大鼠四氧化二氮中毒后多焦视网膜电图改变

目的:研究大鼠在航天推进剂四氧化二氮染毒后多焦视网膜电图改变.方法:正常雄性winstar大鼠,用15mg四氧化二氮溶液ip染毒,1h及7d检查的大鼠为6～10只,在晚上固定时间进行苯巴比妥钠溶液ip麻醉及多焦视网膜电图检查.用Microsof Excel自带的统计软件对数据进行分析.结果:四氧化二氮15mg染毒后1h组的大鼠与正常大鼠的MERG的总和波及各环b波的潜伏期的差异具有显著意义(P值0.005～0.034,P＜0.05);染毒后7d的大鼠与正常大鼠MERG的总和波及各环b波的潜伏期的差异没有显著意义;两组染毒大鼠与正常大鼠MERG的总和波及各环b波的波幅值的差异均无显著意义.染毒后1h组与染毒后7d组之间的MERG的总和波及各环b波的潜伏期的差异其部分指标具有显著意义(P值0.006～0.017,P＜0.05),其余部分指标的差异无显著意义;而两组之间波幅值的差异无显著意义.结论:1h及7d四氧化二氮染毒大鼠的MERG潜伏期的差异其部分指标具有显著意义,MERG总和波及各环b波潜伏期有不同程度的差异,其影响随着时间延长而减弱.     

无视网膜病变的糖尿病患者多焦视网膜电图的变化

目的通过采用多焦视网膜电图（mfERG）对正常对照组、尚未出现视网膜病变的糖尿病患者进行检测，了解mfERG发现糖尿病早期视功能变化的能力。方法采用mfERG进行视功能检测，所有受检者分为33例（33只眼）正常对照组以及63例（63只眼）糖尿病组，其中糖尿病组患者均无视网膜病变。对2组mfERG中N1波与P1波的反应密度与潜伏期进行比较。结果mfERG在糖尿病视网膜病变发生前已有异常，主要表现为环1、环2的P1波反应密度以及环1-环3与环5的N1波反应密度降低。结论mfERG能够在糖尿病视网膜病变出现之前，客观定量地发现早期视功能的变化程度与范围。     

小型猪多焦视网膜电图的记录方法及特点

目的 研究小型猪多焦视网膜电图（multifocal electroretinogram,mfERG）的记录方法及特点.方法 应用罗兰电生理系统中的RETI scan软件对5只小型猪正常眼行mfERG检查,记录波形成分并进行统计学处理.结果 对P1波各项指标进行统计学分析见第1～6环反应密度逐渐下降,波幅值逐渐升高;N1波幅值和潜伏期差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;P1波上半野反应密度和波幅值较下半野高,峰潜时值较短;N1波上半野波幅值较下半野高,峰潜时值较长.结论 应用mfERG对实验动物进行检查,可以客观评估动物视网膜后极部功能变化.     

近视对多焦视网膜电图一阶反应的影响

目的 观察不同程度近视对多焦视网膜电图（mfERG）一阶六环反应参数的影响。 方法 对矫正视力≥1.0的轻、中、高度近视以及正视眼受试者各20例进行103个位点刺激的mfERG检查，纳入受检者年龄13~20岁。分析mfERG一阶六环反应N1、P1、N2波的反应密度和潜伏期。 结果 近视受检者随着近视程度的增加，mfERG一阶六环反应各个环N1、P1、N2各波的反应密度均逐渐降低（P均<0.05），而潜伏期无显著性差异（P均>0.05）。 结论 近视使mfERG一阶六环反应的反应密度减低。 (中华眼底病杂志, 2006, 22: 103-105)     

