Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Pheochromocytoma Versus Other Surgical Indications

Objective:

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is widely recognized as the preferred technique for surgical removal of adrenal masses. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of consecutive laparoscopic adrenalectomies performed at a high-volume referral center and compare operative results for pheochromocytomas with that of other adrenal diseases.

Materials and Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed a single surgeon''s experience with laparoscopic adrenalectomy performed between July 2002 and June 2007. Patient records were analyzed in regards to demographics, pathology diagnoses, operative time, postoperative complications, tumor size, hospital stay, among others.

Results:

Seventy-two consecutive laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed on 70 patients, including 2 bilateral adrenalectomies and one partial adrenalectomy. Surgical indications included pheochromocytoma (n=11), aldosteronoma (n=26), malignant adrenal disease (n=4), nonfunctioning adenomas (n=17), Cushing''s disease (n=6), and other adrenal disease (n=8). No mortality was observed. Perioperative complications occurred in 7 cases (9.7%). When a comparison between pathological diagnosis groups was made, no statistical differences were seen between pheochromocytomas and other adrenal neoplasms with respect to estimated blood loss, open conversion rate, length of stay, preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin values, blood transfusion rates, peri-operative complication occurrence, tumor size, and ASA class.

Conclusion:

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe and appropriate surgical technique for most adrenal lesions, including pheochromocytomas.     

Laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy using the LigaSure vessel sealing system

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is being performed with increasing frequency in the surgical treatment of adrenal tumors. Among laparoscopic approaches to the adrenal glands, the transperitoneal access is preferred. Along with advances in technology, different energy systems have been utilized. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become easier with the use of the LigaSure vessel sealing system (Valleylab, Boulder, Colorado). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2002 and August 2004, 23 laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomies were performed in 22 patients using the LigaSure vessel sealing system: 16 of the patients were female, 6 were male and the mean age was 44 years (range, 17-70 years). Indications for surgery were non-functioning adenoma (n = 10), pheochromocytoma (n = 4), Cushing's syndrome (n = 5), Conn's syndrome (n = 2), and lymphoma (n = 1). The mean diameter of lesions was 4 cm (range, 1-7 cm). The distribution was 12 left, 9 right, and 1 bilateral adrenalectomies. RESULTS: The mean operative time for unilateral adrenalectomies was 57 minutes (range, 30-75 minutes). The operative time for the patient with Cushing's disease in whom a bilateral adrenalectomy was performed was 180 minutes. All operations were completed laparoscopically. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Lornoxicam) was sufficient for postoperative analgesia. Oral feeding was started 6 hours postoperatively. When used, drains were removed on postoperative day 1. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 1.5 days (range, 1-3 days). Wound infections developed in two patients with Cushing's syndrome. There was no mortality. Histopathologic examination of specimens revealed a cortex adenoma in 16 cases (10 of which was nonfunctional), a pheochromocytoma in 4 cases, a bilateral cortical hyperplasia in 1 case, and a lymphoma in 1 case. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is an established method in the treatment of adrenal masses. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy as well as other laparoscopic procedures has become easier with the introduction of new energy systems.Vascular control and dissection of the gland by Liga- Sure is feasible. It makes the procedure easier and eventually shortens the operation time.     

Laparoscopic resection of large adrenal tumors

Background The maximum size of adrenal tumors that should be removed with a laparoscopic approach is controversial. It has been suggested that laparoscopic adrenalectomy is appropriate only for adrenal tumors <6 cm in size. We report our experience with laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with adrenal tumors of ≥6 cm compared with patients with smaller tumors. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of patients who had a laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Patients were considered candidates for laparoscopic adrenalectomy if their computed tomography (CT) scan showed a well-encapsulated tumor confined to the adrenal gland. Results Sixty laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed in 53 patients. Twelve of the adrenalectomies (20%) were for tumors that were ≥6 cm (median, 8 cm; range, 6 to 12 cm). There have been no local or regional recurrences but one patient with adrenocortical carcinoma developed pulmonary metastases. When the 12 patients with large tumors were compared with the 36 patients with tumors <6 cm, the median operative time (190 vs. 180 minutes;P=.32), operative blood loss (100 vs. 50 mL;P=.53), and postoperative hospital stay (2 vs. 2 days;P=1.0) were similar. Conclusions The size of an adrenal tumor should not be the primary factor in determining whether a laparoscopic adrenalectomy should be performed. Large adrenal tumors that are confined to the adrenal gland on CT can be removed with a laparoscopic approach.     

