原位肝移植加人工肝支持疗法治疗暴发性肝功能衰竭

目的 探讨原位肝移植加入人工肝支持疗法对暴发性肝功能衰竭的疗效及非生物型人工肝支持系统在暴发性肝功能衰竭肝移植术前准备中的作用。方法 本组7例暴发性肝功能衰竭患者,均有不同程度的肝昏迷,黄疸,腹水,肝功能损害,出血倾向,在等待供肝的过程中分别接受2-20次非生物型人工肝支持疗法,供肝到达后行原位肝移植术,结果 人工肝支持治疗后患者血清胆红素明显下降,腹水明显减少,部分病人肝性脑病有所好转,7例均顺利行肝移植,5例存活3-290个月,其中3例已存活1年半以上,并已恢复正常工作,2例术前有肝肾综合征者,术后3d死亡,其中1例并发急性重症胰腺炎。结论 原位肝移植加入工肝支持疗法是暴发性肝功能衰竭的有效方法,术前人工肝支持可作为暴发性肝功能衰竭等待供肝期间的桥梁,并可改善病情减少肝移植的危险因素。     

急诊肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭22例的临床分析

目的 探讨急诊肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的效果.方法 回顾分析2003年1月至2009年1月间22例急性肝功能衰竭患者急诊行肝移植的临床资料,对患者预后、存活率及并发症等情况进行总结.结果 22例患者中,与乙型病毒性肝炎相关肝功能衰竭14例,与药物相关性肝功能衰竭8例.术前等待供肝的平均时间为2.3d.围手术期死亡3例(13.6％),1例于术后5个月时死于严重肺部感染,1例于术后6个月时接受再次肝移植治疗,其他受者术后移植肝功能恢复良好.手术并发症主要为腹腔出血2例,胆道并发症2例,无血管并发症.非手术并发症主要包括不同程度的肾功能障碍22例,肺部感染11例,排斥反应3例,神经与精神症状17例,癫痫1例.术后1、2、3年受者存活率分别为81.8 ％(18/22)、81.8 ％(18/22)和81.8 ％(18/22),移植物存活率分别为81.8％(18/22)、77.3 ％(17/22)和77.3％(17/22).结论 急诊肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的效果良好,术前应合理评估供肝和受者情况,减少等待供肝时间,术后有效地处理各种并发症是提高受者预后的关键.     

肝移植治疗肝硬化肝癌切除后肝功能衰竭

目的　评估肝硬化肝癌局部切除后肝功能衰竭 (肝衰 )行肝移植的疗效。方法　 1例重度肝硬化肝癌病人行局部切除后肝衰 ,行原位肝移植术 ;术后尽早予足量化疗 ;免疫抑制剂予最低有效剂量。结果　肝移植术使肝衰、门静脉高压症得到有效治疗 ,肿瘤得到根治性切除 ,术后 6个月未见复发征象。结论　肝硬化肝癌切除后肝衰行肝移植疗效较好。合并重度肝硬化的大肝癌可能是肝移植的手术指征     

肝移植治疗乙肝相关疾病

目的 总结原位肝移植（OLT）治疗乙肝相关疾病的疗效,并评价了拉米夫定对肝移植术后乙肝复发的防治作用。方法 自1993年4月-2000年12月,中山医科大学器官移植中心为54例乙肝相关疾病患者实施了肝移植,其中乙肝坏死后肝硬化17例,为第1组,25例同时合并肝癌者为第2组、其余12例暴发性肝功能衰竭患者为3组。回顾性地分析了3组患者术后存活率、早期死亡原因以及拉米夫定对术后乙肝复发的防治情况。结果 乙肝相关疾病患者肝移植术后早期存活率为75.9%,暴发性肝衰组患者术后早期并发症发生率明显高于其它2组;OLT对小肝癌患者的疗效明显优于大肝癌患者;拉米夫定防治乙肝复发辣效好且未发现副作用。结论 结合拉米夫定,OLT是治疗暴发性乙肝、乙肝肝硬化及小肝癌甚或某些选择性大肝癌患者的有效手段。     

