北京地区2～6岁儿童睡眠障碍流行病学调查

【目的】了解北京地区2～5岁儿童睡眠障碍的发生情况。【方法】2001年10月～2002年6月间在北京市6个区县随机抽取3131名2～6岁儿童，由专人负责对家长进行儿童睡眠状况问卷调查。【结果】2～6岁各年龄组儿童的平均每日睡眠时间分别为11．38、11．06、10．75、10．60和10．28h。儿童睡眠障碍症状发生率为23．54o,6，其中睡眠频繁鼾症发生率为5．53％，喉头哽咽0．54％，张口呼吸3．32％，睡眠呼吸暂停0．19％，磨牙7．52％，梦呓4．95％，梦游0．38%，睡眠中肢体抽动1．55％，睡眠不安6．32~,5。不同症状的发生率存在性别、年龄和地区的差异。【结论】目前北京市儿童睡眠障碍发生率较高，睡眠时间较前普遍有所减少，应引起北京市儿科、儿保工作人员及儿童家长的重视。     

重庆市城区0～5岁儿童睡眠状况的流行病学调查

【目的】了解重庆城区5岁以下儿童睡眠状况，为培养儿童良好的睡眠习惯提供理论依据。【方法】随机抽取本市2个主要城区1363名0～5岁儿童进行睡眠状况的问卷凋查。【结果】儿童每天总睡眠时间和白天睡眠时间随年龄增长逐渐缩短．夜间睡眠时间逐渐延长，8月龄夜间持续睡眠形成。睡眠昼夜节律于4月龄开始形成。和国内《儿童保健学》和尼氏儿科学比较，重庆城区儿童在3岁前的各年龄段的睡眠时间均减少1h左右。睡眠障碍总患病率为35．22％。女童入睡困难和睡眠节律紊乱的患病率较高。男童打鼾的患病率较高。2岁以下儿童以夜醒、睡眠节律紊乱、入睡过早、夜惊、打鼾、呼吸暂停多见．2岁以上儿童以入睡困难、梦话、磨牙多见。【结论】本市儿童总睡眠时间少于国内外教科书上的参考标准．睡眠障碍的发生率较高。     

中山地区1 837名小学儿童睡眠障碍调查及其相关因素分析

【目的】探讨中山市某小学6～12岁学龄儿童睡眠障碍的发生情况及其相关因素。【方法】2005年11月-2006年2月，中山市城区某小学全部学生共2012名6～12岁学龄儿童为研究对象，对其进行儿童家庭社会环境与睡眠健康问卷调查。【结果】发出调查问卷2012份，符合条件问卷1837份，其中男童984名，女童853名。本组儿童睡眠障碍总发生率为21．9％，其中男、女童分别为24．6％和18．9％，两者差异有非常显著性（x^2=8.726，P〈0．01）;在各种睡眠障碍症状中，男童打鼾和磨牙的发生率显著高于女童（x^2=9．188、11．161，P均〈0．01）。多元逐步回归分析结果表明：父亲存在睡眠障碍、儿童从上床准备睡觉到睡着超过0．5h、儿童的性别是男孩，儿童醒后马上去照顾他（她）、母亲孕期睡眠状况不好、儿童不可以一觉睡天亮、母亲情绪较焦虑或抑郁等7个变量是儿童发生睡眠障碍的主要影响因素（r=0．161，F=10．922，P=0．000）。【结论】本组学龄儿童睡眠障碍发生率较高，其中男童尤为严重，应加强对儿童睡眠障碍的防治工作。     

儿童学业压力居住环境与睡眠障碍关系分析

目的了解武汉市学龄儿童睡眠障碍发生情况及与学业压力、居住环境的关系,为相关政策制定提供依据。方法在武汉市4个行政区各随机抽取1所小学的一～六年级所有健康儿童,由专人负责对其家长进行儿童睡眠状况问卷调查。结果学龄儿童睡眠障碍报告率为71.9%,睡眠焦虑报告率最高为38.0%,其次是夜间磨牙为30.0%。课业负担重、读书感到有压力、学习成绩偏下的学龄儿童睡眠障碍发生率高,差异有统计学意义。居室夜间周围环境、儿童有无独立的卧房、儿童是否有自己的床、儿童平时或周末看电视时间对学龄儿童睡眠障碍发生均有较大影响。结论课业负担重、读书感到有压力的学龄儿童更容易发生睡眠障碍,社会各界应对学龄儿童的睡眠障碍给予足够重视。     

