Garlic compounds protect vascular endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidant injury

Oxygen radical injury and lipid peroxidation have been suggested as major causes of cancer, atherosclerosis and the aging process. In this study, we determined in vitro the effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) and one of its components, S-allyl cysteine (SAC), on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidant injury using bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC). After overnight preincubation with AGE or SAC, PAEC monolayers were exposed to H₂O₂ for 3 h. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and lipid peroxidation were measured to assess oxidant injury. Pretreatment with AGE at 2–4 mg/mL or SAC at 4 mg/mL significantly reversed the loss of cell viability induced by 50 and 100 μm of H₂O₂. AGE or SAC also exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of both LDH release and lipid peroxidation induced by 50 μM of H₂O₂. The results show that both AGE and SAC can protect vascular endothelial cells from oxidant injury. The data thus suggest that these compounds may be useful for retardation of the aging process and for prevention of cancer and atherosclerosis.     

Effect of Cinnamoyl and Flavonol Glucosides Derived from Cherry Blossom Flowers on the Production of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and AGE‐induced Fibroblast Apoptosis

Cherry blossom flowers are familiar to the Japanese, and some species of the flowers soaked in salty vinegar are used as processed foods. The constituents of aqueous ethanol extract from cherry blossom (Prunus lannesiana) flowers (CBE) were examined and cinnamoyl and flavonol glucosides were isolated. To elucidate the pharmacological functions of CBE and its constituents, their effects on the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and on AGE‐induced fibroblast damage were examined. CBE and 1‐O‐(E)‐caffeoyl‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside (CaG), a principal compound in CBE, significantly suppressed the production of AGEs derived from glucose and albumin at 100 μg/mL. Among the flavonol glucosides, quercetin 3‐O‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside (QG) exhibited potent suppressive activity (IC₅₀: 30 μg/mL). CBE and CaG suppressed glyoxal‐induced AGE production in fibroblasts at 10 μg/mL, but QG did not. In addition, CBE and CaG recovered collagen lattice formation consisting of collagen and glycated fibroblasts at 10 μg/mL. Moreover, CBE and its constituents, except kaempferol 3‐O‐(6″‐malony)‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside, significantly suppressed fibroblast apoptosis induced by carboxymethyl lysine‐collagen at 10 μg/mL. These results show that cinnamoyl and flavonol glucosides of cherry blossom flowers suppress AGE production and AGE‐induced fibroblast apoptosis. Cherry blossom flowers may be effective against skin AGE production and fibroblast damage by AGEs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

S(+)盐酸氯胺酮对大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P450同工酶的影响

 目的研究S(+)盐酸氯胺酮对大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P450(CYP450)6种主要同工酶的诱导或抑制作用。方法应用HPLC-UV测定CYP450 6种主要同工酶的特异性探针底物右美沙芬(CYP2D)、双氯酚酸钠(CYP2C6)、奥美拉唑(CYP2C)、氨苯砜(CYP3A)、非那西丁(CYP1A2)和氯唑沙宗(CYP2E1)的代谢速率。大鼠iv给予S(+)盐酸氯胺酮25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,连续给药7 d,评价药物对大鼠肝微粒体CYP450主要同工酶的诱导或抑制作用。结果S(+)盐酸氯胺酮50μmol·L^-1时可明显抑制大鼠肝脏CYP2C,2C6和3A,分别为对照组的61.4%,45.8%和31.3%,其中以对CYP2C的抑制作用最为明显。S(+)盐酸氯胺酮1和10μmol·L^-1对CYP450同工酶无明显影响,仅10μmol·L^-1 S(+)盐酸氯胺酮对CYP2C有轻度抑制作用。S(+)盐酸氯胺酮iv给药7 d后,对大鼠肝微粒体CYP1A2和CYP2C有不同程度的诱导作用,分别诱导137.5%和117.6%,对CYP2E1,3A,2D,2C6无明显影响。结论S(+)盐酸氯胺酮50μmol·L^-1时可明显抑制肝脏CYP2C,2C6和3A,连续给药7 d后可诱导CYP1A2和CYP2C,提示S(+)盐酸氯胺酮与经上述同工酶代谢的药物联合应用时,应注意药物-药物相互作用的可能性。     

The leishmanicidal effect of (3S)‐16,17‐didehydrofalcarinol,an oxylipin isolated from Tridax procumbens,is independent of NO production