暴发性肝功能衰竭的原位肝移植

目的：探讨原位肝移植治疗暴发性肝功能衰竭的效果。方法：为一暴发性肝功能衰竭的Wilson's病患儿急症实施背驮式原位全肝移植术。结果：患者术后曾发生胆道梗阻并发症，经放射介入下胆道冲选和胆道取石术后缓解，已生存8月余，现生活质量良好。结论：原位肝移值是治疗暴发性肝功能衰竭的有效方法。     

肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后肝动脉并发症治疗方式与时机的选择.方法 总结2003年10月至2007年3月中山大学附属第三医院肝脏移植中心25例肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的临床资料,分析介入溶栓、经皮腔内血管成形(PTA)、支架植入和再次肝移植对肝动脉并发症预后的影响.结果 本组患者肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成(hepatic artery thrombosis,HAT)5例,2例患者因肝功能衰竭行再移植治疗,术后均存活;3例接受介入溶栓治疗后,1例肝功能恢复正常,1例死亡,1例再次出现HAT,并再次移植术后因多器官功能衰竭死亡.术后1个月内出现肝动脉狭窄(hepatic arterystenosis,HAS)者12例,因肝功能衰竭行再移植2例;支架植入10例(治疗后因胆道缺血性改变行再移植4例);6例再移植患者存活4例,因颅内出血和感染死亡2例.术后1个月后出现HAS者8例,行肝动脉支架植入5例,肝功能好转.因胆道缺血性改变接受再移植1例.另外2例行保守治疗,情况稳定未作处理.结论 肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的治疗应根据并发症采用个体化的治疗方案.HAT的治疗以再次肝移植为主,HAS以介入治疗为主,一旦出现胆道缺血性改变,应及时行再次肝移植.     

肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的治疗

目的探讨肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的治疗。方法连续503例肝移植中出现15例肝动脉狭窄,根据临床表现、动态肝功能和彩色多普勒检查、CT动脉成像、选择性肝动脉造影诊断。结果术后早期出现肝动脉狭窄10例,2例合并肝动脉血栓形成,再移植3例,介入治疗7例,其中动脉支架植入5例,球囊扩张溶术后6天肝功能衰竭死亡1例,支架植入术后9天肝功能衰竭死亡1例。1月后发现肝动脉狭窄5例,介入治疗均行肝动脉支架植入,1例支架植入术后186天因胆道感染死亡。结论根据肝动脉狭窄程度、发生时间、移植肝功能状态和病人情况选择治疗措施。再移植是治疗肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的有效方法。肝动脉支架植入可挽救移植肝,改善移植肝功能,延长移植肝发挥功能以等再次肝移植。     

肝移植术后再次手术分析：附14例报告

目的总结肝移植术后因外科并发症行再次手术治疗的经验。方法对近4年余治疗的200余例肝移植患者中14例17例次术后再次手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果17例次再手术（包括再次肝移植1例）治疗肝移植术后外科并发症或其他合并症，手术成功率为100％。14例中1例因腹腔内出血于再次术后10d死于肾衰竭并发ARDS，1例因胸穿后血胸于再次术后20d死于严重的腹腔和肺部感染；1例因左肝内胆管结石伴胆道感染于再次术后33d死于多器官衰竭；1例因肿瘤复发转移于再次术后25d死亡；其余10例存活至今且肝功能良好，生存率71．4％（10／14）。结论准确把握肝移植术后外科并发症的再次手术时机，积极手术干预是提高肝移植成功率和移植后生存质量的关键。     

肝移植后乙肝复发的预防和治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植治疗乙型肝炎相关疾病的效果及Lamivudine在防治肝移植后乙肝复发中的作用。方法 10例患接受了原位肝移植，其中9例男性乙肝患，1例女性为肝癌患，术前无乙肝感染，9例乙肝患6例并有不同程度的肝性脑病，1例并肝肾综合征，1例并上消化道大出血，9例乙肝中7例服用Lamivudine预防术后乙肝复发。结果 8例存活2-15月，2例死亡，存活的8例中7例为乙肝患，仅1例术后6月出现HBsAg（ ），但全部均肝功能良好；另1例为肝癌患，术后出现乙肝，死亡的2例中1例为术后乙肝复发暴发性肝功能衰竭所致，另1例死于术后多器官功能衰竭。结论 原位肝移植加Lamivudine是治疗乙肝的有效方法，Lamivudine在观察期内可预防乙肝移植后乙肝复发。     

