The role of exercise in the treatment of cardiovascular disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been studied extensively over the past two decades. Although the primary treatment aim for patients with type 2 diabetes is metabolic control, the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease is more a function of cardiovascular disease. As exercise is associated with favourable reductions in the risk for cardiovascular disease in other high-risk populations, here we explore the role of exercise in the treatment of cardiovascular maladaptations associated with type 2 diabetes.The cardiovascular adaptation to type 2 diabetes is characterised by hypertrophy, stiffening and loss of functional reserve. Clinically, the cardiovascular adaptations to the diabetic state are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Functionally, these adaptations have been shown to contribute to a reduced exercise capacity, which may explain the reduced cardiovascular fitness observed in this population.Exercise training is associated with improved exercise capacity in various populations, including type 2 diabetes. Several structural and functional adaptations within the cardiovascular system following exercise training could explain these findings, such as reductions in ventricular and vascular structural hypertrophy and compliance coupled with increased functional reserve. Although these cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic exercise training have been well documented in older populations with similar decrements in cardiovascular fitness and function, they have yet to be examined in patients with type 2 diabetes. For this reason, we contend that exercise training may be an excellent therapeutic adjunct in the treatment of diabetic cardiovascular disease.     

HDL atheroprotection by aerobic exercise training in type 2 diabetes mellitus

PURPOSE: In this study we analyzed the role played by aerobic exercise training in the plasma lipoprotein profile, prebeta 1-HDL concentration, and in the in vitro HDL3 ability to remove cholesterol from macrophages and inhibit LDL oxidation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and control subjects, in the fasting and postprandial states. METHODS: Healthy controls (HTC, N = 11; 1 M/10 F) and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT, N = 11; 3M/8F) were engaged in a 4-month aerobic training program, and compared with a group of sedentary subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMS, N = 10; 4 M/6 F). All groups were submitted to an oral fat load test to analyze all parameters, both at the beginning of the investigation protocol (basal) and at the end of the study period (final). RESULTS: Exercising did not modify body weight, BMI, plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), glucose, insulin, or HOMA-IR, but it reduced the waist circumference. The HDL3 composition did not change, and its ability to remove cell cholesterol was unaltered by aerobic training. In DMT but not in HTC, aerobic training improved 15% the HDL3 protective effect against LDL maximal oxidation rate in the fasting state, and reduced 24% the plasma prebeta 1-HDL concentration in the postprandial state, suggesting an enhanced prebeta 1-HDL conversion into larger, more mature HDL particles. In this regard, regular aerobic exercise enriched HDL2 with TG in the fasting and postprandial states in HTC and in the fasting phase in DMT. CONCLUSION: Our results show that aerobic exercise training in diabetes mellitus improves the HDL efficiency against LDL oxidation and favors HDL maturation. These findings were independent of changes in insulin resistance and of the rise of plasma HDL cholesterol concentration.     

2型糖尿病患者合并缺血性脑血管病的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者发生缺血性脑血管病的危险因素。方法选取120例T2DM患者,其中合并缺血性脑血管病变者51例,无缺血性脑血管病变者69例,检测相关指标并进行分析。结果两组相比,DM病程、吸烟史、HDL-C、FPG、HbA1C、血压、高敏C反应蛋白（hsC-RP）存在统计学差异（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。多因素回归分析显示糖尿病病程、FPG、hsC-RP与T2DM合并缺血性脑血管病呈正相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论 hsC-RP、FPG和糖尿病病程是促使T2DM并发缺血性脑血管病的独立危险因素。     

The effect of two exercise modalities on skeletal muscle capillary ultrastructure in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is associated with microvascular dysfunction, but little is known about how capillary ultrastructure is affected by exercise training. To investigate the effect of two types of exercise training on skeletal muscle capillary ultrastructure and capillarization in individuals with type 2 diabetes, 21 individuals with type 2 diabetes were allocated (randomized controlled trial) to 11 weeks of aerobic exercise training consisting of either moderate‐intensity endurance training (END; n = 10) or low‐volume high‐intensity interval training (HIIT; n = 11). Skeletal muscle biopsies (m vastus lateralis) were obtained before and after the training intervention. At baseline, there was no difference in capillarization, capillary structure, and exercise hyperemia between the two groups. After the training intervention, capillary‐to‐fiber ratio increased by 8% ± 3% in the END group (P < 0.05) and was unchanged in the HIIT group with no difference between groups. Endothelium thickness increased (P < 0.05), basement membrane thickness decreased (P < 0.05), and the capillary lumen tended (P = 0.07) to increase in the END group, whereas these structural indicators were unchanged after HIIT. In contrast, skeletal muscle endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) increased after HIIT (P < 0.05), but not END, whereas there was no change in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐2, or NADPH oxidase after both training protocols. In contrast to END training, HIIT did not alter capillarization or capillary structure in individuals with type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, HIIT appears to be a less effective strategy to treat capillary rarefaction and reduce basement thickening in type 2 diabetes.     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者临床和冠脉造影特点分析

