几种不同液体复苏失血性休克大鼠的适宜量研究

目的对几种不同液体复苏失血性休克大鼠适宜量进行探讨。方法SD大鼠分别做35%、45%放血失血性休克模型,以不同量的乳酸林格液(LR)、羟乙基淀粉(HES)、高渗氯化钠右旋糖酐(HSD)和LR HES进行复苏,观察其对失血性休克大鼠平均动脉血压(mean arterial blood pressure,MAP)、左心室收缩压(left intraventricular systolic pressure,LVSP)、左心室压力上升或下降的最大速率(the maximal change rate of left intraventricular pressure,±dp/dtmax)的影响,同时观察血气指标变化和存活率的变化。结果在35%失血性休克(中度休克)时,不同剂量的LR、HSD输注对休克大鼠血流动力学的影响无显著差异(P>0.05);30ml/kg HES输液后血流动力学指标明显优于20ml/kg HES(P<0.05);1倍失血量LR HES输注优于2倍和3倍失血量的LR HES(P<0.05)。在45%失血性休克(重度休克)时,3倍失血量LR输液后血流动力学指标明显比1倍和2倍失血量的LR效果好(P<0.05);6ml/kg的HSD输注后血流动力学效果比4、8ml/kg的HSD效果好(P<0.05)。同样,30ml/kg HES和2倍失血量的LR HES输液后改善血流动力学指标,血气指标和存活时间效果优于其他剂量组的HES和LR HES(P<0.05),除HSD各剂量组明显降低血pH值外,其他各液体对血气指标的影响均不大。结论LR除复苏重度休克以3倍失血量输注效果好外,其余液体以HES30ml/kg,HSD6ml/kg以及2倍失血量的LR HES复苏失血性休克效果较好,是较理想的失血性休克复苏容量。     

不同液体对失血性休克大鼠复苏效果的影响

目的 探讨不同液体输注对失血性休克大鼠复苏效果的影响.方法 用SD大鼠制作35%放血失血性休克模型,以乳酸林格氏液(LR)、羟乙基淀粉130(HESl30)、6%右旋糖酐40、高渗氯化钠右旋糖酐(HSD)、LR+右旋糖酐(体积比2:1)和LR+6%HES(体积比2:1)复苏休克动物至适宜血压(80mmHg)1 h后,观察其对失血性休克大鼠平均动脉血压(mean arterial blood pressure,MAP)、左心室收缩压(left intraventricular systolic pressure,LVSP)、左心室压力上升或下降的最大速率(the maximal change rate of left intraventricular pressure,±dp/dtmax)的影响,同时观察血气指标和存活时间的变化.结果 输注LR、HES130、LR+6%HES后MAP能较好地维持在80 mmHg水平,而右旋糖酐40、LR+右旋糖酐以及HSD输注后MAP不能达到80 mmHg.HES130、LR+6%HES输注后LVSP和±dp/dtmax明显增加,而输注右旋糖酐、LR+右旋糖酐以及HSD后,LVSP和±dp/dtmaxLR组显著降低(P<0.05),以输注HSD后最低.输注HSD后动物存活时间最短,输注HES130和LR+6%HES后动物存活时间较其他组长(P<0.05).HES130、LR+6%HES改善血气效果较其他各组好.结论 不同液体对失血性休克大鼠复苏效果存在明显差异,以HES130和LR+6%HES效果较好,HSD效果较差.     

评价携氧抗休克液体的动物模型建立

目的 探讨一种可评价具有携氧功能的抗休克液体的实验动物模型.方法 SD大鼠在麻醉状态下做35%、45%、55%和65%放血失血性休克模型,以乳酸林格液(LR)、全血进行复苏,观察其对失血性休克大鼠平均动脉血压(mean arterial blood pressure,MAP)、左心室收缩压(left intraventricular systolic pressure,LVSP)、左心室压力上升或下降的最大速率(the maximal change rate of left intraventricular pressure,±dp/dtmax)的影响,同时观察血气指标变化和存活率的变化.结果 35%失血性休克后,输注LR和全血均可使MAP恢复到90～100 mmHg水平,同时LR和全血对恢复休克后动物血流动力学指标、血气指标以及对存活率的影响无显著性差异;45%和55%失血性休克后,单纯LR输注不能使MAP恢复到90～100 mmHg水平,且对休克动物的血流动力学指标和血气指标以及存活率的影响明显不及输注伞血以后效果好,在55%失血性休克时差异更大.65%放血后动物很快死亡,休克程度太重,不能作为评价模型.结论 55%失血性休克大鼠可作为评价具有携氧液体抗休克作用的实验动物模型.     