Benefits of laparoscopic adrenalectomy: a 10-year single institution experience

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to compare the outcomes of laparoscopic and open adrenalectomies and to assess the impact of the availability of advanced laparoscopy on adrenal surgery at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data of all patients who underwent adrenalectomy at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center over a 10-year period. RESULTS: Sixty-four consecutive patients underwent adrenalectomy during the study periods. There were 19 open (OA) and 45 laparoscopic (LA) adrenalectomies performed. There was no significant difference between the average size of adrenal masses removed for the LA and the OA groups [4.3 vs. 5.5 cm, respectively (P=0.23)]. LA proved superior to OA, resulting in shorter operative times (171 vs. 229 min, P=0.02), less blood loss (96 vs. 371 mL, P<0.01), shorter time to regular diet (1.9 vs. 4.4 d, P<0.001), and shorter hospital stay (2.5 vs. 5.8 d, P=0.02). In addition, the average annual number of adrenalectomies increased significantly since the establishment of our advanced laparoscopic program (10.0 vs. 2.0, P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: LA offers superior results when compared to OA in terms of operative time, blood loss, return of bowel function, duration of hospital stay, and functional recovery. The availability of advanced laparoscopy has resulted in a significant increase in the number of adrenalectomies performed at our institution without a shift in surgical indications.     

Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Several laparoscopic approaches to the adrenal gland have been described. The lateral transperitoneal approach has several distinct advantages when contrasted with other techniques for laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA). We present our technique and results obtained in 50 consecutive transperitoneal LAs. We review 50 consecutive laparoscopic adrenalectomies (28 female, 19 male) performed from 1993 to 1998. S.J. Shichman or R.E. Sosa was either the primary surgeon or the first assistant for all cases. The lateral transperitoneal approach described below was used in all cases. Indications for adrenalectomy included Cushing's syndrome (13), aldosteronoma (15), pheochromocytoma (7), nonfunctioning adenoma (11), hyperplasia (2), and 1 case each of Carney's syndrome and metastasis to the adrenal gland. We performed 5 bilateral, 22 left, and 18 right laparoscopic adrenalectomies. The average time needed for bilateral adrenalectomy was 503 min (range 298–690 min); for left adrenalectomy, 227 min (range 121–337 min); and for right LA, 210 min (range 135–355 min). We demonstrated a yearly trend in lower operative times. The largest adrenal gland removed measured 13.8 × 6.7 × 3.5 cm. Intraoperative blood loss was low. Only one patient received a blood transfusion. Conversion to open adrenalectomy was not required. Postoperative analgesic requirements were low. The average length of stay was 3.8 days for bilateral LA and 3 days for unilateral LA. Complications occurred in 5 patients (2 wound infections, 2 hematomas, and 1 pleural effusion). There was no mortality. Lateral transperitoneal adrenalectomy is a safe and efficient technique for the removal of functional and nonfunctional adrenal masses. This technique is associated with low morbidity, a minimal postoperative analgesic requirement, and a short hospital stay and, in our opinion, is more versatile than the retroperitoneal approach.     

