抗-HCV阳性血清HCV RNA检测与基因分型的研究

目的 检测抗-HCV阳件血清巾的HCV RNA并进行HCV基因分型.方法 采用荧光定量PCR法检测85例大连地区抗-HCV阳性患者血清中HCV RNA,应用型特异性引物逆转录套式PCR法对HCV RNA阳性样本进行基因分型.结果 85例的抗-HCV阳性患者中,HCV RNA阳性65例(76.5%),其中基因分型1b型32例(49.2%),2a型29例(44.6%),未分型4例(6.2%).结论 抗-HCV阳性并非HCV直接标志,大连地区HCV基冈1b型和2a型基本相等.     

武汉市美沙酮门诊治疗者丙型肝炎病毒基因分型

目的 探讨武汉市美沙酮门诊治疗者丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)及不同基因型感染状况.方法 用酶标记免疫(ELISA)法检测抗-HCV抗体,在86份抗-HCV抗体阳性的血清标本中,分别提取HCV RNA,通过逆转录巢式聚合酶链反应(RT-nested PCR)扩增C基因的羧基至E1基因的氨基端长度为474 bp的片段,测定其核苷酸序列,与GenBank中已知的HCV序列进行系谱分析,确定HCV基因型.结果 武汉市美沙酮门诊332名治疗者中抗-HCV IgG阳性率为94.3%;其中86份血清的HCV序列通过系谱显示6a型71例,占82.5%;3b 7例,占8.2%;1a 5例,占5.8%;1b 3例,占3.5%.结论 武汉市美沙酮门诊入组的吸毒者HCV感染以6a型为优势株,其次为3b,吸毒者中HCV感染率较高,且基因亚型呈现多样性.     

艾滋病毒和丙型肝炎病毒合并感染的相关分析

目的 探讨HIV/HCV合并感染者HCV的基因型分布情况及感染途径.方法 收集昆明市第三人民院2008年7月至2009年3月收治的52例HIV/HCV合并感染者血清,对HCV RNA阳性的28例患者采用型特异性探针杂交法进行HCV基因分型.结果 在28例HCV RNA阳性合并感染者中,共检出4种HCV基因亚型,分别为3b型9例(32.1%),3a型8例(28.6%),1b型7例(25.0%),6a型3例(10.7%),1例未测出(3.6%).静脉吸毒感染共23例,占82.14%,非静脉吸毒感染5例.结论 HIV/HCV合并感染者的HCV基因型以3b、3a、1b型为主要基因,并以静脉吸毒为主要感染方式.     

不同感染途径丙型肝炎患者HCV基因分型

目的探讨江苏省丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)基因型的分布及其与感染途径、肝功能等因素的关系。方法按照Simmonds分型方法对505例不同感染途径的丙型肝炎患者进行HCV基因型分型检测并分析年龄、性别、肝功能以及感染途径与HCV基因型的关系。结果 505例HCV RNA阳性标本中,1a型8例(1.6%),1b型348例(68.9%),2型24例(4.8%),3型40例(7.9%),1b/2混合型67例(13.3%),1b/3混合型13例(2.6%),2/3混合型4例(0.8%),1a/1b混合型1例(0.2%);不同性别、年龄人群HCV基因型分布差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);不同HCV基因型人群丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);不同感染途径人群HCV基因型分布差异有统计学意义(χ2=73.348,P<0.001)。结论江苏省丙型肝炎患者HCV基因型以1b型为主,1a型HCV在中国大陆地区流行程度有扩大趋势,HCV基因型与其感染途径有关。     

新疆地区不同民族丙型肝炎病毒基因分型分布

目的了解新疆地区不同民族之间丙型肝炎病毒基因分型的分布特征。方法用RT-PCR方法及PCR-荧光探针法对新疆地区278例丙型肝炎患者进行了HCV RNA的检测和基因分型。结果 278例抗HCV阳性标本中,共检出5种基因型。其中1b型170例(61.15%);2a型77例(27.69%);3a型17例(6.12%);3b型13例(4.68%);6a型1例(0.36%)。不同性别中1b型检出率较高,不同性别间基因型2a和3a检出率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),不同性别间基因型1b、3b、6a检出率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。1b型和2a型在汉族与少数民族之间分布差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。3a、3b及6a型在汉族与少数民族之间分布差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论新疆地区HCV基因型以1b型为主,基因型分布呈现多样性。     

出入境人员丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白基因巢式RT-PCR检测及分型研究

目的建立一种检测丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)核心蛋白基因的巢式RT-PCR方法,以及HCV核心蛋白基因区测序分型方法。方法从国际HCV数据库查找HCV核心蛋白基因序列,设计HCV RNA巢式RT-PCR引物及测序引物,并建立巢式RT-PCR反应体系。采用出入境人员抗-HCV阳性血清60份,及50份标本为HCV抗体检测阴性,且谷丙转氨酶(ALT)>100U/L的血清进行巢式RT-PCR检测,阳性结果使用本研究建立的测序引物进行基因测序以确定HCV基因型。结果 60份抗-HCV阳性血清中,42份(70.0%)核心蛋白基因RT-PCR扩增阳性,其中1b型27例、1a型12例、6a型1例、3a型1例、2a型1例。50份ALT>100U/LR抗-HCV阴性标本中,1份HCV核心蛋白基因RT-PCR扩增阳性,测序鉴定为3a型。结论本研究建立了一种HCV RNA核心蛋白基因的巢式RT-PCR检测和分型方法,为出入境人员HCV的诊断和监测提供重要依据。     