原位肝移植术后并发症的诊治体会(附16例报告)

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后并发症的诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析我院16例肝病患者行17例次肝移植术后各种并发症的诊断及治疗方法。结果 全组手术成功12例次，围手术期死亡5例，死亡原因：脑出血1例，急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)1例，急性肾功能衰竭1例，肝动脉血栓1例，急性排斥反应1例。现存活6例，其中1例存活已超过3年。术后并发腹腔内出血3例，脑血管病变2例，ARDS2例，血管并发症2例，胆道并发症3例，急、慢性排斥反应各2例，急性肾功能衰竭2例。结论 肝移植围手术期采取合理的防治措施能有效地减少肝移植术后并发症的发生，对肝移植术后并发症的及时诊断和有效治疗是提高肝移植术后成功率的关键．     

Feasibility of Auxiliary Partial Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Fulminant Hepatic Failure as an Aid for Small-for-Size Graft: Single Center Experience

Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT) or heterotopic auxiliary partial liver transplantation (HAPLT) was initially indicated for potentially reversible fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). We started auxiliary partial living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for FHF in February 2002. Since then, 5 FHF patients (3 females and 2 males) underwent auxiliary partial LDLT: 3 cases of APOLT and 2 cases of HAPLT. All of them received a small-for-size graft: graft-to-recipient weight ratio (GRWR) ≤ 1.0%. The etiologies of FHF were hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 1, Wilson's disease in 1, and unknown origin in 3 cases. Three were the acute type and 2 the subacute type of FHF. Median age was 45 years (range, 14-54 years). Blood type was identical in all cases. A left lobe graft was used in 4 instances and a right lobe graft in 1 case. Median GRWR was 0.74 (range, 0.42-0.85). Median follow-up was 42 months (range, 3 days to 70 months). Three of 5 patients (60%) were alive (at 42, 67, and 70 months) and 1 was free of immunosuppression after sufficient recovery of the native liver. Two cases succumbed: 1 at postoperative day 3 because of cytomegalovirus pneumonia and 1 at 10 months after APOLT because of sepsis. Complications were seen in all 5 patients: Relaparotomy for hemostasis in 3, decompression surgery of the abdominal cavity in 1, rehepaticojejunostomy in 1, and biliary strictures in 2 cases. Auxiliary partial LDLT may be a choice as an aid for a small-for-size graft in FHF.     

原位肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭21例临床分析

目的探讨原位肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析天津市第一中心医院21例因急性肝功能衰竭行原位肝脏移植术病人的临床资料，总结急性肝衰竭实施肝移植的经验。结果21例病人随访时间为3～60个月，中位随访时间为25个月。生存时间为1—1530d，中位生存时间为517d。病人的围手术期存活率为66．7％，1年存活率为66．7％，2年存活率为66．7％。死亡原因包括多脏器功能衰竭、颅内出血、上消化道出血、急性成人呼吸窘迫综合征、移植物原发性无功能。14例的远期性生存病人中，13例移植前合并乙型肝炎（乙肝），其中有1例（1／13）在术后1年出现乙肝复发。结论肝移植术是治疗急性肝功能衰竭最有效的方法，严格把握适应证、合理选择手术时机是提高疗效的关键。     

High prevalence of potentially hepatotoxic herbal supplement use in patients with fulminant hepatic failure