羟乙基淀粉对失血性休克大鼠复苏效果的影响

目的 比较不同相对分子质量的6%羟乙基淀粉(hydroxyethyl starch, HES)/0.9% NaCl溶液对大鼠失血性休克的复苏效果.方法 SD大鼠制作45%放血失血性休克模型,观察相对分子质量为40、130、200的HES40、HES130、HES200对休克动物平均动脉血压(mean arterial blood pressure, MAP)、血流动力学和血气指标的影响,同时观察存活时间和24 h存活率,并以万汶和贺斯作为对照组.结果 自制不同相对分子质量HES可以改善MAP、左心室收缩压(left intraventricular systolic pressure, LVSP)、左心室压力上升或下降的最大速率(maximal change rate of left intraventricular pressure, ±dp/dtmax)等血流动力学指标,效果与血气贺斯组相当,HES130和HES200组动物存活时间略高于HES40,其中以HES200效果最好,与万汶和贺斯效果相当.结论 3种不同相对分子质量的HES均具有明显抗失血性休克作用,其中以HES200效果更明显.     

精氨酸血管加压素对非控制性出血性休克大鼠彻底止血后的复苏效果

目的 观察精氨酸血管加压素(arginine vasopressin,AVP)对非控制性出血性休克大鼠彻底止血后复苏效果.方法 采用大鼠脾实质切除及脾动脉切断方法复制非控制性出血性休克模型,在止血前采用低压复苏(50 mmHg,1 h)后结扎血管彻底止血,观察乳酸林格氏液(Lactated Ringer's,LR)、AVP(0.4 U/kg和0.04 U/kg)对大鼠血流动力学指标、血气指标、存活时间和存活率的影响.LR组在彻底止血后输注2倍失血量LR;AVP 0.1 U/kg组和0.4 U/kg组在2倍量的LR中分别加入AVP0.4 U/kg和0.04 U/kg输注.结果 非控制性出血性休克大鼠在休克后以及低压复苏后血流动力学指标包括左心室收缩压(left intraventricular systolic pressure,LVSP)、左心室压力上升或下降的最大速率(the maximal change rate of left intraventricular pressure,±dp/dtmax)明显低于休克前(P<0.05),血气也发生了明显改变;2倍失血量的LR输注不能较好地恢复平均动脉血压(mean artery pressure,MAP)和血流动力学指标,AVP 0.4 U/kg和0.04 U/kg输注,明显增加MAP和改善休克大鼠血流动力学指标,延长休克动物存活时间并提高存活率,与LR组相比明显升高(P<0.05).结论 AVP对非控制性出血性休克大鼠彻底止血后有较好的复苏效果.     

辅助腹腔复苏治疗失血性休克大鼠的研究

目的探讨辅助腹腔复苏对失血性休克的治疗作用。方法制作失血性休克大鼠模型,平均动脉压（MAP）降为40mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）并持续90min开始行传统方法或辅助腹腔复苏,观察不同复苏方法对休克大鼠MAP的影响;于复苏后3h处死部分大鼠,取回肠组织,光镜下观察肠黏膜绒毛形态,评价肠黏膜损伤程度;观察不同复苏方法对休克大鼠存活时间的影响。结果与传统复苏方法相比,辅助腹腔复苏能显著提高创伤失血性休克大鼠的MAP（P〈0.05）和显著减轻休克大鼠肠黏膜绒毛的损伤（P〈0.01）以及降低休克大鼠的死亡率和延长存活时间。结论辅助腹腔复苏能对失血性休克有较好的疗效。     