多焦视网膜电图检测糖尿病早期视功能的变化

目的：了解多焦视网膜电图（mfERG）在糖尿病患早期视功能的变化规律。方法：将所有被检分为正常对照组（33例）、糖尿病无视网膜病变组（63例）以及单纯期糖尿病视网膜病变组（43例）。采用mfERG对上述3组进行检测,比较3组mfERG一阶反应N1波与P1波的潜伏期与反应密度。结果：在糖尿病无视网膜病变组中,N1波与P1波反应密度低于正常对照组,异常范围位于环1一环3。其中P。波反应密度在单纯期糖尿病视网膜病变组中进一步降低。N1波与P1波的潜伏期在糖尿病无视网膜病变组中的变化无统计学意义,在糖尿病视网膜病变组中延长,异常范围扩大到环4与环5。结论：mfERG在糖尿病视网膜病变出现之前已发生异常变化,且能够定量地反映随着病情的进展,视功能的损害程度及范围。     

亚临床期糖尿病视网膜病变的 mfERG 及危险因素的临床观察

目的（1）应用多焦视网膜电图（mfERG）的一阶反应研究亚临床期糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）患者与正常人的视网膜功能,分析两组之间的差异。（2）探讨糖化血红蛋白、血脂及糖尿病病程与mfERG异常变化之间的关系,筛选出亚临床期DR患者的相关危险因素。方法选择已确诊为2型糖尿病的患者40例（75只眼）为实验组,健康体检者20例（36只眼）作为对照组。所有受检者均行多焦视网膜电图检查并且对40WGQJ2型糖尿病患者行糖化血红蛋白、血脂等相关指标检测,对结果进行统计学分析。结果（1）亚临床期DR患者P1波的振幅表现为环1到环5明显降低,P1波的潜伏期表现为环3到环5显著延迟。（2）亚临床期DR患者的N1波振幅表现为环3及环4振幅降低,N1波潜伏期表现为环5显著延迟。（3）糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇与亚临床期DR患者mfERG振幅的降低相关。结论（1）mfERG在亚临床期DR中表现为振幅降低及潜伏期延长,mfERG能在早期客观的评价视网膜的功能。（2）mfERG P1波振幅的降低与糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇相关,故亚临床期DR 患者糖化血红蛋白、血脂的控制,对于预防及延缓DR的发生发展有重要作用。     

特发性视网膜前膜患者的多焦视网膜电图改变

目的:应用多焦视网膜电图(multifocalelectroretinogram,mfERG)对正常对照眼和特发性视网膜前膜眼进行检测并比较两者之间的差异。方法:用VERISScience4.0视诱发反应图像系统对17例(20只眼)正常对照者和15例(19只眼)特发性视网膜前膜患者进行检测。结果:特发性视网膜前膜患者皆出现程度不同多焦视网膜电图异常,与正常对照组的比较显示视网膜前膜组1～6环的P1波反应密度值和1～6环的N1波潜伏期与正常对照组有显著性差异,视力与第一环振幅无相关但与第一环的潜伏期存在相关。结论:多焦视网膜电图可用于对特发性视网膜前膜患者进行视功能评估。     

早期原发性慢性闭角型青光眼多焦视网膜电图的变化

目的:观察早期原发性慢性闭角型青光眼(PACG)多焦视网膜电图的变化,评估闭角型青光眼高眼压对视网膜功能的早期影响。方法:采用罗兰RETIscan(Version 3.15)多焦电生理系统对20例原发性闭角型青光眼患者和20位正常人进行mfERG检查。mfERG的分析对象为多焦电生理产生的鼻上(SN)、鼻下(IN)、颞下(IT)、颞上(ST)4个象限、6环以及总和反应的波形,对总和反应平均密度、P1和N1的潜伏期结果用SPSS13.0软件进行统计学分析。结果:PACG组P1和N1波的总和反应平均密度分别为23.33±8.67,9.12±2.74nV/deg2。PACG组P1波和N1波总和反应平均密度较正常组明显降低(P<0.05)。PACG组SN,IN,IT和ST象限P1反应波平均密度分别为24.89±10.18,24.64±9.27,23.79±7.97,21.45±7.88nV/deg2,较正常组明显降低(P<0.05),两组N1反应波平均密度无明显差异。PACG组R1~R6P1,R1,2,3,5N1反应波平均密度分别为60.23±27.76,46.90±19.85,37.86±15.14,30.25±11.52,22.45±9.59,18.58±6.56,18.92±9.72,13.78±6.26,11.29±4.63,6.90±2.51nV/deg2,较正常组明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:早期受到眼压变化的影响PACG可以出现mfERG的特征变化,总和反应平均密度明显降低,各象限和6环P1波以及内3环N1波反应的平均密度降低。     