PCR-反向点杂交检测武汉地区丙型肝炎病毒的基因分型

目的了解武汉地区慢性丙型肝炎患者的HCV基因分型,为合理选择治疗方案及疗效预测提供理论依据。方法用PCR-反向点杂交技术对82份HCV-RNA阳性的血清进行基因分型,并对PCR产物测序验证,同时分析患者的性别、丙型肝炎临床类型与基因型分布相关性。结果 82份HCV感染样本共检出4种基因型,分别为lb、2a、3b和6a型,其中1b占73.1%,2a占14.6%,3b占7.3%,6a型占5.0%,各型测序结果与GenBank相应序列一致,1b型患者中重度型丙型肝炎发病率显著高于其他各型(P<0.05),基因型分布差异与性别无关。结论武汉地区HCV基因型主要为1b型,其次为2a型,与中国其他地区HCV基因型分布相一致,1b型患者临床症状较其他类型重,输血是丙型肝炎传播的主要途径,PCR-反向点杂交技术检测丙型肝炎病毒基因分型结果准确可靠、操作简便,具有临床推广和应用价值。     

湖北地区丙型肝炎病毒基因型分布及流行病学特征

目的分析湖北地区丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)基因型分布及其流行病学特征。方法收集2013年5月至2016年3月在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院接受HCV基因分型检查的丙肝患者血清及相关流行病学资料。采用实时荧光定量PCR对HCV RNA进行测定;采用巢式RT-PCR对HCV RNA阳性样本的核心区(core-e1)进行扩增并测序;对所测序列进行基因分型和进化树分析,并对各基因型相关的危险因素进行综合分析。结果共有HCV RNA阳性310例,测序223例,测序结果显示湖北地区存在5种基因型,1b型178例(79.82%),2a型32例(14.35%),6a型8例(3.59%),3b型4例(1.79%),3a型1例(0.45%)。1b、2a型主要见于1997年以前的有偿供血者和输血者;2a还多见于通过性接触传播的人群;6a、3b和3a型仅见于静脉注射毒品者。结论湖北地区HCV基因型分布呈现多样性且与传播途径密切相关,有关各方应予以关注及干预。     

丙型肝炎病毒基因分型与肝病程度关系的研究

目的探索丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）基因型在辽宁省大连地区的分布及流行的优势型,并探讨HCV基因型与肝病程度的关系。方法采用型特异性引物逆转录巢式PCR法和限制性片段长度多态性分析（RFLP）法对85例抗-HCV阳性的慢性丙型肝炎、丙肝肝硬化、丙肝相关肝癌病人进行HCV的基因分型。结果85份抗HCV阳性标本中,HCVRNA检出率为61例,占71．76％（61／85）。在85份抗HCV阳性血清中,仅检出了61例1b和2a型感染者,其中1b型32例,占52％（32／61）;2a型29例,占48％（29／61）。结论大连地区基因型为1b型和2a型两种型,符合中国丙肝病毒基因分型,大连地区1b型和2a型基本相等。未发现1b和2a基因型因肝病严重程度而有所不同。     

2017-2021年甘肃省慢性丙型肝炎流行病学调查

目的分析2017-2021年兰州大学第二医院确诊慢性丙型肝炎(丙肝)患者的流行病学资料,明确丙肝病毒抗体(抗-HCV)阳性患者地区和职业分布特征及HCV基因型构成特点,以确定HCV感染重点筛查人群。方法收集该院2017-2021年门诊和住院患者筛查抗-HCV资料,剔除同一患者多次检查结果,比较不同年份、性别、年龄段及科室抗-HCV阳性构成比和率的差异,计算已分型HCV基因型构成比;分析2011-2021年该院新发丙肝患者的地区和职业分布特点。结果2017-2021年筛查平均抗-HCV阳性率为0.98%;男女抗-HCV阳性率差异无统计学意义(P=0.09);56~70岁抗-HCV阳性患者占总阳性例数最多,且年龄越大抗-HCV阳性率越高;门诊科室中便民门诊、急诊及内科,住院科室中急诊、内科及外科抗-HCV阳性率高,均达到1.00%以上。共分型1346例,HCV基因型以1b和2a型占比高,分别为42.35%和52.30%。该院2011-2021年共报告新发丙肝确诊患者3661例,由于患者信息存在缺失,故分别获得3608例患者地区信息、3466例患者职业信息。前者兰州市占比48.00%(1734例);后者农民占比38.20%(1324例),其次为服务业(728例)和离退人员(723例)。多重对应分析结果提示抗-HCV阳性高危人群与急诊(含门诊和住院)、内科(住院)、外科(住院)及40岁以上年龄段有较强的关联性。结论2017-2021年甘肃省丙肝患者以中老年患者高发,门诊和住院各科室抗-HCV阳性率存在差异。HCV基因型以1b型和2a型为主。新发丙肝患者高发地区为兰州市,高发人群为农民。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.