逆转录病毒载体介导人GM－CSF基因转染肿瘤细胞

应用逆转录病毒载体ｐＺＩＰＮｅｏＳＶ（Ｘ）介导人ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因转染肿瘤细胞获得表达。经Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ将含有人ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因的重组逆转录病毒载体ｐＺＩＰ－ＧＭ转染兼性病毒包装细胞系ＰＡ３１７，继之用病毒收获液感染人肝癌细胞ＳＭＭＣ７７２１和人胃癌ＢＧＣ－８２３，经ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ依赖细胞株ＴＦ１测活和双抗体夹心法ＥＬＩＳＡ测定表明：人ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因在人肿瘤细胞中获得稳定高效表达。为进─步建立ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的转基因治疗模型提供了基础。     

逆转录病毒载体介导入GM—CSF基因转染肿瘤细胞

应用逆转录病毒载体ｐＺＩＰＮｅｏＳＶ介导入ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因转染肿瘤细胞获得表达。经Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ将含有人ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因的重组逆转录病毒功茶ｐＺＩＰ－ＧＭ转染兼性病毒包装细胞系ＰＡ３１７，继之用病毒睡获感染人肝癌细胞ＳＭＭＣ７７２１和人胃癌ＢＧＣ－８２３，经ＧＭ－ＣＳＦＪ依赖细胞株ＴＦ１活活和双抗体夹心法ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定表明：人ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因在人肿瘤中获得稳定高效表达。     

逆转录病毒介导的人TNF在人肝癌细胞系（SMMC）中的表达

利用逆转录病毒载体ＬＸＳＮ构建了含人ＴＮＦａ基因的重组逆转录病毒载体Ｌ－ｔｎｆＳＮ。磷酸钙沉淀法将重组载体引入病毒包装细胞ＰＡ３１７，挑选Ｇ４１８抗性克隆，用ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞测定病毒滴度，获得滴度为１×１０５ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ的细胞克隆。应用这一重组病毒感染人肝癌细胞ＳＭＭＣ７７２１，经Ｇ４１８筛选获得抗性克隆。ＰＣＲ可从转导的细胞ＤＮＡ中扩增出ＴＮＦａ基因片段，提示目的基因完整地整合在细胞基因组中。测定转导细胞培养上清中ＴＮＦａ活性，结果显示ＴＮＦａ有相对稳定的表达（１５０～３７０Ｕ／１０６ｃｅｌｌｓ／２４小时）。实验还表明转导细胞的体外生长能力无明显变化，但是其在裸鼠中的致瘤性却明显降低，提示逆转录病毒介导ＴＮＦａ基因对人原发性肝场可能有一定的治疗作用。     

人GM－CSF基因在昆虫细胞中表达的研究

本工作构建的昆虫表达重组体ｐＡＣ６１０－ＧＭＴ，是在ＡｃＭＮＰＶ的Ｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｉｎ启动子控制下，表达去除了信号肽编码顺序的人ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因（ｃＤＮＡ）的转染载体。它与野生ＡｃＭＮＰＶ病毒ＤＮＡ共转染Ｓｆ２１细胞，经过筛选得到纯化的可表达人ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的重组病毒株ｖＡｃＧＭＴ。其感染细胞总ＲＮＡ的Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ分析结果表明，重组病毒在ｍＲＮＡ水平有人ＧＭ－ＣＳＰ特异性表达，其表达水平在感染后４８ｈ时达高峰，７２ｈ未见明显下降。感染细胞裂解物的Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－Ｂｌｏｔ分析和活性测定也证实其蛋白水平的表达，并有人ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的生物学活性。     

携带人多药抗性基因逆转录病毒载体的构建及其在NIH3T3细胞中的表达

从ｐＨａｍｄｒｌ／Ａ质粒用ＸｈｏⅠ和ＳａｃⅡ将ｍｄｒｌ基因切下后克隆到ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔＳＫ质粒的相应酶切位点获得测序质粒ｐＢＳｍｄｒｌ，测定了ｍｄｒｌ基因的两端序列。用ＥｃｏⅠＣＲＩ和ＸｈｏⅠ从ｐＢ－Ｓｍｄｒｌ切下ｍｄｒｌ基因，定向克隆到逆转录病毒载体ｐＬＸＳＮ和ｐＭＳＣＶ２．１，得到携带ｍｄｒｌ基因的逆转录病毒载体ｐＬｍｄｒｌＳＮ和ｐＭＳＣＶｍｄｒｌ。用ＰＡ３１７病毒包装细胞包装后三种携带ｍｄｒｌ基因的病毒具有相似的滴度。用此三种病毒分别感染ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞后，以ｐＨａｍｄｒｌ／Ａ载体ｍｄｒｌ基因产物表达量最高。提示Ｈａｒｖｅｙ肉瘤病毒的启动子可能具有较高的强度。     