目的探讨冠心病（CHD）合并2型糖尿病（DM）患者的临床和冠脉造影特点。方法选择经冠脉造影证实的冠心病患者515例，根据是否合并糖尿病将其分为糖尿病组（353例）和非糖尿病组（162例），比较两组患者的临床和冠脉造影资料。结果合并2型糖尿病的冠心病患者发生高血压和急性心肌梗死的比例明显高于非糖尿病的冠心病患者（P〈0．01），前者血甘油三酯水平也明显高于后者（P〈0．01）。冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者多发生多支病变，左主干病变也明显高于非糖尿病者（P〈0．01）。结论冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者临床和冠脉病变复杂。     

2型糖尿病患者冠心病冠脉造影与心电图特点分析

目的:探讨2型糖尿病患者冠心病冠脉造影及心电图特点。方法:203例患者按照冠心病的临床分类分为心梗组与非心梗组,对冠脉造影及心电图结果进行分析。结果:心梗组患者冠脉造影狭窄血管总数明显高于非心梗组(62.8%对53.3%,P<0.01),且三支血管病变多(50.0%对26.5%,P<0.01),病变血管完全闭塞比例高(23.0%对12.4%,P<0.01);而单支血管病变(14.4%对28.3%,P<0.05)和血管狭窄程度<50%的比例(4.9%对14.1%,P<0.01)均低于非心梗组。两组之间的狭窄病变分布部位,弥漫受累血管总数,弥漫病变分布部位及各分支弥漫受累比例差异均无统计学意义。心电图分析结果示心梗组的病理性Q波出现率明显高于非心梗组(67.8%8%对19.5%,P<0.01)且T波倒置多(74.4%对59.3%,P<0.05)而ST段改变两组差异无显著性意义(43.3%对46.9%,P>0.01)。结论:2型糖尿病冠心病在冠脉造影上心梗组较非心梗组冠状动脉狭窄病变支数多及其狭窄程度严重,病变的分布部位及弥漫性受累血管总数差异不显著。心电图是2型糖尿病冠心病的一种简单有效的筛选方法,但存在一定的假阳性率和假阴性率。     

2型糖尿病患者发生冠心病的相关危险因素

 目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者发生冠心病的相关危险因素。方法 选择2型糖尿病216例,根据是否合并冠心病分为单纯2型糖尿病组(n=119)和2型糖尿病合并冠心病组(n=97),分别检测两组的尿微量白蛋白与肌酐比值(urinary albumin creatinine ratio, UACR),游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid, FFA),同型半胱氨酸(Homocysteine, Hcy),logistic 回归分析2型糖尿病患者发生冠心病的危险因素。结果 与单纯2型糖尿病组比较,2型糖尿病合并冠心病组的FFA、UACR、Hcy,明显升高[(0.80±0.35)mmol/L vs(0.53±0.20)mmol/L,P=0.035; (65.80±7.50)mg/g vs (40.99±6.07) mg/g,P=0.029;(19.36±6.33)μmol/L vs (12.93±7.07)μmol/L,P=0.033]。多因素logistic 回归分析显示,FFA (OR=2.335,95%CI:1.770~4.018,P=0.018)、UACR(OR=1.166,95%CI:1.082~2.330,P=0.032)、Hcy (OR=2.113,95%CI:1.810~3.770,P=0.026)为2型糖尿病患者发生冠心病的危险因素。结论 FFA、UACR、Hcy均为2型糖尿病患者发生冠心病的相关危险因素,应对这部分人群进行积极的干预和治疗。     

2型糖尿病合并大量蛋白尿患者临床病理分析

目的 分析2型糖尿病合并大量蛋白尿患者肾穿刺活检病理类型及临床特征.方法 选取北部战区总医院肾内科自2015年6月至2020年5月收治的235例2型糖尿病合并大量蛋白尿患者为研究对象.根据2型糖尿病肾损伤病理类型将其分为糖尿病肾病(DKD)组(n=62)与非糖尿病肾病(NDKD)组(n=173).记录并比较两组患者的病...     