The in vitro leishmanicidal effect of (3S)‐16,17‐didehydrofalcarinol (1) isolated from Tridax procumbens whole plant against Leishmania mexicana, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (chiclero's ulcer) in the New World, was investigated. This oxylipin showed significant in vitro activity against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of L. mexicana. Its inhibitory effect on amastigotes was not due to activation of NO in recombinant γ‐interferon‐stimulated macrophages, since the production of NO was decreased in presence of the oxylipin. This is the first report on the leishmanicidal activity against the intracellular stage (amastigote) of the oxylipin (3S)‐16,17‐didehydrofalcarinol. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

产地、生长期、商品规格等不同因素对罗汉果止咳作用的影响

目的考察不同因素对罗汉果止咳作用的影响。方法采用氨水引咳法,按序贯法(即上下法)求半数有效量的原理,计算小鼠半数引咳时间(EDT50),以给药组与对照组EDT50比值(R)评价不同产地、育苗方式、果实生长期、商品规格罗汉果以及干罗汉果与鲜罗汉果的止咳作用。结果湖南衡阳、广西南宁、广西永福县龙江及百寿采收的罗汉果均有止咳作用(R130%),尤其是广西永福县龙江和百寿的罗汉果止咳作用显著(R150%);扦插苗和组培苗生长得到的罗汉果均有止咳作用(R130%);果实生长期40~45 d和60~70 d的未成熟果无止咳作用(R130%);鲜果和干果都有止咳作用(R130%),但干果作用显著(R150%);一级果和响果有止咳作用(R130%),二级果没有止咳作用(R130%)。结论不同产地、繁育技术、是否烘干对罗汉果的止咳作用影响不大,但果实生长期和商品规格对罗汉果的止咳作用有影响。     

周络通胶囊对糖尿病周围神经病变小鼠坐骨神经糖基化终末产物及受体的影响

目的:观察周络通胶囊对糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)小鼠的作用及对晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)及其受体的影响。方法:40只KK/Upj-Ay小鼠随机分为模型组、周络通胶囊高、中、低剂量组(6.85,3.43,1.71 g生药.kg-1),另设10只C57BL/6小鼠对照组。灌胃给药12周,观察一般情况,测定空腹血糖(FBG)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c);测定运动神经传导速度(MNCV);光镜及电镜观察坐骨神经形态学变化;荧光分光光度法测定坐骨神经中AGEs含量;荧光定量PCR和Western blot法测定坐骨神经AGEs受体(RAGE)表达。结果:周络通胶囊能不同程度改善模型小鼠症状,高剂量组能降低FBG和HbA1c(P<0.05,P<0.01);3组均能提高MNCV(P<0.05,P<0.01);减轻坐骨神经病理损伤;降低AGEs含量及RAGE mRNA和蛋白的表达(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:周络通胶囊对DPN有明显的改善作用,其机制可能与降低周围神经AGEs形成、抑制RAGE表达有关。     

Anticomplement activity of polyacetylenes from leaves of Dendropanax morbifera Leveille

The present study evaluated the anticomplement effect of polyacetylenes from Dendropanax morbifera (Araliaceae) in the classical pathway complement system. The leaves of D. morbifera were evaluated with regard to its anticomplement activity, and its active principles identified following activity‐guided isolation. An aqueous CCl₄ fraction of the leaves of D. morbifera exhibited significant anticomplement activity on the classical pathway complement system, which was expressed as total hemolytic activity. Three polyacetylenes isolated from the leaves of D. morbifera, namely (3S)‐falcarinol (1), (3S,8S)‐falcarindiol (2) and (3S)‐diynene (3). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed inhibitory activity against complement system with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) values of 87.3 µm , 15.2 µm and 39.8 µm . Among the compounds tested, 2 showed the most potent anticomplement activity (IC₅₀, 15.2 µm ). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

手性萃取分离普萘洛尔对映体的研究

 目的以S,S-酒石酸酯为手性选择剂,研究普萘洛尔对映体在水相和有机相中的萃取分配行为,建立实验中优化的手 性萃取条件。方法考察水相pH值、选择剂浓度和对映体浓度的化学计量关系、有机溶剂以及不同烷基链酒石酸酯对萃取 性能的影响;对萃取过程进行量热分析;使用中空纤维膜研究其多级萃取分离应用效果。结果 S,S-酒石酸十二酯为手性选 择剂,氯仿为有机溶剂,水相pH值约为4．4,对映体浓度约为5 mmol·L^-1。使用量热分析从热力学角度证明该手性萃取过程 同时为焓控和熵控过程。通过多级手性萃取,出口水相普萘洛尔对映体浓度比值约为1．46。结论合适的萃取条件下能够 实现普萘洛尔对映体的手性分离。     