液体复苏方式对失血性休克大鼠小肠黏膜组织形态学的影响

目的观察不同液体复苏方式对失血性休克大鼠肠黏膜组织形态学的影响,并探讨其机制。方法健康雄性SD大鼠48只随机分为四组（n=12）,所有动物麻醉后经口直视气管插管,保留自主呼吸,右侧股动、静脉置管。A组（对照组）不放血及补液,其余三组通过股动脉放血和回输使平均动脉压（MAP）=40mmHg后切除75%的鼠尾造成活动性出血,维持MAP=35-40mmHg 60min,作为失血性休克模型。液体复苏期（60min）,用乳酸林格氏液（LR）和6%羟乙基淀粉（6%HES 130/0.4）作为复苏液体静脉输注;B组（限制性液体复苏组）通过输注复苏液体维持MAP在60mmHg左右;C组（开放性液体复苏组）通过输注复苏液体维持MAP在100mmHg以上;D组（无液体复苏组）在断尾处止血前不予任何液体。三组休克大鼠在随后的60min急救期接受结扎止血和足量的液体输注,液体复苏后24h各组大鼠取标本备检测。电镜和光镜下观察肠黏膜组织病理变化,Chiu氏6级病理评分评定肠黏膜损伤程度。结果复苏后24h各休克组大鼠小肠黏膜病理损伤评分及组织形态学显示不同程度损伤,其中B组损伤较轻,C组损伤最重,而对照组肠组织形态观察基本正常。超微结构显示C、D两组肠上皮细胞连接明显改变,C组损伤最重且有大量细胞调亡现象。结论非控制性失血性休克采用限制性液体复苏有利于减轻肠组织水肿,从而维护肠组织形态正常。     

羟乙基淀粉200抗大鼠失血性休克作用与羟乙基淀粉氯化钠的等效性研究

目的 比较6%羟乙基淀粉200/0.9%氯化钠溶液与羟乙基淀粉氯化钠(贺斯)对大鼠失血性休克的复苏效果.方法 用45%放血大鼠失血性休克模型,将60只SD大鼠分为两组,即羟乙基淀粉(hydroxythyl starch,HES)200组和贺斯组.各组再分为20、30、40mL/kg组,观察平均动脉血压(mean arterial blood pressure,MAP)、血流动力学和血气的变化,同时观察存活时间和24h存活率的变化. 结果 HES200和贺斯输入后对MAP、左心室收缩压(left intraventricular systolic pressure,LVSP)、左心室压力上升或下降的最大速率(the maximal change rate of left intraventricular pressure,±dp/dtmax)在不同剂量之间无明显差异,贺斯40mL/kg组输入后LVSP和±dp/dtmax略高于相同剂量的HES200组,各剂量组HES200 24h存活率和存活时间比贺斯略长,但差异无统计学意义,不同剂量HES200和贺斯输入后对血气无明显影响.结论 自制HES200具有较好的抗失血性休克的作用.与贺斯相比,抗休克作用差异无统计学意义.     

复苏压力对大鼠未控制出血性休克早期复苏效果的影响

目的比较不同的复苏压力对大鼠未控制出血性休克（uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock,UHS）早期复苏效果的影响。方法采用脾脏损伤的未控制出血性休克模型。48只SD大鼠根据早期复苏压力的不同分为6组：不复苏组（对照）和40、50、60、70、80mmHg复苏组,每组8只。伤后平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure,MAP）降至40mmHg时开始低压复苏,用乳酸林格液加羟乙基淀粉（2：1比例）复苏,使MAP维持在各组设定的水平,持续1h,对照组此期不输注任何液体,然后结扎脾动脉止血,各组均行充分复苏2h。记录各组血流动力学、失血量、血细胞比容、血气、肝功及存活时间。结果60、70、80mmHg复苏组的出血量显著高于另3组（P〈0．05）,50mmHg复苏组的存活时间显著长于对照组和80mmHg复苏组（P〈0．05）。40mmHg复苏组和80mmHg复苏组的血流动力学指标显著低于50、60、70mmHg复苏组（P〈0．05）。70、80mmHg复苏组的酸中毒显著轻于40mmHg复苏组（P〈0．05）。40～60mmHg复苏组的血细胞比容显著高于80mmHg复苏组（P〈0．05）。40mmHg复苏组的肝功指标显著高于50、60、70mmHg复苏组（P〈0．05）。结论未控制出血性休克的早期复苏中,血压过高会增加出血量,缩短存活时问;血压过低则抑制心功能,加重肝功能损害。血压在50～60mmHg较为合适。     

限制性液体复苏治疗多发伤伴失血性休克患者的效果分析

目的:探讨限制性液体复苏治疗多发伤伴失血性休克患者的救治效果。方法:回顾性总结分析不同的液体复苏对多发伤伴失血性休克患者救治效果。结果:96例多发伤伴失血性休克患者中,常规液体复苏组52例患者平均动脉压(MAP)维持在60～80mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),病死率40%,存活患者并发症发生率42%;限制性液体复苏组44例患者MAP维持在40～60mmHg,病死率20%,存活患者并发症发生率20%。两组MAP、病死率及存活患者并发症发生率比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:限制性液体复苏能够降低多发伤伴失血性休克患者病死率和存活患者并发症的发生率,改善预后。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.