自我效能干预对2型糖尿病患者自我管理行为的影响

 目的 探讨自我效能干预对2型糖尿病患者自我管理行为的影响。方法 采用整群抽样的方法,抽取农村2型糖尿病患者104例,随机分成干预组和对照组。采用自我管理行为问卷对两组患者进行评估,并检测两组空腹血糖及餐后2 h血糖。对照组给予常规治疗及健康教育,干预组给予基于自我效能理论的系统干预,包括饮食、运动、血糖监测、足部护理、药物、戒烟等6个方面。共干预6 个月,在干预3、6个月时,分别对两组进行评估并比较。结果 干预前,两组糖尿病患者的自我管理行为、空腹血糖及餐后血糖差异均无统计学意义。干预后,干预组患者自我管理行为各维度均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预组患者空腹血糖及餐后2 h血糖低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 自我效能干预可有效提高2型糖尿病患者的自我管理行为,有利于控制血糖。     

Comparison of strength development with resistance training and combined exercise training in type 2 diabetes

Resistance training has been shown to increase strength in type 2 diabetes; however, it is unclear if combining resistance and aerobic training (A + R) impedes strength development compared with resistance training only (R). The purpose of this study was to compare changes in strength with A + R vs R in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We evaluated monthly workload increments in participants from the Diabetes Aerobic and Resistance Exercise clinical trial. Muscular strength was assessed through training volumes and as the eight repetition maximum (8‐RM) at 0, 3, and 6 months. Both groups increased their upper and lower body volumes monthly for 6 months. The relative increase in upper body workload in R was significantly greater than A + R at 4 months (161 ± 11% vs 127 ± 11%, P = 0.009) and at 6 months of training (177 ± 11% vs 132 ± 11%, P = 0.008). Both groups had improvements in 8‐RM workloads at 3 and 6 months. The resistance training group had a significantly greater improvement in 8‐RM on the leg press at 6 months compared with A + R (80 ± 11% vs 58 ± 8%, P = 0.045). Both R and A + R improved strength with a 6‐month training program; however, increases in strength may be greater with resistance training alone compared with performing both aerobic and resistance training.     

2型糖尿病肾病危险因素分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者糖尿病肾病相关危险因素。方法对132例2型糖尿病患者据24h尿白蛋白排泄率分为DN0组、DN组、DN1组、DN2组并进行临床分析。结果①DN组患者女性的比例、SBP和HOMA-IR较DN0组高,DN2组患者中糖尿病病程、HbA1c、SBP、DBP和HOMA-IR等指标均高于DN0和DN1组（P〈0.05）;②TG和LDL-C与DN正相关（P〈0.05）;③女性、TC、HOMA-IR、UA与DN正相关（P〈0.01）,HDL-C与DN负相关（P〈0.01）。结论5年以上糖尿病病程、血糖、血脂、尿酸等代谢紊乱、高血压、胰岛素抵抗及女性可能是T2DM患者DN的危险因素。     

An intervention to reduce excess body weight in adults with or at risk for type 2 diabetes

Overweight and obesity increase risk for type 2 diabetes, which, in turn, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); therefore, effective interventions to control body weight have the potential to prevent many cases of diabetes and CVD in the United States. However, few randomized controlled trials have shown that behavioral interventions can control body weight in persons with diabetes or at risk for diabetes. Therefore, the authors conducted a clinic-based randomized controlled trial, testing whether a comprehensive behavioral intervention could reduce weight, total cholesterol, and blood pressure (BP) in persons with two or more risk factors for diabetes and/or CVD. Approximately 50% of the participants had diabetes at baseline. Intervention participants had significantly greater reductions in weight and systolic BP than control participants, who received usual care. Among participants with nonelevated baseline values of total cholesterol and diastolic BP, intervention participants also had significantly greater reductions in these risk factors.     

2型糖尿病并缺血性脑血管疾病患者脑动脉狭窄的影像学研究

目的:利用全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)观察2型糖尿病(病程≤5年)并缺血性脑血管疾病患者脑动脉狭窄的特点,为糖尿病并缺血性脑血管疾病的二级预防提供科学依据。方法:258例缺血性脑血管疾病患者接受计算机断层血管造影(CTA)检查,根据WHO1999年糖尿病诊断标准,分为糖尿病组(DM组)和非糖尿病组(NDM组),观察两组动脉狭窄发生率、动脉狭窄病变分布及动脉狭窄程度等内容。结果:DM组动脉狭窄发生率为76.71%,而NDM组动脉狭窄发生率为58.82%,差异显著。两组动脉病变均以多支狭窄为主,DM组多支动脉狭窄率占79.25%,而NDM组占49.00%,差异显著。两组动脉狭窄程度差异不显著。结论:糖尿病患者更易发生脑动脉狭窄,且狭窄范围更广泛、多发。病程5年之内的糖尿病并缺血性脑血管疾病动脉狭窄程度以中度狭窄为主。     