Laparoscopic bilateral simultaneous adrenalectomy: results of 11 operations

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcomes of the simultaneous bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study, including 11 patients with bilateral adrenal lesions, affected by Cushing's syndrome (n=2), Cushing's disease (n=6), pheochromocytoma (n=2), and 1 adrenocorticotrophin-hormone-dependent hypercortisolism of unknown origin. RESULTS: Elevan bilateral adrenalectomies were carried out by the laparoscopic approach with no conversions. The operations were performed in 7 cases by the lateral transperitoneal adrenalectomy (LTLA), in 3 by the posterior approach (PRA), and in 1 by the combined approach. The mean size of the masses was 5 cm. (range, 4-13). The average operating time was 245 minutes for LTLA and 218 minutes for PRA (P<0.05). The estimated mean blood loss was 87+/-36 mL (range, 20-150). No patients required transfusions. The mean hospital stay was 5+/-1.8 days (range, 4-7). The mean follow-up was 34 months (range, 2-96). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that the bilateral adrenalectomy by the minimally invasive technique is safe and effective, affording acceptable blood loss and morbidity with a short hospital stay.     

Transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: experience in 72 procedures

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for a variety of adrenal diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-two patients underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy from January 1995 until March 1999. The indications for the treatment were limited to either functioning or nonfunctioning adrenal masses without radiologic evidence of involvement of the surrounding tissues. The indication for bilateral adrenalectomy was Cushing's disease after the failure of other therapies or Cushing's syndrome secondary to ectopic ACTH secretion without the discovery of a primary neoplasm. RESULTS: Thirty-five of the adrenalectomies were performed on the left side and 33 on the right side, and 4 were performed bilaterally. The right-sided procedures required a mean operating time of 130 minutes (range 85-200 minutes), the left-sided procedures required a mean operating time of 140 minutes (range 95-200 minutes), and the bilateral procedures required a mean operating time of 240 minutes (range 210-290 minutes). A conversion from laparoscopy to laparotomy was necessary for 3 patients (4%). Intraoperative complications were reported in 6 patients (8%). Postoperative complications likewise occurred in six patients. CONCLUSIONS: These procedures proved to be safe and able to remove the majority of either functioning or nonfunctioning benign adrenal masses. Some controversy remains regarding the safety of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large lesions and the safety of bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy because of bleeding risks, anesthetic risks, and long operative times. The effectiveness of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for nonfunctioning adrenal masses with histologic findings of carcinoma has not yet been proved.     

Is laparoscopic adrenalectomy safe and effective for adrenal masses larger than 7 cm?

Background Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) has become the gold standard treatment for small (less than 6 cm) adrenal masses. However, the role of LA for large-volume (more than 6 cm) masses has not been well defined. Our aim was to evaluate, retrospectively, the outcome of LA for adrenal lesions larger than 7 cm. Patients and methods 18 consecutive laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed from 1996 to 2005 on patients with adrenal lesions larger than 7 cm. Results The mean tumor size was 8.3 cm (range 7–13 cm), the mean operative time was 137 min, the mean blood loss was 182 mL (range 100–550 mL), the rate of intraoperative complications was 16%, and in three cases we switched from laparoscopic procedure to open surgery. Conclusions LA for adrenal masses larger than 7 cm is a safe and feasible technique, offering successful outcome in terms of intraoperative and postoperative morbidity, hospital stay and cosmesis for patients; it seems to replicate open surgical oncological principles demonstrating similar outcomes as survival rate and recurrence rate, when adrenal cortical carcinoma were treated. The main contraindication for this approach is the evidence, radiologically and intraoperatively, of local infiltration of periadrenal tissue.     

Laparoscopic management of symptomatic and large adrenal cysts

PURPOSE: We present the feasibility and results of the laparoscopic management of symptomatic and large adrenal cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 1993 to April 2004 we performed 149 laparoscopic adrenalectomies. In this series 8 patients with symptomatic adrenal cysts or pseudocysts were treated laparoscopically. Surgical indications for laparoscopic management of adrenal cysts were abdominal pain in 5 cases and cyst size 5 cm or greater in 3. RESULTS: The incidence of adrenal cyst was 5.4% (8 of 149 cases). Six patients underwent laparoscopic adrenal cyst decortication and marsupialization, 1 underwent laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy and 1 underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Mean operative time was 77.5 minutes. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Mean hospital stay was 1.7 days. At a mean followup of 18.5 months all patients were asymptomatic and without radiographic evidence of cyst recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic conservative management of adrenal cysts is safe and feasible. Laparoscopic decortication and marsupialization should be the preferred treatment option for symptomatic adrenal cysts. Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy or a total adrenalectomy can be performed in cases of larger cysts which compromise most of the adrenal gland. To our knowledge, this represents the largest series of symptomatic adrenal cysts managed laparoscopically.     