抗人免疫缺陷病毒1型gp120人源单链抗体的表达

目的研究人源抗人免疫缺陷病毒１型（ＨＩＶ－１）ｇｐ１２０单链抗体（ＳｃＦｖ）。方法以人工合成的ＨＩＶ－ｌｇｐ１２０Ｖ３环多肽为抗原，利用噬菌体抗体库技术，筛选含有抗－ｇｐ１２０ＳｃＦｖ基因的噬菌体，提取质粒，转化大肠杆菌ＨＢ２１５１，表达可溶性ＳｃＦｖ。结果经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析，表达产物分子量为２８ｋＤ左右，且具有ｃ－ｍｙｃ活性；ＥＬＩＳＡ和Ｄｏｔｂｌｏｔ结果表明，可溶性ＳｃＦｖ具有较好的抗原结合活性和较强的特异性；竞争性ＥＬＩＳＡ实验结果进一步证明表达产物的特异抗－ｇｐ１２０活性。结论该技术便捷有效，可大量获得人源抗ＨＩＶ抗体片段，为进一步研究抗ＨＩＶ抗体的生物活性和ＨＩＶ感染诊治打下基础     

DNA修复蛋白MGMT基因的克隆及转导脐血CD23^＋细胞后耐药特征的研究

目的：增强脐血ＣＤ３４＾＋造血细胞对化疗药物的耐药表型,探讨逆转录病毒介导的基因转移效率和耐药基因特性,以及在脐血造血干细胞保护性基因治疗中的作用和意义。方法：应用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）从人肝细胞中获得编码六氧甲基鸟嘌呤－ＤＮＡ－甲基转移酶（Ｏ＾６－ｍｅｔｈｙｌｇｕａｎｉｎｅ－ＤＮＡ－ｍｅｔｈｙｌｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒａｓｅ,ＭＧＭＴ）ｃＤＮＡ;利用基因重组技术,将其克隆于ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ质粒载体并构建了逆转录病毒载体Ｇ１Ｎａ－ＭＧＭＴ;应用脂质体ＬｉｐｏｆｅｃｔＡＭＩＮＥ基因转移法将后者导入ＧＰ＋Ｅ８６和ＰＡ３１７病毒包装细胞,以卡氮芥１,３－Ｂｉｓ（２－Ｃｈｌｏｒｏｅｔｈｙｌ）－１－Ｎｉｔｒｏｓｏｕｒｅａ（ＢＣＮＵ）加压筛选后的阳性克隆上清经乒乓效应后继而感染脐血ＣＤ３４＾＋细胞。应用ＰＣＲ,Ｓｏｕｔｈ     

可溶性人干细胞因子基因导入真核细胞及其表达

本文构建了编码可溶性人ＳＣＦ基因的逆转录病毒载体ｐＬＸＳＮ－ＳＣＦ，应用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ基因转移法将重组质粒导入Ψ２和ＰＡ３１７病毒包装细胞，经Ｇ４１８选择性培养基筛选，获得产重组病毒的包装细胞ＰＡ３１７－ＳＣＦ，其病毒效价为２．４×１０５～８．５×１０５ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ，继而感染人造血干祖细胞和ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞。应用ＰＣＲ、ＡＰＡＡＰ免疫组化染色和化学发光一直接酶标法检测上述细胞中人ＳＣＦ基因的转染和表达，结果表明逆转录病毒载体介导转染的ｒｈ～ＳＣＦ基因在真核细胞中获得有效的表达。并将转有外源基因的人骨髓细胞进行体外液体长期培养（ＬＴＣ），观察造血干祖细胞增殖分化期间基因的表达情况。     

通用型腺病毒伴随病毒载体的构建

目的构建含腺病毒伴随病毒（ＡＡＶ）基因组两端的反向重复序列（ＩＴＲｓ）和表达必须元件如启动子、多克隆位点和ＰｏｌｙＡ信号的通用型载体质粒ｐＡＣＲ－Ｎｅｏ，并获得重组ＡＡＶ（ｒＶＶ／ＡＣＲ－Ｎｅｏ）。方法通过ＤＮＡ重组技术，将ＳＶ４０ＰｏｌｙＡ、Ｎｅｏ基因、ＣＭＶ－ＩＥ启动子和多克隆位点组成表达盒子，取代含ＡＡＶ全基因组质粒ｐＳＳＶ９中ＡＡＶ结构基因部分，构建成质粒ｐＡＣＲ－Ｎｅｏ。用ｐＡＣＲ－Ｎｅｏ转染５型腺病毒（Ａｄ５）感染的重组ＡＡＶ包装细胞系ＡＥ１２０１，能获得重组病毒ｒＡＡＶ／ＡＣＲ－Ｎｅｏ。提取ｒＡＡＶ／ＡＣＲ－Ｎｅｏ感染细胞的染色体，用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ杂交分析重组病毒基因组在感染细胞中的存在情况。结果质粒ｐＡＣＲ－Ｎｅｏ转染包装细胞系后所得ｒＡＡＶ／ＡＣＲ－Ｎｅｏ滴度为４．２×１０５ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ，并且ｒＡＡＶ／ＡＣＲ－Ｎｅｏ能在转导细胞内实现其基因组与细胞染色体的整合。结论成功地构建了通用型ＡＡＶ载体，为今后的ＡＡＶ载体研究、基因治疗和临床应用打下了基础     