盐城市4202例学龄儿童睡眠状况调查

目的:调查盐城市学龄儿童睡眠状况,探讨提高学龄儿童睡眠质量及预防睡眠障碍的方法。方法:2007年12月,对盐城市区5所小学的4 202名学龄儿童进行睡眠状况问卷调查。结果:盐城市学龄儿童全天睡眠时间为564 m in,不足每天40%的时间,并且随年龄增长睡眠时间逐渐减少,存在差异性。睡眠障碍发生率为54.3%,有午睡习惯儿童的比例为10.7%。结论:盐城市学龄儿童睡眠时间普遍不足,睡眠障碍发生率较高,需要全社会共同努力,采取科学的干预措施促进学龄儿童提高睡眠质量。     

0～5岁儿童睡眠习惯及睡眠障碍的现状研究

【目的】了解我国城市儿童睡眠习惯及睡眠障碍的发生现状，以便引起相关部门重视。【方法】采用分层随机抽样法抽取我国12个省市14883名0～5岁儿童作为研究对象，采用统一问卷对受试儿童家长进行现场调查，应用SAS统计软件进行数据分析。【结果】中国城市0～5岁儿童睡眠障碍总患病率为20．87％。其中入睡困难、磨牙、打鼾发生率较高。儿童睡眠习惯主要存在的问题有：62．48％的儿童与家人或保姆同床睡眠；59．79％睡前需要安慰物;33．08％睡前30min经常看电视;11.22％夜间习惯俯卧位睡姿。【结论】睡眠障碍是当前影响儿童身心健康较为突出的问题，许多障碍根源于儿童早期不良的睡眠习惯。因此，有必要及早为家长提供切实可行的睡眠卫生指导，以预防儿童睡眠障碍的发生，保证儿童良好的睡眠质量。     

无锡市3～12岁儿童睡眠时间与睡眠障碍调查

目的了解无锡市3~12岁儿童睡眠时间及睡眠障碍发生情况,以便为儿童睡眠障碍防治研究提供依据。方法抽取无锡市3个行政区3~12岁健康儿童2 354名,由专人负责对其家长进行儿童睡眠状况问卷调查。结果3~12岁各年龄组儿童的平均每日睡眠时间分别为11.6,11.3,10.9,10.5,9.8,9.6,9.4,9.2,9.1,8.9 h。睡眠障碍症总发生率为25.5%,其中睡眠频繁打鼾发生率为7.8%,喉头哽咽为0.63%,张口呼吸为6.06%,睡眠呼吸暂停为6.43%,磨牙7.7%,梦呓4.2%,梦游6.6%,遗尿1.4%,睡眠中肢体抽动3.2%,睡眠不安6.2%。结论无锡市儿童睡眠时间明显减少,睡眠障碍的发生率较高,儿童睡眠障碍问题应引起重视。     

临沂市农村学龄儿童睡眠问题及相关因素研究

【目的】探讨临沂市农村学龄儿童睡眠问题的发生率及相关因素。【方法】对2004名农村学龄儿童进行调查。父母完成有关儿童睡眠问题、家庭及儿童特征的问卷,教师完成包括修订Conner多动指数、是否在课堂上睡觉及学习成绩的问卷。【结果】父母报告的睡眠问题"有时"或"经常"发生者为:说梦话或梦游占14.2%;睡眠过少占14.0%;睡眠过多占12.5%;梦魇占12.0%;睡眠不好占6.1%;夜间遗尿占4.5%。教师报告9.4%的儿童"有时"或"经常"在课堂上睡觉。约11%的儿童"经常"有任何睡眠问题。具有睡眠问题的儿童常报告有多动,亲子关系差,与同学关系差,社会能力及学习成绩差。多变量Logistic回归分析揭示,睡眠问题与父母关系差、家庭住房拥挤、4岁后停止尿床、慢性躯体疾病、报告有多动及与同学关系差等因素显著相关。【结论】临沂市农村学龄儿童睡眠问题的发生与家庭、母孕期及儿童生长发育等多种因素有关。有睡眠问题的儿童常有多动,社会及学业问题。     

