从87种中草药植物中分离内生放线菌及其规律的初探

为了考察从植物中分离内生放线菌的规律,采集了87种中草药植物,包括62种草本植物和25种木本植物.减少系统误差后的统计数据显示,从55种草本植物和13种木本植物中各分离和初步鉴定了519株和41株内生放线菌,暗示从大多数草本植物比从木本植物中分离到内生放线菌的概率大.通过比较不同植物组织的出菌率,发现不论是草本还是木本植物,植物的地上部分(茎和叶)分离到的内生放线菌的数量比地下根部的多.这些初步的分离规律对于今后从中草药植物中高效地分离内生放线菌提供了借鉴意义.     

HPLC—DAD—MS联用法检测中药降糖制剂及胶囊壳中非法添加罗格列酮的研究

目的:建立检测中药降糖制剂及胶囊壳中非法添加的罗格列酮的专属性方法。方法:采用液相色谱-质谱联用法,样品以 Agilent TC-C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱进行分离,以甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液(30:70)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长范围为200～400 nm,分流比为4:1。采用电喷雾离子化正离子检测模式(ESI~ ),m/z 范围为100～800amu,毛细管电压为 3.2 kV,脱溶剂气(N_2)为350 L·h~(-1),锥孔反吹气为50 L·h~(-1),锥孔电压为45 V,脱溶剂温度为150℃,源温度为105℃,检测方式为全扫描质谱。通过液相色谱保留时间、紫外光谱图、相对分子质量及源内 CID(碰撞诱导裂解)碎片离子等信息,对中药降糖制剂及胶囊壳的提取液进行液相色普-质谱分析。通过与罗格列酮的色谱及质谱行为相比较,对中药降糖制剂及胶囊壳中非法添加的罗格列酮进行检测。结果:在市售某中药降糖制剂或胶囊壳中检测到罗格列酮。结论:该方法选择性强,灵敏度高,可用于非法添加化学降糖药罗格列酮的药品快速检测方法的研究。     

中药天然药物活性成分的研究方法

中药天然药物活性成分研究的早期方法盲目性大，耗时、费资。较新的研究方法有两种．第一种为活性指导下的靶向追踪分离方法，用这种方法研究了中药薤白中的活血化瘀活性成分，中药粉背薯芋、总合草苔虫及黑果黄皮中的抗癌活性成分。第二种为体内代谢方法，用此法对桑白皮中的平喘成分，及穿心莲内酯的体内代谢产物进行了研究。论述了中药天然药物活性成分研究面临的困难、改进方法的思考及展望。     

传统植物药和兰花的最新进展(英文)

The main objective of this paper is to review recent advances in plant drug research and developments in orchid study, in an attempt to provide useful references for plant drug studies. Plants have been used as medicine for millennia. Out of estimated 250 000 to 350 000 plant species identified so far, about 35000 are used worldwide for medicinal purposes. It has been confirmed by WHO that herbal medicines serve the health needs of about 80 percent of the world's population; especially for millions of people in the vast rural areas of developing countries.Meanwhile, consumers in developed countries are becoming disillusioned with modem healthcare and are seeking alternatives. The recent resurgence of plant remedies results from several factors: 1) the effectiveness of plant medicines; 2) the side effect of most modem drugs; and 3) the development of science and technology. It has been estimated that in the mid-1990s over 200 companies and research organizations worldwide are screening plant and animal c     

中药中重金属新型检测技术的研究进展

近年来,中药中存在的重金属问题已引起国内外各检测机构的高度重视,重金属超标已成为影响中药出口,阻碍我国中医药走向世界的瓶颈,因此准确检测和限定重金属的含量已是当务之急。该文对国内外中药中重金属的行业标准进行了介绍,并对重金属新型的检测技术进行了总结和评述,同时还对该领域未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Lead finding from medicinal plants with hepatoprotective potentials

Background: Several lead compounds have been developed from natural resources as hepatoprotective. The hepatotoxic nature of the drugs, industrial toxins and drug-induced hepatotoxicity has been recognized as the major problem associated with liver diseases. Natural products including herbs have great potential in treating liver disorders. Objective: Botanicals have been used traditionally by herbalists and indigenous healers worldwide for several years for the prevention and treatment of liver disease and clinical research in this century has confirmed the efficacy of several plants in the treatment of liver disease. Many herbs used in several systems of alternative medicines have a long history of traditional use in revitalizing the liver and treating liver dysfunction and disease. Many of these herbs have been evaluated in clinical studies and are now being investigated phytochemically to understand their actions in a better way. Conclusion: An attempt has been made through this article to review the most potential medicinal plants with pharmacologically established hepatoprotective activity. Further, this article highlights their phytochemical profile and finds the effective leads from natural resources for the desired therapeutic benefit.     