反义GFAP逆转录病毒表达载体的构建及其对反应性星形胶质 …

目的 构建反义ＧＦＡＰ逆转录病毒表达载体,评价其对２正常及损僵星形胶质细胞（Ａｓｔ）形态及ＧＦＡＰ基因表达的影响。方法 用定向克隆,将１．１ｋｂ的ＧＦＡＰ基因片段反向插入逆转录病毒载体ｐＬＸＳＮ上,获得重组体ＰＬＢｓｋＧ,经病毒包装,抗性克隆筛选、滴度测定等,挑选滴度高的抗性克隆细胞株扩展培养,收获病毒上清液感染体外培养的Ａｓｔ,通过免疫组织化学、原位杂交、ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ,Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ     

抗CD4及抗CXCR4抗体阻断HIV—1感染细胞作用的研究

为探讨抗ＣＤ４ 及抗ＣＸＣＲ４ 抗体在阻断Ｉ型人免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ－ １） 感染应用中的意义, 本文应用上述两种抗体分别与ＳｕｐＴ１ 细胞及人外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ） 共培育, 以封闭ＨＩＶ－ １ 在上述细胞上的受体。然后, 以ＨＩＶ１ ＮＬ４３ 病毒株感染上述细胞, 通过测定感染细胞上清中ＨＩＶ－ １ 的Ｐ２４ 蛋白含量, 观察上述抗体对ＨＩＶ－ １ 感染细胞的阻断作用。结果显示, 无论是抗ＣＤ４ 或抗ＣＸＣＲ４ 的抗体单独应用或是两者联合应用, 均可明显地抑制ＨＩＶ－ １ 感染细胞的作用。该结果为今后开拓ＡＩＤＳ的抗体治疗提供了理论基础。     

Inhibition of HIV-1 expression by HIV-2

HIV-1 and HIV-2 are co-endemic in certain geographic areas. HIV-2 is more weakly pathogenic than HIV-1, and progression to AIDS occurs less frequently and over a longer period of time. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that individuals infected with HIV-2 have a lower risk of HIV-1 infection. Both immune mechanisms and various modes of viral interference have been proposed to account for these results. Our findings, described in this paper, suggest that HIV-2 inhibits HIV-1 replication. To study the molecular interactions between HIV-1 and HIV-2, proviral clones were transfected alone or in combination into the human T cell line CEM. LTR-CAT indicator constructs were included for the purpose of monitoring viral promoter activity. Viral replication in transfected cells was monitored by p24 antigen capture assay of cell culture supernatants and Western blot analysis of cell extracts. HIV-2 inhibited HIV-1 replication as determined by intracellular and extracellular p24 antigen levels. Similar results were obtained with simultaneous virus infection using HIV-1 and HIV-2, rather than transfections of proviral DNA. Using cotransfection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 LTR indicator gene constructs, the mechanism of inhibition was found to be suppression of the HIV-1 LTR by HIV-2. The inhibitory effect of HIV-2 is not due to Tat-2, but appears to discriminate between the HIV-1 and HIV-2 LTRs based on differences in the Tat activation response element, TAR. These results suggest both a molecular mechanism for HIV-2 interference with HIV-1 replication and a potential molecular approach to therapy.     

Long-Term Protection against HIV-1 Infection Conferred by tat or rev Antisense RNA Was Affected by the Design of the Retroviral Vector

We have constructed a series of retroviral vectors in which the expression of antisense RNA targeted at the full length coding sequence of HIV-1 tat or rev was driven by three different promoters and in the context of double-copy or single-copy vectors. Jurkat cells transduced by these vectors were shown to express the expected tat or rev antisense RNA without alteration in cell proliferation or surface CD4 expression. After challenge with HIV, four patterns of protection were identified, with the degree of protection being determined primarily by the design of the expression system. In those patterns showing long-term complete protection, we could detect no HIV p24 in the culture supernatants or in the cells, and no HIV RNA or HIV proviral DNA (by PCR), during a 23-week follow-up. Experiments designed to rescue any live virus still formed in the culture after 20 weeks’ challenge demonstrated that, with some constructs, infectious virus could no longer be isolated, while with other constructs, only a low level of infectious virus was still being formed and providing a continuing virus challenge, although all other markers of infection remained undetectable. Our results demonstrated that antisense RNA expression driven by tRNA promoter in the context of a double-copy vector conferred better long-term protection against HIV infection compared to that driven by HIV LTR or MLV LTR promoters, and that the optimized vectors may be useful in developing a gene therapy against HIV-1 infection and AIDS.     