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变OCT与mfERG图像的相关性

目的利用光学相干断层扫描（OCT）与多焦视网膜电图（mfERG）分析中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变（csc）患者的OCT与mfERG图像的关系。方法横断面研究。应用德国CarlZeissCirrusHD-OCT及美国EDI VERIS Science^TM4．9视诱发反应图像系统对40只急性期CSC眼（40例）进行检查。将CSC患者OCT黄斑厚度图三个环的视网膜平均厚度与相对应的多焦视网膜电图（mfERG）的1＋2环、3环、4环的N1、P1波的平均反应密度和峰时间进行比较,并将黄斑区体积、总的黄斑中心凹的厚度、视网膜下液高度、视网膜下液范围和中心凹神经上皮厚度与mfERG6个环的N1、P1波反应密度和潜伏期比较分析。采用Spearman秩相关进行数据分析。结果CSC患者OCT内环、中环、外环的视网膜平均厚度与mfERG1＋2环、3环、4环的N1、P1波的峰时间呈正相关。黄斑区体积、总的黄斑中心凹的厚度、视网膜下液高度和视网膜下液范围与mfERG的N1、P1波反应密度和峰时间有显著的相关性。结论CSC患者的黄斑平均视网膜厚度及积液情况与mfERG之间有一定的相关性,可用OCT测量黄斑区视网膜下液的积液量,尤其是用积液范围来评估黄斑区视网膜功能的改变。OCT与mfERG的检测可以综合评价CSC患者的形态与功能的变化。     

补肾活血中药对慢性高眼压模型大鼠视功能损害的干预作用

目的:探讨补肾活血中药对大鼠慢性高眼压(elevated in-traocular pressure,EIOP)模型视功能损害的干预作用和机制。方法:采用烙闭上巩膜静脉法,制作大鼠EIOP模型,随机分为5组:模型对照组,补肾活血高、中、低剂量组,空白对照组。连续灌胃8wk末处死大鼠,观察其对EIOP大鼠眼压(intraocular pressure,IOP),多焦视网膜电图(multifocal electroretinogram,mfERG)和视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cell,RGC)病理形态学变化的影响。结果:造模后大鼠IOP明显升高,在造模后8wkIOP为造模前的3倍,补肾活血有轻度的降眼压的作用;对大鼠mfERG一阶函数核(first order kernel,FOK)的总波及1,2,3,4环P1波反应密度、总波P1波峰潜时、2环及3环N1波反应密度,3环、4环N1波峰潜时有恢复。结论:补肾活血中药可改善大鼠慢性EIOP模型的视功能,有助于mfERG反应密度和波峰潜时的恢复。     

Influence of N2O4 on multifocal electroretinogram in winstar mice

AIM: To record multifocal electroretinogram from different dosage of N2O4 injected mice. In order to provide a foundation for further study. METHODS: Normal winstar mice which were injected by different dosage of N2O4 were studied for recording multifocal electroretinogram in the same time in the evening after N2O4 injection. RESULTS: The latency and amplitude density of "b" wave of each ring of multifocal electroretinogram was studied. The latency of "b" wave of each ring of multifocal electroretinogram of each group varies to each other. But the difference of the amplitude of "b" wave of multifocal electroretinogram of each ring between each group had no significance. CONCLUSION: Recording multifocal electroretinogram of N2O4 injected mice will give more support for further study in related science and clinic research.     