南宁市0～5岁儿童睡眠状况流行病学调查

【目的】了解南宁市儿童睡眠习惯、睡眠时间及睡眠障碍的现状。【方法】采用分层随机抽样法抽取南宁市1274名0～5岁儿童作为研究对象,采用统一问卷对受试儿童家长进行现场调查,双录入所有调查数据,应用SPSS11.5统计软件包进行统计学分析。【结果】南宁市0～5岁儿童睡眠昼夜节律的发展变化趋势与国外基本相似,但相比尼氏儿科学中儿童睡眠需求标准,2岁以下儿童平均每天少睡1h;睡眠障碍总患病率为25.08%,其中入睡困难、夜醒、打鼾发生率较高;睡眠习惯主要存在的问题有:61.54%的儿童与家人或保姆同床睡眠;61.77%睡前需要安慰物;10.83%夜间习惯俯卧位睡姿。【结论】学龄前期是睡眠发展及睡眠习惯形成的关键时期,有必要及早为家长提供切实可行的睡眠卫生指导,以预防儿童睡眠障碍的发生,保证儿童良好的睡眠质量。     

聊城市6～14岁儿童睡眠现状及影响因素分析

目的:研究聊城市6～14岁各年龄段儿童睡眠时间和睡眠行为,分析可能影响儿童睡眠时间和睡眠行为因素。方法:2004年7～9月在聊城市随机抽取650名无疾病和无异常出生史的正常儿童,在严格质量控制的条件下对其家长、儿童家庭环境与睡眠健康问卷调查。结果:聊城市6～14岁儿童各年龄组睡眠时间随年龄增长逐渐减少,各年龄组间、城市与农村组睡眠时间组间比较差异有统计学意义;睡眠行为异常发生率64.61%,城市与农村组睡眠行为异常发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);影响儿童睡眠时间和睡眠行为的主要因素有父母的文化程度、家人睡眠时间、居住地、入睡需帮助等。结论:目前聊城市6～14岁儿童睡眠时间普遍偏少,多种因素可造成儿童睡眠时间和睡眠行为异常,应引起儿科、儿保医生及家长的重视。     

Are adolescents chronically sleep‐deprived? An investigation of sleep habits of adolescents in the Southwest of Germany

Background   Adolescent sleep receives increasing attention. Several studies have shown that adolescents generally do not sleep enough. This survey assessed adolescents' sleep patterns, and results were compared with sleep logs.
Methods   A total of 818 students aged 12–18 attending three different school types were asked to complete a questionnaire, adapted from the 'School Sleep Habits Survey', and filled in a sleep protocol over 2 weeks. Information on sleep patterns and demographic data were obtained additionally.
Results   A total of 601 students completed the questionnaire (i.e. 73.5% return rate), 55.1% female and 44.9% male. Average sleep duration during the week amounted to 8.04 ± 0.89 h and 9.51 ± 1.65 h on weekends. Sleep duration times on school days decreased from an average 8.64 ± 0.83 h for the age category 12–13 years to 7.83 ± 0.72 h for students above 16 years. 91.6% of all students slept less than 9.2 h per night during the week. Data from the 153 returned sleep logs showed even lower sleep times (7.75 ± 0.82 h for school nights).
Conclusions   The main hypothesis that students sleep on average considerably less than the recommended 9 h during weekdays was confirmed. Bedtimes changed throughout the week with the latest on Friday and Saturday nights and the least sleep around midweek. There were no significant group differences regarding school type and environment (rural vs. urban). Interestingly, the majority reported only little daytime sleepiness and no impaired performance. Results regarding the consequences of chronic sleep deprivation in the literature are inconclusive. The impact on physiological parameters, especially metabolic functions, requires further investigations.     

南京城市6岁以下儿童睡眠问题流行病学调查

【目的】了解南京市6岁以下儿童的睡眠状况及相关影响因素。【方法】随机抽取南京市2个主要城区1272名6岁以下儿童进行睡眠状况的问卷调查。【结果】儿童每天总睡眠时间随年龄增长逐渐缩短，2岁以下儿童打鼾、夜醒、抽搐、白天睡眠难以控制夜间清醒、入睡过早甚至傍晚入睡发生率较2～5岁组高；入睡困难2～5岁儿童组发生率高于2岁以下儿童组。男童磨牙、张口呼吸、夜醒、抽动、白天睡眠难以控制夜间清醒、入睡过早甚至傍晚入睡发生率高于女童；女童夜惊、呼吸暂停、梦呓、梦游发生率高于男童；在打鼾、入睡困难男女童发生情况差异无显著性。【结论】南京市儿童总睡眠时间及儿童睡眠障碍发生率与国内外文献报道基本一致。     