Laparoscopic adrenal-sparing surgery for primary hyperaldosteronism due to aldosterone-producing adenoma

Background: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of patients with primary hyperaldosteronism due to aldosterone-producing adenoma. Most laparoscopic adrenalectomies for aldosterone-producing adenomas involve total removal of the adrenal gland, and there have been few reports of laparoscopic adrenal-sparing surgery or partial adrenalectomies. Methods: A prospective review is performed on eight patients with primary hyperaldosteronism due to aldosterone-producing adenoma who underwent laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenal-sparing surgery in our institution over a 2-year period. Results: There were 1 male and 7 females with a mean age of 43.1 years. The mean diameter of the adenoma was 2 cm; there were six right-sided lesions and two left-sided lesions. The adenoma was located in the anterior margin of the adrenal gland in seven cases and was removed by laparoscopic enucleation. One patient had a partial adrenalectomy using the vascular stapler for an adenoma that was located posteriorly in the adrenal gland. Hemostasis was excellent in all cases. All patients were able to tolerate liquid orally on the day of operation and were on diet on the second postoperative day. Postoperative analgesic requirement was minimal. The mean hospital stay was 3.8 days. At a mean follow-up of 25 months, seven patients were cured of their hypertension and one patient had her antihypertensive medications significantly reduced. Conclusion: Laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenal-sparing surgery is safe and effective in the treatment of patients with primary hyperaldosteronism due to aldosterone-producing adenoma.     

腹腔镜肾上腺巨大肿瘤切除术临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜肾上腺巨大肿瘤切除术的临床可行性及意义。方法:应用经腹腔途径为45例肾上腺肿瘤患者行腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术。术前均经B超、CT或MRI等相关影像学检查初步确诊。45例患者分为2组,32例肾上腺肿瘤直径5cm(A组),13例肿瘤直径5cm(B组)。观察2组患者手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、中转开放率及围手术期并发症等情况。术后常规随访,定期行B超及胸片检查。结果:45例均顺利完成腹腔镜手术,平均手术时间(A组58.6min,B组86.7min)、术中平均出血(A组31.6ml,B组84.3ml)两组差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);中转开放手术A组3例(9%),B组1例(8%),两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。B组术中1例需输血;术后平均住院A组5.2d,B组5.7d,两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后患者均顺利康复。结论:与腹腔镜较小肾上腺肿瘤(5cm)切除术相比,腹腔镜巨大肾上腺肿瘤(5cm)切除术手术时间长,术中出血多,但住院时间及围手术期并发症无显著差异。只要术者具备娴熟的腹腔镜操作技巧及充分的临床经验,腹腔镜较大肾上腺肿瘤切除术切实可行。     

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: a single-center experience of 43 cases

PURPOSE: To evaluate the surgical feasibility of laparoscopic adrenalectomy and what laparoscopy offers for the surgeon and the patient. Patients and METHODS: From March 1996 to June 2004, 43 transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed for various pathological states. Functioning adrenal masses and solid masses>5 cm were the most common indications. The mean size of the masses on abdominal CT was 6.8 cm in the largest diameter. All patients were assessed regarding the operative time, blood loss, complications, and conversion to open surgery. The postoperative course was reported with special attention to the complications and hospital stay. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 125 minutes with a mean blood loss of 60 mL. Intraoperative complications occurred in 3 cases (6.9%), necessitating conversion to open surgery in 2 to control bleeding from the avulsed right adrenal vein. A third case of conversion was elective because of difficult dissection of a large left pheochromocytoma from the renal hilum, so there was a 6.9% rate of conversion to open surgery. All patients showed early ambulation, early start of eating, and a short hospital stay (mean 2.6 days). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is surgically feasible and can be applied for different adrenal pathologies. The procedure can be performed with a reasonable operative time, minimal blood loss, and an acceptable rate of complications. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy provides excellent postoperative recovery and convalescence with a short hospital stay.     