四氧化二氮对大鼠图形视觉诱发电位的影响

目的:研究大鼠在航天推进剂四氧化二氮染毒后的图形视觉诱发电位改变。方法:正常雄性Winstar大鼠分3组,每组6~10只,其中一组用7.5mg、一组用15mg的四氧化二氮溶液进行ip染毒,一组为正常对照,每组均在晚上固定的时间进行图形视觉诱发电位检查。用SPSS10.0统计软件对数据进行分析。结果:正常大鼠与染毒大鼠之间及两组染毒大鼠之间的图形视觉诱发电位p100波的潜伏期的差异无统计学意义;正常大鼠与染毒大鼠之间及两组染毒大鼠之间的图形视觉诱发电位p100波的波幅值的差异亦无统计学意义。结论:四氧化二氮染毒对大鼠图形视觉诱发电位p100波具有一定程度的影响,表现为潜伏期稍延长,波幅值在剂量低时稍升高,剂量高时则降低,而且它们的变异多加大,其影响与染毒剂量有关,剂量大者,其变异更明显。但是其差异均无统计学意义。     

Retinocortical time exhibits spatial selectivity

We recorded simultaneous electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials to pattern-reversal stimulus in ten normal subjects employing check sizes subtending 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 min of visual arc. The mean peak latency of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) b wave decreased logarithmically with increasing check size. The mean peak latency of the pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP) P100 component was shortest for 30 min check size and was longer at both smaller and larger check sizes, a phenomenon termed spatial selectivity. Retinocortical time (RCT) was calculated as the latency difference between the PVEP P100 peak and the PERG b wave. The RCT also exhibited spatial selectivity similar to that of the PVEP P100 component; mean RCT was shortest for 30 min check size and was longer at both smaller and larger check sizes. Implications are discussed in light of our current knowledge of the origins of the PERG and PVEP and visual processing of pattern-reversal stimuli. Simultaneous recording of PERGs and PVEPs in patients with disease of the afferent visual pathways employing a large range of check sizes may increase the diagnostic sensitivity of visual electrophysiologic testing.     

三个时期糖尿病视网膜病变多焦视网膜电图的差异

目的研究三个时期糖尿病视网膜病变的多焦视网膜电图特征及其临床意义。方法采用VERISⅣ视觉诱发反应图像系统测量和分析了34例非增殖期、15例增殖前期和15例增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变的多焦视网膜电图的差异。结果与正常对照眼比较,增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变,多焦视网膜电图的N     

Retest variability and diurnal effects in the pattern electroretinogram

Pattern electroretinograms were recorded to phase-reversing checkerboard stimuli with DTL electrodes under conditions close to those of the ISCEV pattern electroretinogram guidelines. Both transient (2 reversals/s) and steady-state (16 reversals/s) stimulation was used. The check sizes were 0.4°, 0.8° and 16°; the mean luminance 45 cd/m², the contrast 98%, and the field size 32°×27°. In 42 eyes of 21 subjects, measurements were repeated at the same time of day after 1 week. For each eye, the intersession coefficient of variation was calculated as a measure of reproducibility. We found a coefficient of variation (±standard deviation) of 7%±5% for the amplitude of the steady-state pattern electroretinogram, 9.5%±7% for the transient pattern electroretinogram and 1.5%±2% for the latency of the transient pattern electroretinogram. To assess the diurnal variability, during a 15-h period, three pattern electroretinograms were recorded in 10 subjects. No relationship was found between the P50 latency and the time of day. However, the mean amplitude showed a maximum in the morning (9∶30 am) and a minimum in the afternoon (2∶30 pm). This small effect (about 7%, p<0.001) was more pronounced for N95 and steady-state amplitudes than for P50 amplitudes (p<0.01). Diurnal contributions to the pattern electroretinogram ranged between 3% and 10%. We conclude that pattern electroretinogram amplitude reproduces within ±10% with a probability of 70%. The effect size of the diurnal variation is similar and might be relevant for longitudinal studies.     