孕期健康教育影响母亲的婴儿睡眠照护知识和行为状况研究

目的 探讨孕期孕妇接受婴儿睡眠健康教育,对促进出生后婴儿睡眠质量的作用效果.方法 采用整群抽样方法,选取城区、近郊、远郊各两家有孕妇学校的妇幼保健机构,在2015年开展婴儿睡眠健康教育课程,2015年12月15日-2016年1月15日期间调查在以上机构进行健康体检的1月龄孩子家长1009人,采用自填式问卷,调查妈妈孕期...     

Sleep disturbances in a community sample from preschool to school age

Objective To study the prevalence of various sleep problems at school age in a Finnish community sample and to evaluate the persistence of the sleep problems from the preschool age to school age in a 4‐year follow‐up. Methods Parents completed the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children questionnaire on their child's sleep during the preschool years (3–6 years) and again during the school years (7–11 years). At follow‐up the parents also completed a questionnaire on family structure and socio‐economic status. Results The parents of 481 children completed the questionnaires during both the first study and the follow‐up (girls 49%, boys 51%; mean age 9, range 7–11). At the population level, sleep problems slightly declined from preschool to school age (P < 0.05). However, sleep problems at preschool age showed a strong persistence to school age. At the follow‐up, 35% of the children who were considered to have a sleep disorder at preschool age still suffered from it at school age. At the community level, this equates to 9% of the children. The children with no sleep problems at preschool age rarely developed sleep problems at school age. Conclusions This study showed that various types of sleep problems are common at school age. Sleep problems persisted from preschool to school age at the individual level. It is important to recognize all types of sleep problems, especially persistent ones. Persistent sleep problems in children may cause and exacerbate other somatic, cognitive and psychiatric problems. Therefore, more attention should be focused on sleep problems in paediatric health care with interventions aimed particularly at children with prolonged sleep problems.     

Promoting good sleep

The author discusses the concept, assessment and promotion ofgood sleep. The significance of good sleep for mental well-beingand health is presented, based on the sleep habit surveys inFinland. it is recommended that the strategy of sleep promotionand counselling should be substantiated with available scientificdata rather than with public opinion and cultural traditiononly. The author gives some guidelines for improving sleep quality.     

婴儿睡眠卫生教育对产妇睡眠质量和睡眠知信行的影响

目的 了解婴儿睡眠卫生教育对产妇睡眠质量、产后抑郁、睡眠认知和睡眠养育行为的影响。 方法 选择在重庆市妇幼保健院接受系统儿童保健1月龄婴儿的600名产妇作为调查对象,随机分成两组。干预组从婴儿第1月龄开始接受每个月1次的婴儿睡眠卫生健康教育(共5次),包括婴儿睡眠教育宣传页、20 min小讲课、一对一睡眠咨询指导以及电话网络咨询服务。对照组每月定期接受的儿童保健指导。在婴儿1月龄和6月龄时,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、婴儿睡眠健康知识和养育行为问卷对两组产妇进行睡眠质量、抑郁状况、睡眠认知和睡眠养育行为评价。 结果 两组产妇干预前的一般情况、PSQI分值、抑郁状况、睡眠认知和养育行为状况无明显差异(均P<0.05)。干预后:(1)干预组产妇睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍等评分及PSQI总分均低于对照组(均P<0.05);(2)两组产妇的抑郁评分无明显差异(t=0.851,P=0.397);(3)睡眠认知方面:干预组认为孕期情绪对儿童睡眠有影响的产妇比例(60.90% vs. 51.69%)、孕期睡眠状况对儿童的睡眠影响的比例(60.53% vs. 49.58%)、睡眠光线对儿童睡眠有影响的比例(59.77% vs. 47.03%)、认为应采取仰卧或侧卧睡眠姿势的比例(75.94% vs. 61.02%)均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);(4)睡眠养育行为方面:干预组产妇在睡眠养育行为如孩子独睡比例(30.08% vs. 22.03%)、不喂夜奶比例(40.23% vs. 27.97%)、夜间睡眠期间安抚不抱比例(42.48% vs. 29.66%)均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。 结论 婴儿睡眠卫生健康教育有效促进了产妇的睡眠质量,改善了睡眠认知和部分睡眠养育行为。     