西地那非原料及其中成药制剂的红外光谱鉴别

目的检查非法生产的枸橼酸西地那非原料和非法加入补肾壮阳中成药及性保健药品中的枸橼酸西地那非.方法建立化学分离方法,从高效液相色谱法初步确认含有枸橼酸西地那非的原料药、中成药及性保健品中分离提取西地那非,并用中红外分光光度法(溴化钾压片)进行定性鉴别.结果对高效液相色谱法检测含有西地那非的28批原料、62批各种剂型的中成药,进行红外鉴定,均检出含有西地那非.结论该方法专属性强,快速,简便.     

煎服治疗风湿痹证的中药汤剂应注意的细节

针对治疗风湿痹证的中药汤剂的特点,对煎煮过程中常规煎法的煎煮时间、需采用特殊煎法的中药饮片进行了归纳;对服用过程中药引的应用、服药温度和时间、饮食宜忌等细节进行了说明。还对含有毒中药的此类汤剂的服用注意事项、此类中药汤剂与西药同用的禁忌以及此类外用汤剂的使用细节进行了探讨,为临床上安全、合理、有效地运用中药汤剂治疗风湿痹证提供参考。     

55例中药注射剂不良反应报告分析

目的了解本院使用中药注射剂的不良反应情况,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法分析本院2008年因中药注射剂引起不良反应55例的临床资料,并对所涉及药物品种进行分类整理。结果55例不良反应涉及9类19种中药注射剂,临床表现以皮肤症状多见,其次为全身性损害及用药部位损害。较严重的有呼吸困难、过敏性休克等。结论中药注射剂引起的不良反应不容忽视,使用时要加强监护,发现问题及时处理。合理规范用药,以减少不良反应的发生。     

Recent progress on the traditional Chinese medicines that regulate the blood

In traditional Chinese medicine, the herbs that regulate blood play a vital role. Here, nine herbs including Typhae Pollen, Notoginseng Root, Common Bletilla Tuber, India Madder Root and Rhizome, Chinese Arborvitae Twig, Lignum Dalbergiae Oderiferae, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Corydalis Tuber, and Motherwort Herb were selected and reviewed for their recent studies on anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular effects. Besides, the analytical methods developed to qualify or quantify the active compounds of the herbs are also summarized.     

中医辨证治疗甲状腺功能减退症的效果观察

目的 探讨中医辨证治疗甲状腺功能减退症的临床效果,以指导临床治疗.方法 将158例甲状腺功能减退症患者随机分成两组,每组79例.其中治疗组采用辨证论治的方法自拟药方行中医治疗;对照组采用中成药金匮肾气丸治疗,比较两组的临床疗效.结果 治疗组总有效率为89.87％ （71/79）,对照组总有效率为69.62％（55/79）,治疗组的疗效明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 采用中医辨证疗法治疗甲状腺功能减退症,能够有效改善甲状腺的功能.中医辨证疗法比单用一味中成药的疗效全面,且副作用小,使用安全,值得临床推广应用.     

Estimation of phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of some selected traditional Indian medicinal plants

The powder samples and methanol extract of 11 medicinal plants were subjected to analysis of proximate composition and measurement of antioxidant activity. Different parameters studied include phenolic contents, moisture, ash, crude fiber, fats and waxes. The assays employed were ferric reducing antioxidant power, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and scavenging effect on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical. Results obtained indicate that the antioxidant potential varied significantly from plant to plant. The total phenolic contents were determined spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Significant correlation is observed between ferric reducing antioxidant power and phenolic contents (R(2) = 0.96). These findings show that the polyphenolic constituents in the extracts are responsible for free radical scavenging capacity.     

Ethno medicinal survey of plants used by the indigenes of Rivers State of Nigeria

Context: The medicinal plants used in the traditional medicine of Rivers State of Nigeria were surveyed.

Objective: The survey aims to identify and document the plants used amongst the indigenes of Rivers State.

Materials and methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted during a field trip to gather information from traditional medical practitioners (TMPs) and community elders.

Results: Medicinal plant species (188) representing 169 genera and 82 families used in the ethno medicine of the people of Rivers State were recorded from 460 households. The most represented genera were Ipomoea and Citrus providing four species each. The most important species showed the highest Fidelity level (FL) value and these included Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) (100%) and Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae) (100%). The most important categories of diseases were those that showed the highest Informant consensus factor (ICF) value of 0.99, such as dermal or digestive problems and fever/malaria. The most used plant part was leaves (42%), while decoction was the main method of drug preparation (36%).

Discussion and conclusion: The survey shows that more than half of the medicinal plants gathered in Rivers State are also used in other countries of the world for various ailments. The high values of ICF recorded indicate high degree of agreement among the informants, while the high FL values suggest the popular use of the plants. The survey provides a useful source of information for TMPs and medicinal plant researchers. These medicinal plants gathered may bring about drug discovery and may also be incorporated into the healthcare delivery system of the country.     