Electro-oculographic and electroretinographic studies in HNPCC gene mutation carriers

PURPOSE: To assess retinal function in HNPCC gene mutation carriers. PATIENTS: 19 carriers (38 eyes) of HNPCC genes and controls. METHODS: Electro-oculogram, standard flash electroretinogram and pattern electroretinogram (PERG) recordings were performed. RESULTS: In the total group of HNPCC gene mutation carriers examined by oscillatory potentials, reduced amplitude (p < 0.0004) and increased latency (p < 0.04) of the O3 wave and increased latency (p < 0.02) of the O4 wave were found. In the subgroup of carriers with hMLH1 gene mutation, reduced amplitudes of the O3 (p < 0.0005) and O4 (p < 0.04) waves were identified. In the total group of HNPCC gene mutation carriers examined by PERG, reduced amplitudes of the P50 (p < 0.003), N95 (p < 0.02) and abnormal N95/P50 ratio (p < 0.02) were revealed. In the subgroup of hMLH1 gene mutation carriers, reduced amplitude of the P50 (p < 0.04) and abnormal N95/P50 ratio (p < 0.02) were observed, whereas in the hMSH2 gene mutation carrier subgroup, reduced amplitude (p < 0.03), shortened latency of the P50 wave (p < 0.02) and reduced amplitude of the N95 wave (p < 0.03) were found. CONCLUSION: Constitutional dysfunction of the inner retina appears to be a characteristic feature of HNPCC gene mutation carriers.     

Abnormalities of the electroretinogram and visual-evoked potential in vitamin E deficient rats.

Flash electroretinograms, retinal oscillatory and cortical visual-evoked potentials were recorded in 10-month vitamin E deficient rats and in age-matched controls. A significant increase in the latency (P less than 0.0001) and decrease in amplitude (P less than 0.0001) of the electroretinogram a- and b-waves were observed in the vitamin E deficient rats compared with controls. The vitamin E deficient rats also showed a significant delay (P less than 0.002) in early oscillatory potentials. No significant group differences were obtained in the P1 latency or P1-N1 amplitude of the visual-evoked potential; however, the N1 peak was significantly delayed (P = 0.01) in the vitamin E deficient rats. This study shows, for the first time, that the electroretinogram and visual-evoked potential to flash stimulation provide a sensitive index for monitoring the visual effects of vitamin E deficiency in the rat.     

Mildly abnormal retinal function in transgenic mice without Müller cell aquaporin-4 water channels

PURPOSE: Immunocytochemistry showed strong aquaporin (AQP)-4 water channel expression in Müller cells in mouse retina and fibrous astrocytes in optic nerve. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that AQP4 is required for vision by comparing electroretinograms and retinal morphology in wild-type mice and transgenic knockout mice with no AQP4. METHODS: Electroretinograms were recorded over a 10(5)-fold range of flash intensities in dark-adapted mice and analyzed for a- and b-wave amplitude and latency, a-wave normalized slope, and oscillatory potential amplitude and latency. AQP4 protein was localized in mouse retina by immunocytochemistry, and retinal morphology was studied by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Significantly reduced electroretinogram b-wave potentials were recorded in 10-month-old null mice with smaller changes in 1-month-old mice. Immunocytochemistry showed strong AQP4 protein expression in retina of wild-type mice. Morphologic analysis of retina by light and electron microscopy showed no differences in retinal ultrastructure. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal function is mildly impaired in AQP4-null mice, suggesting a role for AQP4 in Müller cell fluid balance. These results support the paradigm that AQP4 expression in supportive cells in the nervous system facilitates neural signal transduction in nearby electrically excitable cells.     

视网膜色素变性的视网膜电图与光学相干断层扫描的观察分析

目的:观察视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa,RP)的全视野视网膜电图(global electroretinogram,ERG)、多焦视网膜电图(multifocal electroretinogram,mfERG)及视网膜光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)的图像特征及临床意义。方法:对临床确诊的RP患者组15例30眼和正常对照组15例30眼进行全视野ERG,mfERG与OCT检查,并对数据进行统计分析。结果:RP患者组全视野ERG显示b波潜伏期与正常对照组相比显著延长且b波振幅与正常对照组相比显著降低;mfERG各环的反应密度均低于正常对照组,且有显著性差异,3～5环的潜伏期与正常对照组相比显著延长。RP患者组OCT显示视网膜黄斑中心凹厚度平均值低于正常对照组,但二者比较,差异无统计学意义。结论:ERG可有效评价RP患者黄斑区及周边视网膜的功能,RP患者OCT断层扫描像与其已知的视网膜病变特点相一致。