Contemporary surgical management of pheochromocytoma

BACKGROUND: The availability of laparoscopic adrenalectomy led us to review our experience and management of adrenal and extraadrenal pheochromocytoma. METHODS: Seventeen patients undergoing pheochromocytoma resection from January 1997 to August 2001 were categorized as open, laparoscopic, or laparoscopic assisted depending on the surgical approach. Hospital records were reviewed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the groups in patient age, weight or preoperative blockade. Operative times for open, laparoscopic, and laparoscopic assisted adrenalectomies were 202, 218, and 260 minutes, respectively. Estimated blood loss was 562 cc, 187 cc, and 925 cc. The average hospital length of stay was 6.2, 3.0, and 5.8 days. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic removal resulted in longer operative times than open, but less operative blood loss and a shorter hospital stay. The laparoscopic assisted approach did not save time nor did it lead to earlier discharge. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy was comparable to the open approach, and is preferential in tumors less than 6 cm. An open approach remains our choice for larger or extraadrenal tumors.     

Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the gold standard in the surgical management of adrenal pathology. Bilateral adrenalectomy is indicated in patients with Cushing's disease secondary to macroadenoma or hypophysial hyperplasia in whom medical treatment and transsphenoid surgery have failed. Also, it is the first choice for bilateral benign tumors and metastatic neoplasia. We present our experience with bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy, analyzing its indications, feasibility, results, and complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 1999 and December 2005, 221 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed by the same surgeon (OAC) at our institution. Of the 221 adrenalectomies, 44 were bilateral. A total of 20 patients underwent bilateral synchronic laparoscopic adrenalectomy (91%); the remaining 2 had two-stage procedures. There were 6 cases of bilateral pheochromocytoma, 6 patients with Cushing's disease, 3 cases of metastasis, 3 congenital adrenal hyperplasias, 2 hyperaldosteronisms, and a single case each of adrenal adenoma and myelolipoma. The average patient age was 41.6 years (range 17-72 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 1:2.6. RESULTS: Total laparoscopic adrenalectomy and partial adrenalectomy were performed on 37 and 7 occasions (84% and 16%), respectively. The mean tumor size was 4.15 cm (range 1-11 cm). The mean operative time for each adrenalectomy was 79.2 minutes (range 25-210 minutes). The estimated intraoperative blood loss was on average 65.4 mL (range 0-500 mL). Only one patient required a blood transfusion. There was only one intraoperative complication (2.2%), a renal-vein injury that was controlled with intracorporeal suturing. There were no open conversions. The mean hospital stay was 3.19 days (range 2-5 days). CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy is technically feasible and can be performed with minimal bleeding in a reasonable surgical time.     

Laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of adrenal pathology: experience with 200 cases

