis. Colonic reactivity to carbachol was decreased in colitis affecting the maximum response but not sensitivity. Treatment with curcumin had no effect on sensitivity of the colon to carbachol in any of the preparations. Curcumin however reversed the decrease in carbachol-induced contraction associated with trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid treatment. The same dose of curcumin had no effect on either the potency of or the maximum response to carbachol in control rats. Tissue expression of NF-kB was increased in colon segments from trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid -treated rats and this was inhibited in rats treated with curcumin. Conclusions- Based on these findings it is concluded that curcumin prevented the reduction in carbachol-induced contraction in trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid -treated rats by modulating NF-kB signaling pathway.     

Effects of Yibei multi-active elements on mesenteric microcirculation in rats

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Effects of short-term application of low-dose growth hormone on trace element metabolism and blood glucose in surgical patients

AIM： To investigate the effects of short-term application of low-dose growth hormone on trace element metabolism and blood glucose in surgical patients METHODS： A total of 48 consecutive patients undergoing abdominal operations were randomized to receive either subcutaneous rhGH （0.15 IU/kg） or placebo （menstruum） injections daily for 7 d after surgery. The two groups had similar nutrition intake. Blood, feces, urine and drain samples were collected to measure zincum, cuprum and ferrum as well as glucose levels. Accumulative intake, excretion and balance of zincum, cuprum and ferrum, apparent absorption （AA） and apparent utilization （AU） of zincum, cuprum and ferrum, blood glucose levels and adverse events were estimated. RESULTS： There were no differences in accumulative intake and drain excretion between the two groups. The feces excretion and accumulative excretion of cuprum were lower in the rhGH group （P 〈 0.05）. The urinary excretion of zincum, cuprum and ferrum was all significantly decreased in the rhGH group （P 〈 0.05） and the accumulative balance of zincum, cuprum and ferrum was improved compared with the placebo group （P 〈 0.05）. AA of cuprum in the rhGH group was almost twice as much as the placebo group （P 〈 0.05）, and AU of zincum, cuprum and ferrum was all improved in the rhGH group （P 〈 0.05）. The mean blood glucose level was significantly higher in the rhGH group than in the placebo group from d 3 to d 6 after operation （P 〈 0.05）.improves the retention of zincum, cuprum and ferrum and decreases the excretion of zincum, cuprum and ferrum, improves the balance of zincum, cuprum and ferrum, and promotes the AA and AU of zincum, cuprum and ferrum, rhGH can be well tolerated without significant adverse effects and the blood glucose level can be well controlled.     

Anti-inflammatory mechanism of oxymatrine in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis of rats

AIM: To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of oxymatrine in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis of rats. METHODS: Acute colitis was induced by giving 2% DSS orally in drinking water for 8 d. Twenty-six male rats were randomized into oxymatrine-treated group (group A, 10 rats), DSS control (group B, 10 rats) and normal control (group C, 6 rats). The rats in group A were injected muscularly with oxymatrine at the dosage of 63 mg/(kg·d) from d 1 to 11 and drank 2% DSS solution from d 4 to 11. The rats in group B were treated with 0.9% saline in an equal volume as group A and drank 2% DSS solution from d 4 to 11. The rats in group C were treated with 0.9% saline as group B from d 1 to 11 and drank water normally. Diarrhea and bloody stool as well as colonic histology were observed. The levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by ELISA, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and the expression of inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) in colonic mucosa were detected by immunohistochemistry method. RESULTS: Compared with DSS contror group, the inflammatory symptoms and histological damages of colonic mucosa in oxymatrine-treated group were significantly improved, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and the expression of NF-κB, ICAM-1 in colonic mucosa were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: The fact that oxymatrine can reduce the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and the expression of NF-κB and ICAM-1 in colonic mucosa in DSS-induced colitis of rats indicates that oxymatrine may ameliorate the colonic inflammation and thus alleviate diarrhea and bloody stool.     

干细胞移植对大鼠实验性结肠炎的研究

目的 探讨异体骨髓造血干细胞(HC)和间充质干细胞(MSC)移植对大鼠实验性结肠炎(EC)的作用.方法 体外分别传代培养雄性大鼠的MSC和HC备用.实验1组的HC悬液以5-溴-2-脱氧尿嘧啶(BrdU)标记;实验2组用贴壁法获得MSC.72只雌性大鼠用三硝基苯磺酸灌肠法建立EC模型,造模后24 h,实验1组和实验2组经尾静脉分别注入HC和MSC悬浮液(每组18只),两实验组的对照组(每组18只)注入0.9%氯化钠溶液.于移植后第7、14和21天取结肠组织行病理学检查.实验1组采用SP免疫组化法检测BrdU阳性细胞,实验2组用PCR检测Y染色体的性别决定区段(sry),以确定干细胞的定位情况.结果 EC造模成功.MSC和HC培养生长迅速,均一性好.移植第7、14、21天时,实验1组病变区BrdU阳性的HC检出率均为6/6.实验2组sry阳性的MSC检出率分别为1/6、2/6和3/6.而对照组均为阴性.但两移植组的病理组织学改善均不显著.结论 HC和MSC均可在大鼠EC模型的病变肠道中定植,但移植不显著改善组织病理学,MSC定植率比HC低.     

地方性氟中毒病区饮水中六种元素含量对青少年骨龄的影响

对内蒙敖汉旗三个自然村７～１５周岁的青少年进行了１∶１配比病例对照研究，测定了８６对骨龄延迟和骨龄正常者饮水中氟、锌、铜、钙、镁、镍的含量，统计分析结果表明：１、无论男性或女性骨龄延迟者的身高均低于同性别的骨龄正常者。２、高水氟、低水钙是本地区青少年骨龄延迟的危险因素．与骨龄延迟之间存在剂量反应关系。３、水氟与水钙之间无交互作用。