板蓝根化学成分与抗流感病毒神经氨酸酶活性相关性的探讨

目的探讨板蓝根化学成分与体外抗流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)活性的相关性。方法采用UPLC法建立不同产地板蓝根提取液的指纹图谱,并选取已知共有峰进行定量测定,采用试剂盒法测定药物抑制流感病毒NA活性,对化学信息和生物效应进行灰色关联分析和单因素相关分析,以探索其相关性。结果不同产地药材、不同提取方法得到的样品的化学成分量与生物效应均有一定的差异。UPLC指纹图谱各共有峰中已知峰(R,S)-告依春和尿苷与抑制流感病毒NA活性相关性较强,其中(R,S)-告依春量与生物效应显著相关。结论基于NA活性检测结果,初步明确了板蓝根化学成分量与生物效应的相关性,为板蓝根抗病毒有效成分的筛选和提取提供数据参考。     

麻仁软胶囊治疗抗精神病药物所致便秘的临床观察

目的探讨麻仁软胶囊治疗抗精神病药物致便秘的临床疗效。方法将服用抗精神病药物致便秘的192例住院精神病患者随机分成3组,各64例,分别给予麻仁软胶囊、番泻叶、酚酞(果导)片治疗,用药后观察排气,记录排便时间以及腹痛、腹胀情况。结果 3种药物通便疗效总有效率均在80%以上,3组间无显著性差异(P0.05);麻仁软胶囊组患者治疗依从性显著高于番泻叶和酚酞片组(P0.01);且番泻叶、酚酞片有不同程度的腹痛、腹泻等副作用,麻仁软胶囊组不良反应发生率显著低于番泻叶组、酚酞片组(P0.01)。结论麻仁软胶囊治疗抗精神病药物所致便秘疗效显著,患者依从性高,不良反应少。     

Inhibitory effect of the cree traditional medicine wiishichimanaanh (Vaccinium vitis‐idaea) on advanced glycation endproduct formation: identification of active principles

Like many aboriginal populations, First Nations communities such as the Cree of Eeyou Istchee are facing continuously increasing rates of diabetes and related complications. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), which readily form and accumulate with sustained hyperglycemia, contribute to the development of diabetic complications and, as such, are considered a potential therapeutic target. In the present study, the inhibition of AGE formation by ethanolic extracts of the Cree medicinal plant Vaccinium vitis‐idaea L. was assessed by fluorometric detection of fluorescent AGEs and immunodetection of N^?‐(carboxymethyl)lysine adducts of albumin. Extracts from V. vitis‐idaea berries demonstrated a concentration‐dependent inhibition of AGE formation in both measures. High performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) identified nine main phenolic constituents. Four were selected for further testing, of which catechin, quercetin‐3‐O‐galactoside and cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside but not para‐coumaric acid displayed antiglycation activities. These results demonstrate that the flavonoid components of the berry extract are potent antiglycation agents and provide pharmacological validation for the traditional use of V. vitis‐idaea as an antidiabetic remedy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

烟叶中1个新的开环西松烷二萜类化合物

目的研究烟草Nicotiana tabacum叶中的西松烷类化学成分。方法采用硅胶柱色谱及高效液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据对化合物的结构进行鉴定。结果从烟叶95%乙醇提取物中分离得到5个西松烷二萜类成分,分别鉴定为(1S,2E,4R,6R,7E)-4,6,11-trihydroxy-1-isopropyl-4,8-dimethylpentadeca-2,7-dien-12-one(1)、(1S,2E,4R,6R,7E,11E)-2,7,11-cembradiene-4,6-diol(2)、(1S,2E,4S,6R,7E,11E)-2,7,11-cembradiene-4,6-diol(3)、(1S,2E,4R,6R,7E,11S)-2,7,12(20)-cembratriene-4,6,11-triol(4)、(1S,2E,4S,6R,7E,11S)-2,7,12(20)-cembratriene-4,6,11-triol(5)。结论化合物1为新化合物,命名为烟叶二萜A。     

新鲜烟叶中的1个新二萜类成分

目的研究烟草Nicotiana tabacum叶中的西松烷二萜类化学成分。方法采用柱色谱技术对烟草的95%乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,采用波谱技术结合化学方法进行结构鉴定。结果从烟草提取物中分离得到了5个西松烷二萜类成分,分别鉴定为(1R,3E,7E,10S,11E)-3,7,11-cem-bratriene-10,15-diols(1)、(1S,2E,4S,6R,7E,10E,12S)-2,7,10-cembratriene-4,6,11-triol(2)、(1S,2E,4R,6R,7E,10E,12S)-2,7,10-cembratriene-4,6,11-triol(3)、(1S,2E,4S,6R,7E)-4,6,11-trihydroxy-1-isopropyl-4,8-dimethylpentadeca-2,7-dien-12-one(4)、(1S,2E,4R,6R,7E,11S,12S)-11,12-epoxy-2,7-cembradiene-4,6-diol(5)。结论化合物1为1个新化合物,命名为烟叶二萜B;化合物4首次在植物中发现,为1个新的天然产物。     