ObjectiveWe are presenting our experience in laparoscopic adrenalectomy, after adopting the laparoscopic technique for 10 years as a primary option for suprarenal surgery.MethodsWe included 200 laparoscopic adrenal surgeries performed in a consecutive manner in 183 patients with surgical suprarenal pathology between November 1994 and November 2005. Sixty-seven (36.6%) patients were male and 116 (63.4%) were female, with an average age of 49.1 years (age range 8 months to 78 years).ResultsThe most frequents clinical diagnosis were hyperaldosteronism (17.5%), metastatic cancer (15.8%), pheochromocytoma (15.3%), Cushing syndrome (7.1%), adrenal cyst (4.9%) and myelolipoma (2.7%). A total of 164 total adrenalectomies, 29 partial adrenalectomies and 7 marsupializations of adrenal cysts were performed. Mean surgical time was 82.6 minutes (range 25 to 240 minutes) and mean hospitalization time was 2.5 days (range 1-10 days). The size of the suprarenal gland and/or tumor varied between 1 and 14 cm (average 5.6 cm). The rate of complication was 6%. In 8 of the patients, there was another laparoscopic procedure besides the adrenal surgery: cholecystectomies (2), marsupialization of a renal cyst (2), block nephrectomy (2), partial nephrectomy for a tumor (1) and pancreatic cystectomy (1). One patient underwent a right laparoscopic adrenalectomy and an ipsilateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the same surgical act.ConclusionThe accumulated experience with 200 laparoscopic adrenal procedures has allowed the management of endocrine pathologies, such as, aldosteroma, pheochromocytoma, Cushing syndrome and rare entities, such as, cysts, myelolipomas in a suitable manner. Additionally, it has permitted us to extend the benefits of a minimally invasive procedure for large adrenal masses and selected oncology cases.     

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: lessons learned from 100 consecutive procedures.

One hundred consecutive laparoscopic adrenal procedures for a variety of endocrine disorders were reviewed. There was no mortality, morbidity was 12%, and conversions was 3%. During follow-up, none had recurrence of hormonal excess. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the procedure of choice for adrenal removal except in carcinoma or masses > 15 cm. OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluate the effectiveness of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for a variety of endocrine disorders. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Since the first laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed in 1992, this approach quickly has been adopted, and increasing numbers are being reported. However, the follow-up period has been too short to evaluate the completeness of these operations. METHODS: One hundred consecutive laparoscopic adrenal procedures from January 1992 until November 1996 were reviewed and followed for adequacy of resection. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients underwent 97 adrenalectomies and biopsies. The mean age was 46 years (range, 17-84 years). Indications were pheochromocytomas (n = 25), aldosterone-producing adenomas (n = 21), nonfunctional adenomas (n = 20), cortisol-producing adenomas (n = 13), Cushing's disease (n = 8), and others (n = 13). Fifty-five patients had previous abdominal surgery. Mean operative time was 123 minutes (range, 80-360 minutes), and estimated blood loss was 70 mL (range, 20-1300 mL). There was no mortality, and morbidity was encountered in 12% of patients, including three patients in whom venous thrombosis developed with two sustaining pulmonary emboli. During pheochromocytoma removal, hypertension occurred in 56% of patients and hypotension in 52%. There were three conversions to open surgery. The average length of stay has decreased from 3 days (range, 2-19 days) in the first 3 years to 2.4 days (range, 1-6 days) over the past 16 months. During follow-up (range, 1-44 months), two patients had renovascular hypertension and none had recurrence of hormonal excess. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is safe, effective, and decreases hospital stay and wound complications. Prior abdominal surgery is not a contraindication. Pheochromocytomas can be resected safely laparoscopically despite blood pressure variations. Venous thrombosis prophylaxis is mandatory. The laparoscopic approach is the procedure of choice for adrenalectomy except in the case of invasive carcinoma or masses > 15 cm.     

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for malignancy

The superiority of the minimally invasive approach to adrenal resections has been well documented for benign pathology. With technical advances and increased experience, surgeons have successfully performed laparoscopic adrenalectomies for metastatic and primary malignancies of the adrenal gland. The technique of laparoscopic adrenalectomy as it pertains to malignant lesions is presented. A review of the literature demonstrates the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastatic colorectal, lung, and renal tumors. For primary adrenal malignancies, radical resections can be effectively performed laparoscopically; however, continued long-term follow-up is needed to establish the minimally invasive technique as the preferred approach.     