Screening of medicinal plants against Leishmania amazonensis

Context: Leishmaniasis is a widespread tropical infection caused by different species of Leishmania protozoa. There is no immunoprophylaxis (vaccination) available for Leishmania infections and conventional treatments are unsatisfactory; therefore antileishmanial drugs are urgently needed. Natural products are attractive due to their structural diversity.

Objective: The present work investigated the antileishmanial action of 21 species of plants.

Materials and methods: Plants were collected and their hydroalcoholic extracts were screened against promastigotes and amastigotes of L. amazonensis. Their toxicity was also assayed against peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice.

Results: Five extracts showed significant growth inhibitory activity against promastigote form. Only the extracts from Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) and Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) inhibited the growth of intracellular amastigotes, with IC₅₀ values of 42.6 and 69.6 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, a low toxicity on macrophage from BALB/c mice was observed.

Discussion: The antiparasitic activities of B. pilosa and P. granatum have been reported against other parasitic agents and their actions can be the results of flavonoids present in the extracts.

Conclusion: This study supports the importance of natural products as potential sources in the search for new antileishmanial drugs.     

Antifungal activity of extracts of some plants used in Brazilian traditional medicine against the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic granulomatous disease caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Almeida (Onygenales) that requires 1–2 years of treatment. In the absence of drug therapy, the disease is usually fatal, highlighting the need for the identification of safer, novel, and more effective antifungal compounds. With this need in mind, several plants employed in Brazilian traditional medicine were assayed on P. brasiliensis and murine macrophages. Extracts were prepared from 10 plant species: Inga spp. Mill. (Leguminosae), Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntze (Amaranthaceae), Piper regnellii CDC. (Piperaceae), P. abutiloides Kunth (Piperaceae), Herissantia crispa L. Briz. (Malvaceae), Rubus urticaefolius Poir (Rosaceae), Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonaceae), and Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. (Asteraceae). Hexane fractions from hydroalcoholic extracts of Piper regnellii and Baccharis dracunculifolia were the most active against the fungus, displaying minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 7.8 μg/mL and 7.8–30 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, neither of the extracts exhibited any apparent cytotoxic effects on murine macrophages at 20 μg/mL. Analyses of these fractions using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the major components of B. dracunculifolia were ethyl hydrocinnamate (14.35%) and spathulenol (16.02%), while the major components of the hexane fraction of Piper regnellii were 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl) benzene (21.94%) and apiol (21.29%). The activities of these fractions against P. brasiliensis without evidence of cytotoxicity to macrophages justify their investigation as a potential source of new chemical agents for the treatment of PCM.     

中药复方配伍机制的现代研究

中药复方是中医临床用药的主要形式,其配伍机制的研究是中药现代化研究的重要组成部分。中药复方配伍机制的研究主要从药理、化学等方面,探讨复方的配伍、物质基础的变化与药理效应及药代动力学间的联系。本文就中药复方配伍机制研究的基本特点、现代研究思路与方法等方面进行综述。     

高通量代谢组学在药用植物研究中的应用

高通量代谢组学近年来发展十分迅速,并在药用植物的研究中得到了广泛的应用。目前,它主要被用于通过指纹图谱对药用植物进行质量控制,比较基因改造后药用植物的代谢差异,监测不同环境对药用植物的代谢变化以及研究药用植物基因的功能。高通量代谢组学具有良好的前景,但也存在对仪器要求较高及数据整合烦琐等问题,限制其更好的推广和应用。随着科学技术的发展及仪器设备联用的普及,高通量代谢组学必将在药用植物的研究中发挥不可替代的作用。     

含吡咯里西啶类生物碱植物与肝小静脉闭塞病

植物中的吡咯里西啶类生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids,PAs)是引致肝小静脉闭塞病的主要原因之一。美国、英国和我国等许多国家都有与含PAs植物或草药相关的肝小静脉闭塞病或肝损害的报道。全球约有6000余种植物含PAs,主要为4个科某些属的植物,即(1)菊科的千里光属、橐吾属、泽兰属、菊三七属和蜂斗菜属;(2)紫草科的所有属;(3)豆科的猪屎豆属;(4)兰科的羊耳蒜属。我国有38种中草药含PAs,常用的有12种:千里光、狗舌草、菊三七、款冬、佩兰、泽兰、山紫菀、紫草、天芥菜、野百合、猪屎豆、羊耳蒜。PAs本身的毒性极低,但其代谢物有肝毒性。PAs致肝毒性的摄入量,成人通常为每日数毫克至数百毫克,但WHO认为致肝小静脉闭塞病的每日最低摄入量为0.015mg/kg,即相当于70kg体重成人每天1mg。肝小静脉闭塞病的主要临床表现为顽固性腹水、黄疸、肝大。肝小静脉闭塞病尚无特效疗法,主要为对症、支持治疗。近年有报道用糖皮质激素或肝素治疗,但疗效和安全性尚待研究。作者认为,我国应加强含PAs植物致中毒的教育和监测。