丹参治疗微循环障碍作用机制的“成分-靶点-通路”多层次互作网络模型研究

目的基于网络药理学分析丹参治疗微循环障碍的分子生物学机制。方法借助TCMSP、PubChem Search、Genecards数据库和Swiss target prediction在线工具得到丹参的活性成分治疗微循环障碍的作用靶标,利用Cytoscape 3.3.0软件构建丹参活性成分-微循环障碍作用靶标网络,通过STRING数据库构建靶蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络,通过生物学信息注释数据库(DAVID)进行基因本体(GO)生物学过程和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析。结果从丹参中共筛选出治疗微循环障碍的65个相关活性成分,并发现微循环障碍相关的9个关键靶点。GO和KEGG通路富集分析发现,丹参治疗微循环障碍可能与氧化还原、钙离子稳态等生物过程有关,能够调节血管内皮生长因子信号通路、神经突触信号传导、催产素信号通路、醛固酮-调节钠重吸收等信号通路。结论丹参治疗微循环障碍体现了多成分、多靶点、多途径的作用特点,为进一步开展丹参治疗微循环障碍作用机制研究提供了新的思路和方法。     

基于DPPH、ABTS和FRAP的中药女贞子抗氧化谱效关系研究

运用HPLC测定不同加热条件处理的女贞子药材的特征图谱,通过DPPH、ABTS和FRAP法测定不同条件处理女贞子的抗氧化能力,运用偏最小二乘法进行数据分析,研究女贞子量化特征图谱和抗氧化活性的相关性,探讨女贞子抗氧化活性的物质基础,并筛选活性色谱峰。从35个匹配特征图谱中筛选出S_1,S_2,S15,S_(24),S_(27),S_(29),S_(32),S_(33),S_(35)与女贞子清除DPPH自由基能力呈显著正相关;S_1,S_2,S_5,S_8,S_(16),S_(27),S_(33)与女贞子清除ABTS自由基显著正相关;S_(12),S_(20),S_(22),S_(28),S_(30),S_(31),S_(32),S_(34)与女贞子还原Fe~(3+)能力显著正相关。其中S_1,S_2,S_(27),S_(33)与女贞子清除DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基均正相关,S_(32)与女贞子清除DPPH自由基、还原Fe~(3+)能力均正相关。通过与对照品比对确定了S_3为红景天苷、S_(19)为木犀草苷、S_(21)为特女贞苷、S_(22)为橄榄苦苷、S_(23)为女贞苷、S_(33)为木犀草素、S_(34)为芹菜素。试验结果表明特女贞苷和红景天苷等虽是规定的表征女贞子药材优劣的指标成分,但女贞子药效并不是靠个别成分含量决定。通过分析与药效相关的化合物群的含量才能真实反映药材的质量。     

S(+)-盐酸氯胺酮在大鼠体内药动学研究

 目的S(+)-盐酸氯胺酮是盐酸氯胺酮右旋光学异构体,研究大鼠静脉注射给药后体内血浆药动学、组织分布、代谢及排泄特征,为临床应用提供参考依据。方法本实验采用LC-MS测定生物样品中S(+)-盐酸氯胺酮浓度。结果大鼠静脉注射不同剂量S(+)-盐酸氯胺酮(6.25,12.5,25mg·kg^-1)后,ρ_max及AUC与给药剂量呈正相关;体内分布以肾、肾上腺最高,脑、小肠、肌肉、胃、心脏等次之,肝、肺等组织水平最低。S(+)-盐酸氯胺酮静脉注射后经粪、尿、胆汁排泄,排泄量分别占给药量的0.007%,0.66%,和16%。S(+)-盐酸氯胺酮在大鼠体内可经CYP2E1,CYP3A和CYP2C同工酶代谢,氧化成去甲基代谢物和双键去甲基代谢物。结论研究S(+)-盐酸氯胺酮的血浆药动学、组织分布、代谢及排泄特征可为该药临床应用的安全性和有效性提供重要的参考依据。     