The impact of exercise training intensity on change in physiological function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Pulmonary rehabilitation incorporating exercise training is an effective method of enhancing physiological function and quality of life for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite the traditional belief that exercise is primarily limited by the inability to adequately increase ventilation to meet increased metabolic demands in these patients, significant deficiencies in muscle function, oxygen delivery and cardiac function are observed that contribute to exercise limitation. Because of this multifactorial exercise limitation, defining appropriate exercise training intensities is difficult. The lack of a pure cardiovascular limitation to exercise prohibits the use of training guidelines that are based on cardiovascular factors such as oxygen consumption or heart rate.Current recommendations for exercise training intensity for patients with COPD include exercising at a 'maximally tolerable level', at an intensity corresponding with 50% of peak oxygen consumption (V-O2peak), or at 60-80% of peak power output obtained on a symptom-limited exercise tolerance test. In general, it appears that higher intensity training elicits greater physiological change than lower intensity training; however, there is no consensus as to the exercise training intensity that elicits the greatest physiological benefit while remaining tolerable to patients.The 'optimal' intensity of training likely depends upon the individual goals of each patient. If the goal is to increase the ability to sustain tasks that are currently able to be performed, lower to moderate-intensity training is likely to be sufficient. If the goal of training, however, is to increase the ability to perform tasks that are above the current level of tolerance, higher intensity training is likely to elicit greater performance increases. In order to perform higher intensity exercise, an interval training model is likely required. High-intensity interval training involves significant anaerobic energy utilisation and, therefore, may better mimic the physiological requirements of activities of daily living. Also, high-intensity interval training is tolerable to patients and may, in fact, reduce the degree of dyspnoea and dynamic hyperinflation through a reduced ventilatory demand. Another factor that will determine the optimal intensity of training is the relative contribution of ventilatory limitation to exercise tolerance. If peak exercise tolerance is limited by a patient's ability to increase ventilation, it is possible that interval training at an intensity higher than peak will elicit greater muscular adaptation than an intensity at or below peak power on an incremental exercise test. More research is required to determine the optimal training intensity for pulmonary rehabilitation patients.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病合并肺部感染患者的综合护理干预

糖尿病早在二千年前《内经》就有记载，并随着经济发展和人均生活水平的提高，糖尿病及其并发症已成为日趋严重危害人类健康的头号大敌。而肺部感染是糖尿病的常见并发症，也是糖尿病死亡的重要原因之一。     

绝经后女性2型糖尿病患者骨代谢研究

目的探讨绝经后女性2型糖尿病患者骨代谢及生化指标的特征。方法对我院内分泌科住院44例中老年女性2型糖尿病患者（均为绝经后）的骨代谢及相关指标进行检测。糖尿病患者根据病程分为糖尿病1组（糖尿病病程10年以下）及糖尿病2组（糖尿病病程10年以上,含10年）;根据糖化血红蛋白水平（HbA1c）分为糖尿病3组（HbA1c〈8％）及糖尿病4组（HbA1c≥8％）。同时选取我院50例体检健康女性作为对照组。结果①糖尿病组25-羟维生素D3、I型前胶原氨基末端（C端）前肽（PICP）及估计肾小球滤过率（eGFR）明显低于正常对照组,而抗酒石酸碱性磷酸酶（TrACP一5b）N显较正常对照组升高,且有统计学差异fP〈O．05）。②糖尿病2组患者血I型前胶原氨基末端（N端）前肽fPINP）、PICP和eGFR水平明显低于糖尿病1组患者（P〈0．051,而TrACP-5b水平高于糖尿病1组,雌二醇（estradiol,E）、25-羟维生素D,则无明显统计学差异。③糖尿病3组血PINP、PICP和eGFR明显高于糖尿病4组,TrACP-5b低于糖尿病4组,差异存在统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（4）HbAlc和eGFR与PINP、PICP和TrACP-5b存在显著相关性（相关系数〉0．3）,而雌二醇与PINP、PICP、25-羟维生素D3、TrACP-5b无明显相关性。结论（1）2型糖尿病患者的骨形成降低,而骨吸收增加,肾脏出现较重的损害,这提示糖尿病患者的骨质形成减弱、骨质破坏增加。②随着糖尿病病程的延长,患者的骨质形成速率减慢,骨吸收增加,肾脏损害加重。③血糖控制不佳会对骨的形成及骨质的吸收产生影响,而肾脏损害亦是加重发生骨质疏松的重要因素,因而严格的血糖控制可有效延缓骨质疏松进展。