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Advances in minimally invasive surgery have made it possible to remove solid organs such as the adrenal gland laparoscopically. Several studies have shown that when applied to appropriate operative candidates, laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe alternative to conventional open surgery with real advantages in terms of decreasing postoperative pain and length of hospital stay and allowing earlier return to normal activity. The indications for laparoscopic adrenalectomy are essentially the same as those described for open adrenalectomy. We do not recommend laparoscopic adrenalectomy for known primary or metastatic malignant tumors of the adrenal glands, because of the risk of tumor implantation that might compromise the patient's chance for cure, nor do we recommend it for lesions larger than 6 to 8 cm where the chance of malignancy is high. The preoperative preparation, laparoscopic instruments, operative techniques, and potential complications and their treatments are described in this review. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is becoming the preferred method of surgically treating many adrenal problems. Although conventional surgical approaches will undoubtedly be required to treat certain adrenal lesions, surgeons with an interest in treating patients with adrenal disorders must become proficient in the technique of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. This will allow them to select the most appropriate operative approach for their patients' individual problems.     

Laparoscopic Resection of Large Adrenal Tumors

Background:

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has rapidly replaced open adrenalectomy as the procedure of choice for benign adrenal tumors. It still remains to be clarified whether the laparoscopic resection of large (≥8cm) or potentially malignant tumors is appropriate or not due to technical difficulties and concern about local recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term outcome of 174 consecutive laparoscopic and open adrenalectomies performed in our surgical unit.

Methods:

Our data come from a retrospective analysis of 174 consecutive adrenalectomies performed on 166 patients from May 1997 to December 2008. Fifteen patients with tumors ≥8cm underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Sixty-five patients were men and 101 were women, aged 16 years to 80 years. Nine patients underwent either synchronous or metachronous bilateral adrenalectomy. Tumor size ranged from 3.2cm to 27cm. The largest laparoscopically excised tumors were a ganglioneuroma with a mean diameter of 13cm and a myelolipoma of 14cm.

Results:

In 135 patients, a laparoscopic procedure was completed successfully, whereas in 14 patients the laparoscopic procedure was converted to open. Seventeen patients were treated with an open approach from the start. There were no conversions in the group of patients with tumors >8cm. Operative time for laparoscopic adrenalectomies ranged from 65 minutes to 240 minutes. In the large adrenal tumor group, operative time for laparoscopic resection ranged from 150 minutes to 240 minutes. The postoperative hospital stay for laparoscopic adrenalectomy ranged from 1 day to 2 days (mean, 1.5) and from 5 days to 20 days for patients undergoing the open or converted procedure. The mean postoperative stay was 2 days for the group with large tumors resected by laparoscopy.

Conclusion:

Laparoscopic resection of large (≥8cm) adrenal tumors is feasible and safe. Short- and long-term results did not differ in the 2 groups.     

Is the laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma the best treatment?

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the gold standard for removing adrenal masses, but several authors still debate the role of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in pheochromocytoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic versus open adrenalectomy for pheochromocytomas and to compare the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for neoplasms that are smaller than 6 cm versus those that are larger than 6 cm. METHODS: From January 1990 to December 2005, the same team in our department carried out 221 adrenalectomies in 211 patients. A total of 64 of these patients underwent 71 adrenalectomies for pheochromocytoma, 24 patients (37%) had open adrenalectomy, and 40 patients (63%) had laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Sex, age, side and size of lesion, operating time, duration of hospital stay, need for intensive care, intraoperative blood pressure variations, blood loss, postoperative analgesia, return to oral nutrition, and complications were compared among groups. RESULTS: An advantage of laparoscopic adrenalectomy over open adrenalectomy was observed in mean operating time, hospital stay, need for intensive care, intraoperative hypertension, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative analgesia, and return to oral nutrition (P 6 cm) in laparoscopic adrenalectomy showed that none of the variables differed significantly, except for intraoperative blood loss, which was greater for the larger neoplasms (P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy, when performed by experienced laparoscopic surgeons, is preferable to open adrenalectomy for the majority of pheochromocytomas, and as long as there is no evidence of invasion of surrounding structures, tumor size does not appear to have a profound effect on surgical outcome.