Inhibition of HIV-1 in the central nervous system by IFN-alpha2 delivered by an SV40 vector.

In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals, virus-induced production of interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) is impaired. In order to obtain regulated expression of IFN-alpha that responds to HIV-1 infection, a recombinant SV40 vector was designed that carries the human IFN-alpha2 cDNA under the control of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) (SV[HIVLTR]IFN). Thus, the IFN-alpha2 gene would be trans-activated on infection with HIV-1. This vector was tested to determine if central nervous system (CNS) cell types that may be potential HIV-1 targets could be transduced and protected from HIV. SV[HIVLTR]IFN transduced NT2 cells, a human neuronal precursor cell line, mature neurons derived from NT2 precursor cells, and human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. IFN-alpha2 expression was retained in mature neurons after SV[HIVLTR]IFN-transduced NT2 precursor cells were induced to differentiate using retinoic acid. IFN-alpha expression was detected only after exposing transduced cells to HIV. Furthermore, SV[HIVLTR]IFN-delivered IFN-alpha2 expression significantly inhibited replication of multiple strains of HIV in both NT2 and NT2-derived mature neurons. SV[HIVLTR]IFN transduction also inhibited HIV-1(BaL) replication in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of IFN-alpha2, delivered by an SV40 vector driven by HIV-1 LTR as a promoter, to protect several CNS-based, potentially HIV-susceptible cell types. These findings may have implications for therapy of HIV-1 infection in the CNS.     

Stimulated trans-acting factor of 50 kDa (Staf50) inhibits HIV-1 replication in human monocyte-derived macrophages

In order to identify cellular genes which interfere with HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MAC), cells were stimulated with interferon (IFN) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leading to a pronounced inhibition of HIV-1 infection in these cells, and the resulting gene expression was analyzed. Using the microarray technology we identified a gene named Stimulated Trans-Acting Factor of 50 kDa (Staf50), which is known to repress the activity of the HIV-1 LTR. Analysis of the Staf50 expression by real-time PCR showed an overexpression in IFNalpha (up to 20-fold) and LPS (up to 10-fold)-stimulated MAC as well as in infected cells (up to 3-fold). For stable overexpression, 293 T cells and primary macrophages were transduced with Staf50-IRES-GFP bicistronic pseudotype viruses. After transduction, 293 T CD4/CCR5 and MAC were infected with HIV-1, and virus replication was monitored by p24 ELISA. Overexpression of Staf50 inhibited the HIV-1 infection between 50% and 90% in 293 T CD4/CCR5 as well as in MAC. Our findings suggest that host genetic effects in combination with viral properties determine the susceptibility of an appropriate target cell for HIV-1 infection as well as the replication potential of the virus in the cell resulting in an overall productive infection.     

Functional HIV CXCR4 coreceptor on human epithelial Langerhans cells and infection by HIV strain X4

HIV can cross the intact epithelium of genital mucosae via Langerhans cells. Fresh Langerhans cells are known to express CD4 and CCR5. The presence of CXCR4 on the surface of cultured but not freshly isolated Langerhans cells has been described. In the present study, we demonstrate that CXCR4 was expressed by fresh Langerhans cells isolated and purified from epidermis. However, the percentage of Langerhans cells expressing CXCR4 or CCR5 increased during maturation of the cells in culture, especially in the presence of exogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. To determine whether CXCR4 was functional, freshly isolated Langerhans cells were infected with HIV LAI, a T-cell-tropic strain, and p24 protein production was measured in culture supernatants. p24 production was observed when infected Langerhans cells were cocultured with SupT1 cells. However, the presence of HIV provirus DNA was evidenced within the infected Langerhans cells by nested PCR. Ultrastructural studies confirmed the formation of syncytia when Langerhans cells were cocultured with SupT1 cells. Preincubation of Langerhans cells with azidothymidine or SDF-1-alpha, a natural ligand for CXCR4, prevented infection. These data demonstrated that CXCR4 is present on the surface of Langerhans cells freshly isolated from human skin epidermis and that this expression is functional.