癫痫患者剥夺睡眠—睡眠与药物诱导睡眠脑电图的对照研究

目的探讨癫痫患者药物诱导睡眠和剥夺睡眠—睡眠脑电图(EEG)差别,评估两者对癫痫(EP)诊断价值。方法对临床上已确诊为癫痫患者364例,随机分为剥夺睡眠—睡眠和药物诱导睡眠两组,分别进行觉醒及睡眠EEG描记,并对两组病例睡眠周期及睡眠各期EEG表现分析对比。结果药物诱导睡眠组、剥夺睡眠—睡眠组常规清醒脑电图异常波阳性率分别为39.9%、41.7%,二组异常波检出率无显著差异(P>0.05);两组睡眠脑电图异常波阳性率分别为80.4%、85.0%,异常波阳性率剥夺睡眠—睡眠组略高于药物诱导睡眠组;癫痫样放电阳性率分别为59.9%、89.1%,两组癫痫样放电均易在NREM睡眠Ⅰ—Ⅱ期出现,癫痫样放电阳性率剥夺睡眠组明显高于药物诱导睡眠组,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论剥夺睡眠—睡眠、药物诱导睡眠均可提高癫痫诊断率,剥夺睡眠—睡眠联合诱发试验在癫痫病人的诊断中优于药物诱导睡眠诱发试验。     

Nutritional Biomarkers and Factors Correlated with Poor Sleep Status among Young Females: A Case-Control Study

Poor sleep status is associated with several health problems. Nutritional biomarkers and factors related to poor sleep are understudied. This study aimed to identify nutrition biomarkers and factors related to sleep status in healthy young Saudi females. The study included 92 normal-weight and obese Saudi females aged 19–25. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles were measured. Insulin resistance was calculated on the basis of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) method. Anthropometric, stress, physical activity, and dietary data were collected. Data on the polyphenol content in foods were retrieved from the Phenol-Explorer database. The sleep status was assessed using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Associations between variables were assessed using the multiple logistic regression model. Around 76% of the participants had poor sleep status (PSQI > 5). Multiple logistic regression reported high polyphenol intake as a protective factor against poor sleep (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.07–0.83; p = 0.03) and HOMA-IR as an independent risk for poor sleep (OR 4.97; 95% CI 1.11–22.31; p = 0.04). Other nutritional biomarkers and factors, such as BMI, lipid profile, and vitamins, revealed a trend but were not significant. In conclusion, poor sleep status is associated with insulin resistance and low polyphenol intake among women of reproductive age.     

周末补偿睡眠对学龄儿童睡眠质量和学业表现的影响

【目的】 了解学龄儿童睡眠周末补偿睡眠现状,探索补偿睡眠与睡眠质量及学业表现的相关性。 【方法】 采用分层整群抽样法,于2009年11-12月抽取上海市10所小学的2 249名五年级学生。采用学业成绩表现教师评估问卷了解儿童学业表现(各维度得分越低,学业表现越好),采用中文版儿童睡眠习惯问卷(Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire,CSHQ)评估儿童的睡眠时间和质量(总分≥41分为睡眠质量不良),采用儿童个人及家庭社会环境问卷用于收集基本情况。使用t检验、协方差分析等对数据进行分析。 【结果】 调查对象年龄为(10.81±0.38)岁,男生占49.3%。儿童周末较平时晚睡(37±40)min,晚起(86±54)min。补偿睡眠时间平均(48±58)min,波动范围为3~5.5 h。睡眠质量不良儿童的补偿睡眠多于睡眠质量良好的儿童(t=3.82,P＜0.001)。校正学龄儿童年龄、性别及父母的受教育程度后,协方差分析显示:睡眠不足(平时与周末睡眠时间均≤9 h)儿童和补偿睡眠(补偿睡眠时间≥1 h)的儿童的学业成绩总分分别高于睡眠充足(平时与周末睡眠时间均≥10 h)组的儿童(F=10.99,P<0.001),即学业表现较差。 【结论】 周末补偿睡眠与睡眠不足一样,对儿童的睡眠质量和学业表现都有不良影响,并不能改善儿童睡眠质量或提高学业表现。