HYPOTHESIS: The use of potentially hepatotoxic herbal and dietary supplements is highly prevalent in the fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) patient population at our institution, and this subgroup of patients has a worse prognosis. DESIGN: Retrospective case series.Settings An adult tertiary care university hospital and a Veterans Affairs hospital in Oregon. PATIENTS: All patients referred to the liver transplantation service for FHF from January 2001 through October 2002 (N = 20). We defined FHF as onset of encephalopathy within 8 weeks of onset of jaundice in the absence of preexisting liver disease. All patients underwent investigation for potential causes of liver injury. Potentially hepatotoxic supplements were defined as those with previously published reports of hepatic injury related to their use. RESULTS: Ten patients (50%) were recent or active users of potentially hepatotoxic supplements or herbs; 10 had no history of supplement use. In the supplement group, 7 patients (35%) had no other identified cause for hepatic failure. Six patients in the supplement group and 2 patients in the nonsupplement group underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. Five patients in each group died. There were no significant differences in transplantation rate (P =.07) or survival (P>.99) between groups. Supplement use alone accounted for the most cases of FHF during this period, exceeding acetaminophen toxicity and viral hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Herbal and dietary supplements were potential hepatotoxins in a high proportion of patients with FHF at our institution. Enhanced public awareness of the potential hepatotoxicity of these commonly used agents and increased regulatory oversight of their use is strongly urged.     

FVIIa corrects the coagulopathy of fulminant hepatic failure but may be associated with thrombosis: A report of four cases

PURPOSE: During liver transplantation, excessive blood losses are correlated with increased morbidity and mortality. Blood losses are particularly high in the case of urgent liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) has shown promise in treating the coagulopathy of liver disease. We review our experience with the use of rFVIIa in treating the coagulopathy of FHF during urgent liver transplantation. CLINICAL FEATURES: We report four patients with FHF who met King's College criteria for liver transplantation and in whom rFVIIa was used after conventional means for treating the associated coagulopathy had failed. In all patients, the coagulation defect was corrected by rFVIIa. However, thrombotic complications occurred in two patients (myocardial ischemia and portal vein thrombosis) and the implication of rFVIIa cannot be excluded. CONCLUSION: We conclude that rFVIIa is effective in the correction of the coagulopathy associated with FHF. However, thrombotic events are of concern and therefore, further studies are warranted to define the safety of rFVIIa in that setting.     

肝肾联合移植的临床经验

目的 探讨肝肾联合移植的适应证、手术技术、治疗经验及并发症防治。方法2001年10月至2005年3月进行肝肾联合移植13例。男12例，女1例。年龄41—66岁，平均54岁。原发病：多囊肝、多囊肾并尿毒症3例，酒精性肝硬化合并尿毒症2例，乙型肝炎肝硬化合并尿毒症7例，肾移植术后14年丙型肝炎肝硬化导致肝衰竭伴移植肾功能不全尿毒症1例。肝移植采用经典非转流原位肝移植术式和背驮式肝移植术式，肾移植为常规术式。病肝切除时注意细致分离第三肝门、创面及时止血。以抗胸腺细胞球蛋白或白细胞介素-2受体单克隆抗体作为免疫诱导，术后服用他克莫司、吗替麦考酚酯及激素维持免疫抑制治疗。患者门诊随访，复查血、尿常规．肝肾功能，他克莫司血药浓度以及移植物B超等。随访时间12—53个月。结果13例手术均成功。术后发生急性排斥反应1例，继发性出血1例，心肌梗死1例（死亡），胸腔积液4例，肺部感染3例（1例死亡）。除死亡病例外，所有并发症经相应治疗后逆转治愈。11例存活者肝肾功能正常，其中存活4年5个月者1例，存活3年以上者2例，2年以上者6例，1年以上者2例。1例49岁患者术后18个月死于心肌梗死，1例52岁患者术后13个月死于肺部巨细胞病毒感染。结论 肝肾联合移植是肝肾功能衰竭的有效治疗手段。娴熟的手术技巧和并发症的及时诊治是肝肾联合移植成功的关键。     

Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: importance of renal failure

