沈阳地区金黄色葡萄球菌感染患者万古霉素治疗无效的研究

目的探讨沈阳地区部分医院万古霉素治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染患者失败的因素,为有效治疗提供依据。方法 2011年6月-2012年8月对临床分离的172株金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)102株、甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)70株,采用E-test法检测其对万古霉素最低抑菌浓度MIC值;用含万古霉素4.0μg/ml的脑心浸液琼脂培养基筛选异质性万古霉素中介耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(hVISA),在无万古霉素血平皿培养基中对MRSA进行连续传代培养,检测其对万古霉素MIC值的变化。结果 172株临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌,对万古霉素MIC值在(1.0~2.0)μg/ml有146株,占84.89%;102株MRSA对万古霉素MIC值在(1.0~2.0)μg/ml有88株,占86.27%,其中有两株MIC值为(2.5~3.0)μg/ml;70株MSSA对万古霉素MIC值在(1.0~1.5)μg/ml有46株,占65.71%,其余<1.0μg/ml;含万古霉素4.0μg/ml的脑心浸液琼脂培养基未筛选出hVISA,也未筛选出对万古霉素MIC值>8.0μg/ml的VRSA;体外传代培养发现,MRSA对万古霉素的MIC值随传代次数呈现一定变化规律。结论沈阳地区hVISA检出率极低,大部分临床治疗失败可能与菌株MIC值漂移有关,MIC值漂移菌株脱离抗菌药物环境连续传代,其MIC值较初始分离时未见下降,提示MIC值的漂移可能也涉及到了稳定的遗传变异,其机制有待进一步研究。     

耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌感染患者万古霉素的给药方案探讨

目的 应用蒙特卡罗模拟,优化耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)感染患者万古霉素的给药方案,提高其感染治疗效果.方法 收集已发表的万古霉素药代动力学参数和医院2011年万古霉素对MRSE的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分布数据;设置AUC24 h/MIC＞400,利用蒙特卡罗仿真软件模拟出5000例患者的达标概率(PTA)和累积反应分数(CFR).结果 肾功能正常的患者(A组),当MIC为0.5μg/ml时,万古霉素最低1500 mg/d,PTA为99.93％;当MIC为1μg/ml时,万古霉素最低2500 mg/d,PTA为95.48％;肌酐清除率在50～80 ml/min的患者(B组),当MIC为0.5 μg/ml时,最低给予万古霉素1000 mg/d,PTA为94.30％;当MIC为1μg/ml时,最低需给予万古霉素2000 mg/d,PTA为94.03％;而肌酐清除率在10～50 ml/min的患者(C组),只有在MIC为0.5μg/ml时给予750 mg/d,PTA为95.36％;各组MIC≥2μg/ml时,即使较高剂量亦难达到满意的抗菌疗效.结论 万古霉素治疗窗窄,个体差异大,利用PK/PD理论进行优化给药方案,可使患者用药更加安全、有效.     

氯氰碘柳胺对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的探讨氯氰碘柳胺对临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)的体外抗菌活性,为进一步探讨其在临床应用的可能性提供依据。方法临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌102株,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)46株,甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)56株,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定氯氰碘柳胺,对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值。结果氯氰碘柳胺对MRSA或MSSA的MIC值范围均为0.5～2.0 mg/ml,MIC50均为1.0 mg/ml,MIC90均为2.0 mg/ml。结论氯氰碘柳胺对MRSA或MSSA体外均有较好的抗菌活性,两者间的MIC50与MIC90差异均无统计学意义。     

2011年金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

目的 了解医院2011年金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,并采用Etest法测定万古霉素对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),以CLSI 2010年标准判断结果,WHONET5.6软件分析数据.结果 全年共分离金黄色葡萄球菌255株,其中MRSA检出率为51.4％,以神经外科、ICU检出率最高,分别为85.4％、80.1％,门诊患者最低为15.2％;甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)对青霉素高度耐药,对红霉素耐药率为41.7％,对其余抗菌药物均高度敏感,敏感率＞ 70.0％;MRSA对抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于MSSA,MRSA除对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺敏感率100.0％外,对磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、利福平敏感率分别为92.0％、80.4％;Etest结果显示MRSA对万古霉素MIC50和MIC90分别为1.0、2.0 μg/ml,MIC＞ 1.0 μg/ml菌株所占比例为44.3％,未发现有万古霉素非敏感株.结论 神经外科和ICU是MRSA感染的高危部门,MRSA对抗菌药物耐药性高,应重视MRSA万古霉素MIC的监测.     

耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌监测报告

本文报道了我们于1989年8月～1991年3月对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)的监测结果。结果表明:从各种临床标本分离出的99株金黄色葡萄球菌中筛选出48株MRSA(48.5％),25株表皮葡萄球菌中筛选出17株MRSE(68.0％)。在MRSA感染患者中,从脓液中检出的机会最多,占39.6％;MRSE感染患者中,从尿和脓液中检出的机会较多,分别占35.3％和29.4％。从甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)和 MRSA对11种抗生素的敏感试验结果来看,MRSA对被试的11种抗生素的耐药率均高于MSSA。另外,本工作中首次检出1株对万古霉素耐药的MRSA株,值得高度重视。     

糖尿病足感染葡萄球菌属临床及耐药特点分析

目的分析糖尿病足感染(DFI)创面分离的葡萄球菌属临床及耐药特点。方法 2008年1月-2009年12月从医院277例DFI溃疡中分离出84株金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)及48株表皮葡萄球菌(SEP),总结132例患者临床特点,分析耐药菌与下肢血液循环及溃疡深度(Wagner分级)间的关系;采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,分析细菌耐药特点。结果耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)及甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)及甲氧西林敏感表皮葡萄球菌(MSSE)中分离自缺血性和Wagner3、4级溃疡的菌株所占比例均高于单纯神经性和Wagner1、2级溃疡;与MSSA相比,MRSA更多分离自Wagner3、4级溃疡,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);SAU、SEP中多药耐药菌分别占60.7%和72.9%,MRSA、MRSE分别占SAU与SEP的27.4%、33.3%,均为多药耐药菌;MRSA、MRSE对β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类耐药率均>75.0%;MRSE对磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶耐药率(81.3%)比MRSA(34.8%)高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);MSSA、MSSE对青霉素G、大环内酯类耐药率均>60.0%;未发现耐万古霉素菌株。结论耐药葡萄球菌属多见于合并深部溃疡和下肢血运差的患者,DFI中葡萄球菌属多药耐药问题较严重,及时进行正确的细菌培养及药敏检测,可以指导临床合理用药以减少耐药菌的产生及播散。     

2例耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌感染的调查分析

近年来葡萄球菌属感染有增多趋势,尤其是耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS),包括耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)感染。现报道2例中枢神经系统耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌感染病例。     

四种中药单体对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌作用研究

目的研究4种中药单体对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的抗菌作用。方法采用微量肉汤稀释法测定苯唑西林对MRSA的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),应用PBP2'胶乳凝集试剂盒对MRSA所产的PBP2'蛋白进行鉴定。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定4种中药单体(包括芦荟大黄素、大黄酚、黄芩素、大黄酸)对MRSA的MIC。结果经鉴定,16株实验菌株均为MRSA。其中芦荟大黄素的抗MRSA作用最强,MIC值在2～8μg/ml,其次为大黄酸,而黄芩素和大黄酸抗MRSA的作用较弱。结论芦荟大黄素对MRSA的抗菌作用最强,且其在体内的口服生物利用度较高,因此有望成为抗MRSA的候选药物。     

广州市HIV感染者鼻腔携带MRSE与MSSE菌株的耐药谱及遗传特征比较

目的 比较广州市HIV感染者鼻腔携带耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, MRSE)与甲氧西林敏感表皮葡萄球菌(methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus epidermidis, MSSE)的耐药谱及遗传特征。方法 于2017年6 - 8月,对广州市某医院艾滋病门诊1 001名HIV感染者鼻腔分离的表皮葡萄球菌进行药物敏感性试验及毒素基因、耐消毒基因、耐药基因检测。结果 分离鉴定出422株表皮葡萄球菌,包括309(73.22%)株MRSE,113(26.78%)株MSSE。MRSE菌株对青霉素、头孢西丁、红霉素、四环素、莫西沙星、复方新诺明这6种抗生素的耐药率高于MSSE,差异均有统计学意义。MRSE菌株的多重耐药率达77.99%,高于MSSE(36.28%)。MRSE菌株毒素基因pvl的检出率为9.06%,耐消毒基因qacA/B、smr的检出率分别为53.72%、11.33%,耐药基因aac(6’) - aph(2’)的检出率(63.75%)最高。结论 广州市HIV感染者鼻腔MRSE的检出率和多重耐药率高,MRSE耐药情况较MSSE严重;耐消毒基因qacA/B和耐药基因aac(6’) - aph(2’)的检出率高。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感性的监测

目的为了引起广大医务人员高度重视耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)对万古霉素敏感性的监测,掌握其耐药特性,依据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物,延缓其耐药性的产生. 方法采用美国Microscan微生物鉴定仪、革兰阳性菌鉴定药敏复合板(PC11),对1998～2000年分离的MRSA对万古霉素敏感性的监测. 结果 1998～2000年分离的MRSA菌株中,有4株对万古霉素敏感性降低,其中1株对万古霉素的MIC=8μg/ml;3株对万古霉素的MIC>16μg/ml. 结论在我院监测中出现1株万古霉素中介敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(VISA);3株万古霉素耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(VRSA),药敏结果显示多重耐药.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.