THE LANGUAGE OF REINFORCEMENT: A SOURCE OF CONFUSION?

SUMMARY. 100 people with mental handicaps attending adult training centres in the North West of England were asked to define the terms “good” and “bad”. Rating criteria were developed to accommodate the broad range and variety of responses, many of which appeared to be a function of training environments.     

THE ROLE OF SMALL VESSEL DISEASE (SVD) IN DEVELOPMENT OF

摘要 背景：痴呆是在老年人中常见而且持续增长的疾病，阿尔茨海默病是一种主要形式。传统上把阿尔茨海默病认为是神经变性疾病，但今期作者发现足够现象证明阿尔茨海默病是一种伴有神经变性结果的血管病症， 目的：总结并评价小血管病在神经变性疾病例如阿尔茨海默病中的作用，探讨血管因素在阿尔茨海默病的治疗中作为一项新诊断和治疗因素的相关性。 检索策略： 在线检索Pudmed中近十年内发表的英语报道，关键词“neurodegenerative disease, small vessel disease, Alzheimer disease, vascular risk factors and neuropathology”。 供检索到103篇文章。纳入标准：关于血管因素在神经变性病理学中的作用的文章；高影响因子期刊发表或近期发表的文章。排除标准：重复性研究。 数据综合：对阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆的归类已经分为两大派系，各自都有自己的临床标准，但近期流行病学和临床病理学研究表明两者之间的重叠。脑血管病损，尤其是小血管病（腔隙性梗塞，白质高信号和微出血）， 会放大轻微阿尔茨海默病病理学效应和促进认知力的减退，从而诱导神经损伤和痴呆。大量事实证明由于小血管病和阿尔茨海默病的危险因子极其相似（年龄，高血压，糖尿病等），一些神经损伤和神经病理性特征也随着改变，因此两种疾病频繁重叠。阿尔茨海默病的血管假设论开阔了一些治疗方法，例如骨髓间充质细胞和纳米科技。 结论：一些神经变性疾病，例如阿尔茨海默病和小血管病，她们不只具有相似的危险隐私和临床表现，还有病理生理学机制。因为，我们相信，与其标记患者神经变性疾病或脑血管疾病，不如将两种疾病均认为是一种连续集。将阿尔茨海默病认为一种血管疾病，将开拓出一种新方式去更好的理解发病机理，以及发现和引导更多更有效的治疗方式。     

ENGLISH ABSTRACTS OF ORIGINAL ARTICLES

The revision of the Child Behavior Check-List (CBCL) was standardized on a normal sample of 624 urban and rural boys aged 4-16 years in Hunan Province. The reliability and valibity of 6-11, 12-16 yearst is not fit for Chinese subject.     

NEUROSCIENCE BULLETIN MEMBERS OF EDITORIAL BOARD

HONORARY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF▲Yi-zhang ChenEDITORS-IN-CHIEFChang-Lin Lu (Standing)Chao-Yi LiZhi-Qi ZhaoASSOCIATE EDITORS-IN-CHIEFCheng He (Standing)Sheng-Di ChenXiao-Min WangXu ZhangJi-Zong ZhaoOVERSEA EDITORSJian-Guo Gu (Gainesvile, UAS)Wei-Dong Le (Houston, USA)Jun-Ping Liu (Victoria, AU)Bai Lu (Maryland, USA)Lin Mei (Birminghan,USA)Yi Rao (San Francisco, USA)Yong Shen (Sun City, USA)Qiang Wang (Kansascity, USA)Xiao-Ming Xu (Louisville,…     

NEUROSCIENCE BULLETIN MEMBERS OF EDITORIAL BOARD

HONORARYEDITOR-IN CHIEF▲Yi zhangChen EDITORS IN CHIEF Chang LinLu(Standing)Chao YiLi Zhi QiZhao ASSOCIATEEDITORS IN CHIEF ChengHe(Standing)Sheng DiChen Xiao MinWang XuZhang Ji ZongZhao OVERSEAEDITORS Jian GuoGu(Gainesvile,UAS)Wei DongLe(Houston,USA)Jun PingLiu(Victoria,AU)BaiLu(Maryland,USA)LinMei(Birminghan,USA)YiRao(SanFrancisco,USA)YongShen(SunCity,USA)QiangWang(Kansascity,USA)Xiao MingXu(Louisville,USA)MingXu(Cincinnati,USA)L…     

EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF DOPAMINERGIC MECHANISMS IN THE IMMUNOSTIMULATING EFFECT OF µ-OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONIST DAGO

The present study demonstrates that: (1) activation of µ-opioid receptors by systemic administration of a highly selective agonist DAGO (100 µg/kg) results in a significant increase in the number of plaque- and rosette-forming cells in the spleen of CBA mice as well as Wistar rats on the 5th day following sheep red blood cells (5 &#50 108) immunization, (2) the immunostimulatory effect of DAGO is mediated by central mechanisms including the hypothalamus-hypophysis complex; (3) the postsynaptic dopamine (DA) receptors of D2 type are involved in the DAGO-induced immunostimulation since the combined treatment of animals with haloperidol (2 mg/kg), a blocker of DA D2 receptors, and DAGO abolished this effect; (4) the nuclei caudatus and accumbens of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic DAergic systems, respectively, are implicated in the immune response stimulation caused by DAGO.­­     

DOES AGE PREDICT THE LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF DEPRESSION TREATED WITH ECT? (A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF THE LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF ECT-TREATED DEPRESSION WITH RESPECT TO AGE)

Sixty-three subjects with DSM-III-R major depression with melancholia or psychosis were followed up 2–4 years after index treatment with electroconvulsive therapy. There was a twofold increase in likelihood of improved outcome with an additional 20 years of age. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRYINSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS(February 2014)

<正>The Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry is a general psychiatry journal published bimonthly by the Shanghai MentalHealth Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical Center.Starting publication in 1959,it was China’s firstspecialty psychiatry journal and is currently one of the core psychiatry journals published in China.Starting with thefirst issue of 2012 all the content in the journal has been published in English,with Chinese-language translations of     

COMPARISON OF THE POLYMORPHISMS OF ANDROGEN RECEPTOR GENE AND ESTROGEN α AND β GENE BETWEEN ADOLESCENT FEMALES WITH FIRST-ONSET MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND CONTROLS

This study was to elucidate the role of genetic variation in androgen receptor (AR) gene, estrogen receptor α (ER α) and ER β gene on first-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) in female adolescents. Results showed that AR gene in MDD group have shorter microsatellites’ length, and ER β gene have shorter microsatellites’ length and higher rates of S alleles, SS, genotype, and lower rate of LL genotype than control group. The results suggest that shorter length of AR and ER β gene microsatellites might influence the onset of MDD in female adolescents, a further elucidation of the mechanisms is warranted.