蓬莪术挥发油中倍半萜类化学成分及舒张子宫平滑肌活性

目的 研究蓬莪术Curcuma phaeocaulis根茎挥发油中的化学成分及其舒张子宫平滑肌活性。方法 采用硅胶柱色谱、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、反相中压液相色谱、制备薄层色谱和半制备高效液相色谱等分离技术进行分离纯化,并运用多种现代波谱技术对化合物进行结构鉴定,通过NOE数据确定其相对构型,计算电子圆二色谱（ECD）确定其绝对构型。利用缩宫素致大鼠离体子宫平滑肌痉挛模型考察化合物对子宫平滑肌收缩活动的影响。结果 从蓬莪术挥发油中分离得到2个倍半萜化合物,分别鉴定为(1R,4S,5R,6R,7S,10R)-1(10),4(5)-双环氧吉玛烷-11(12)-烯-6-醇（1）和curcumanolide A(2)。其中化合物2对缩宫素诱导的大鼠离体子宫平滑肌收缩具有抑制作用。结论 化合物1为1个新的吉玛烷型倍半萜,命名为双环氧吉玛烯醇。化合物2具有舒张子宫平滑肌活性。     

朱砂七总蒽醌对S180荷瘤小鼠凋亡基因表达的影响

[目的]观察朱砂七总蒽醌对S180荷瘤小鼠凋亡基因c—mye、Bcl-2和突变型p53表达的影响。[方法]建立S180荷瘤小鼠模型,分成4组：模型对照组,阳性对照环磷酰胺组和朱砂七总蒽醌大、小剂量组,灌胃给药第11天,取各组小鼠的瘤组织,采用实时定量PCR法检测各组小鼠肿瘤组织c—mye、Bcl-2和突变型p53基因的表达。[结果]朱砂七总蒽醌1．2g／kg和0．3g,kg剂量组c—mye、Bcl-2和突变型p53mRNA表达量较模型组均显著降低,与模型组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。[结论]朱砂七总蒽醌对S180荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用可能是通过下调小鼠S180瘤组织c—myc、Bcl-2和突变型p53mRNA的表达而实现的。     

他克莫司在151例肝移植受者的常规监测的群体药动学研究

 目的考察国人肝移植受者口服他克莫司(Tacrolimus,FK506)常规监测的群体药动学特征,为实施个体化用药提供新途径。方法收集151例肝移植受者FK506的血药浓度数据,应用非线性混合效应法(NONMEM)选择药动学模型和统计学模型,并考察性别(GEN)、年龄(AGE)、体重(BW)、术后时间(POD)、剂量(DOSE)、合并用药、肝肾功能、红细胞压积(HCT)等协变量对药动学参数的影响,建立最终回归模型。并根据Bayesian反馈估算获得个体和群体的药动学参数以及预测血药浓度。结果NONMEM法对151例肝移植受者的总数据集用一级吸收二房室开放模型进行拟合,指数模型表征个体间和个体自身变异。将总数据集随机分为建模组和验证组。用建模组数据获得的群体参数在验证组中有较理想的拟合优度。群体药动学参数为:CL为19 L·h^-1,V2为170 L,Q为71 L·h^-1,V3为324 L,K_a为2.670 h^-1,吸收延迟时间(ALAG)为0.230 h。协变量对药动学参数的影响按照OB J下降的幅度依次为DOSE,BUN,HCT对CL;BUN,DOSE,AGE对V2。经Bayesian反馈得到的预测浓度和实测浓度的相关性为r=0.97。模型的误差分析结果表明,平均绝对权重残差(MAWR)为(11±10)%。结论NONMEM法建立回归模型能较好地估算应用FK506的肝移植受者的个体及群体药动学参数,应用回归模型并利用Bayesian反馈可用于临床个体化给药。     

药对研究——三七、白及药对配伍前后对三七皂苷成分含量的影响

该文以三七、白及药对为研究对象,采用HPLC测定三七单煎液及不同配伍比例(1∶0.5,1∶1,1∶2)三七与白及合煎液中具有脂肪酶抑制作用的活性成分——(20S)-人参皂苷Rg3和人参皂苷Rh4的含量,并探讨两药配伍后对三七皂苷成分含量的影响。色谱方法为Lichrospher C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相为乙腈-水梯度洗脱;检测波长为203 nm;柱温为30℃;流速为1 m L·min-1。结果发现,与三七单煎液相比,三七、白及合煎液中人参皂苷Rg3、人参皂苷Rh4的含量均呈上升趋势,且上升幅度与配伍白及量呈正比;合煎液中人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1、三七皂苷R1的色谱峰均较三七单煎液的明显降低。研究结果表明三七与白及配伍后,合煎液中(20S)-人参皂苷Rg3、人参皂苷Rh4的含量较单煎液显著增加,推测白及中的有关成分可促进其它人参皂苷进行转化,该结果为拓展制备(20S)-人参皂Rg3、人参皂苷Rh4的方法提供参考。