全腔肺连接术在治疗复杂紫组型先天性心脏病的应用

目的：报道全腔肺连接术在治疗复杂紫绀型先天性心脏病的应用经验。方法：本组15例采用低温体外循环心房内侧隧道法，即将上腔静脉横断，远心端与右肺动脉上缘端侧吻合，下腔静脉经心内隧道经上腔静脉近心端与主肺动脉远心端，对端吻合，3例采用常温平行循环心脏不停跳下行心外管道全腔肺连接术，18例均合并肺窄。结果：全组无手术死亡。术后紫绀消失，出院时SaO2达91％--96％，心功能明显改善。结论：全腔肺连接术治疗复杂紫绀型先天性心脏病效果满意，适应证广泛，心外管道法手术操作简化，心脏不停跳，有利于心肌的保护。减少并发症。     

心外管道全腔静脉肺动脉连接术治疗复杂先天性心脏病

目的：总结心外管道全腔静脉肺动脉连接术治疗复杂先天性心脏病的临床经验。方法：采用心外管道全腔静脉肺动脉连接术对12例复杂先天性心脏病患儿进行外科治疗，其中单心室7例，完全性心内膜垫缺损并右心双出口3例，右室双出口并完全性大动脉转位2例，合并三房心1例，左上腔3例，1例二尖瓣重度反流。结果：全组手术无围术期死亡，1例年龄大并二尖瓣成形者术后8d左右出现下腔静脉综合征表现，经治疗后好转；其余均无顽固性胸腹水发生。随访2～48个月，无心律失常发生，氧饱和度93％～97％，心功能（NYHA）Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论：心外管道全腔静脉肺动脉连接术能有效治疗不能解剖矫治的复杂先天性心脏病，弥补全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术的不足，而恰当的围术期处理是避免并发症的关键。     

全自体组织全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术在复杂先天性心脏病治疗中的应用

目的:总结采用自身主肺动脉与下腔静脉直接连接的全自体组织全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术治疗复杂先天性心脏病的临床经验。方法:2009年6月至2011年7月,对14例先天性心脏复杂畸形的患者采用全自体组织全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术,其中三尖瓣闭锁5例,单心室6例,完全型大动脉转位2例,右室双出口1例,全组患者均有肺动脉瓣狭窄,其肺动脉主干及分支发育较好。全组均在体外循环下手术。结果:术后死亡1例(7.1%)。此外,1例出现脑部并发症,1例乳糜胸经手术治愈。术后未出现心律失常。超声心动图示吻合口均通畅。术后随访1～25个月,无死亡。动脉血氧饱和度91%～95%,恢复良好。结论:对手术适应证合适的复杂先天性心脏病患者,全自体组织全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术可取得满意的外科治疗效果,有望成为理想术式。     

全腔静脉与肺动脉连接术的术后护理

全腔静脉与肺动脉连接术是近年来治疗复杂性心脏畸形的一种新方法。术式特点是将上腔静脉切断后用其远心端与右肺动脉作端侧吻合,同时将下腔静脉通过右心房隧道或管道与上腔静脉连接,最后作上腔静脉近心端与肺动脉端侧吻合,使全身静脉血液不通过右心房直接进入肺脏。由于病变复杂,手术难度大,术后并发症多,病死率高,国内开展单位较少。我科     

双向格林手术后护理体会

双向格林手术是近年来在我国逐渐开展起来的一种姑息性手术方式。该手术是将上腔静脉于右肺动脉前方横断，近心端封闭，远心端与右肺动脉行端侧吻合。主要针对某些复杂紫绀型心脏畸形。对于治疗一些难以根治的肺血少型复杂心脏畸形是一种比较合适的手术方式。     

全腔静脉肺动脉转流术在复杂先天性心脏病的应用

6例紫绀型先天性心脏病患者一期接受了全腔静脉-肺动脉转流术,其中单心室3例,三尖瓣闭锁2例,矫正型大动脉转位1例,均在低温体外循环下完成手术。全组均治愈出院,术后患者血氧饱和度均有明显增加,可达92%以上,患者紫绀减轻,运动耐力明显增强,心脏容量负荷减轻,血流动力学满意,疗效满意。全腔静脉-肺动脉转流术操作简便,血流动力学满意,术后并发症和病死率较低,是治疗部分复杂紫绀型先心病的有效方法。     

右心旁路手术治疗复杂先天性心脏病24例的术后护理

目的探讨右心旁路手术治疗复杂先天性心脏病的术后护理措施,以期提高术后护理质量。方法格林手术术后患者取半卧位,全腔静脉肺动脉连接术采用半卧位,下肢抬高30°,充分镇静,维持静脉压16~20mm Hg,维持动脉血气偏碱状态,保证引流通畅。结果双向格林术后末梢氧饱和度由0.74±0.09上升至0.86±0.06,全腔静脉肺动脉连接术后末梢血氧饱和度0.92±0.05。结论对肺血少的复杂先天性心脏病行右心旁路手术是一种有效的姑息手术。为提高手术成功率,术后护理措施的重点在于保证上腔静脉回流通畅。     

非体外循环下心外管道全腔静脉肺动脉吻合术的手术配合

全腔静脉肺动脉吻合术（TCPC）主要用于治疗功能性单心室等紫绀型复杂先天性心脏病,其手术目的是将体循环静脉血不经过右心室直接引流入肺动脉,从而在生理上恢复正常血流[1-3].目前以心外管道全腔静脉肺动脉吻合术（EC-TCPC）为最佳方式.研究表明,此术式若在非体外循环下完成则可取得更满意的临床效果[2,3].我院从2000年5月至2004年3月共完成非体外循环下全腔静脉肺动脉吻合术16例,现将手术配合经验报告如下.     

全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术患儿的护理

全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术(TCPC)是将体循环静脉血直接回流至肺动脉的一种右心旁路手术,是完全性生理矫治,适用于肺血少,肺血管阻力低的复杂心脏畸形[1],尤其是合并单心室发育不良,一组房室瓣患儿[1].我院2005年8月-2006年6月为7例复杂先心病患儿实施了上腔静脉与右肺动脉端侧吻合,主肺动脉下拉与下腔静脉直接吻合的TCPC术,此手术方式与目前使用较广泛的心内隧道技术和心外管道技术相比较.     

一例心房外管道全腔静脉肺动脉吻合术的护理

心房外管道全腔静脉肺动脉吻合术(TCPC)是将上腔静脉与右肺动脉端侧吻合;横断下腔静脉与右心房连接处,逢闭近心端,将下腔静脉通过人工血管与主肺动脉端侧吻合,增加肺循环血流量。该术式具有操作简便,主动脉阻断时间短,可分期手术,术后心律失常发生率低等优点。我病房2006年12月26日为1例先天性心脏病患儿施行心房外管道全腔静脉肺动脉吻合术。现将护理体会总结如下。1病例简介患儿女性,6岁半,出生后3个月即诊断为“复杂型先天性心脏病”,曾于2年前在外院行双向格林术及动脉导管结扎术。于2006年12月19日以复杂型先天性心脏病一单心室、大…     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.