Abstract One hundred eighty-one consecutive patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) presenting in a 2-year period were reviewed. In this cohort we examined the impact of pretransplant renal failure on mortality and morbidity following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx). Twenty-seven patients (18 female, 9 male) with a median age of 43.5 years (range 19–65 years) underwent OLTx. FHF was due to idiosyncratic drug reaction ( n = 4), paracetamol overdose ( n = 3), seronegative hepatitis ( n = 17), hepatitis B ( n = 1), veno-occlusive disease ( n = 1), and Wilson's disease ( n = 1). Renal failure was present in 14 patients, 7 of whom died (whereas there was 100 % survival in patients without renal failure). Pretransplant renal failure was associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation (13 days vs 6 days, P = 0.05), prolonged intensive care stay (17 days vs 8 days, P - 0.01) and prolonged hospital stay (27 vs 21 days, P = NS). Pretransplant renal failure did not predict renal dysfunction at 1 year after OLTx. We conclude that the survival of patients transplanted for FHF is inferior to that of patients transplanted for chronic liver disease (67 % vs 88 % 1-year survival in Birmingham). For patients with FHF undergoing transplantation, pretransplant renal failure strongly predicts poor outcome with significantly greater consumption of resources.     

Living donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure

BACKGROUND: Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) was originally indicated only for elective cases of pediatric patients with end-stage liver disease. In Japan, however, where liver transplantation from brain-dead donor is performed very rarely, this indication has been expanded to emergency cases such as fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with FHF were treated between May 1992 and April 1999. Causes of acute liver failure were non-A, non-B hepatitis in 27 patients, hepatitis B virus in seven, and hepatitis A virus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, and chrome poisoning in one each. RESULTS: Four patients did not undergo LDLT because of severe brain damage or combined multiple organ failure. The remaining 34 patients underwent a total of 36 LDLTs, including two retransplantations; 16 children received transplants of 17 lateral segments, three children and eight adults transplants of 11 left lobes, and seven adults transplants of eight right lobes. A total of 15 recipients died, four of primary graft dysfunction, three of refractory acute rejection, two of pneumonia, and one each of ductopenic rejection, sepsis, aplastic anemis, recurrence of Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis, multiple organ failure by chrome poisoning, and unknown hepatic failure. Primary graft dysfunction developed in adult recipients with small-for-size graft transplants, whereas refractory acute rejection and ductopenic rejection occurred in six grafts each of children with non-A, non-B FHF. CONCLUSIONS: LDLT can be safely expanded to cases of FHF in adult patients. Primary graft dysfunction in adult recipients with small-for-size left lobe grafts can be overcome by using right lobes. However, refractory acute rejection and ductopenic rejection in children remain a major problem.     

急诊成人右半肝活体肝移植治疗重型肝炎九例报告

目的 探讨急诊成人右半肝活体肝移植治疗重型肝炎的疗效。方法 2002年9月至2005年8月期间共施行急诊成人右半肝活体肝移植治疗重型肝炎患者9例,回顾性分析所有患者的临床和随访资料。结果 9例患者术前肝功能均为Child C级,MELD评分为26．74-8．8,术前主要并发症为肝性脑病5例,严重电解质紊乱3例,肾功能衰竭2例,消化道出血1例。供、受者手术均顺利。术后主要并发症：急性肾功能衰竭3例,肺部感染2例,肝移植相关性脑病1例。未出现原发性肝脏无功能及血管、胆道系统并发症。1年生存率为55．6％。全组供者未出现严重并发症及死亡。结论 急诊成人活体肝移植治疗重症乙型肝炎可明显提高患者生存率,供者术前评估必须充分以确保安全。     

Is Liver Transplantation Advisable for Isoniazid Fulminant Hepatitis in Active Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis?

Antituberculous treatment is a well-known cause of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). This could lead to liver transplantation as the only possible treatment, which on the other hand could be contraindicated due to active tuberculosis. The risk of aggressive dissemination of the disease after transplantation is not clearly determined by the current second-line antituberculous therapies. We report a case of vertebral tuberculosis treated with rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide. He developed an FHF that was treated with urgent liver transplantation. Despite the immunosuppression, the disease was well controlled with ciprofloxacin, ethambutol and streptomycin and the patient is in good health 23 months after transplantation. In conclusion, active extrapulmonary tuberculosis should perhaps be considered for liver transplantation when FHF develops due to anti-tuberculous drugs.