骨间前动脉腕背支尺骨膜瓣修复三角纤维软骨的解剖学基础

目的为三角纤维软骨修复提供新的手术方法.方法在40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体标本上,解剖观测骨间前动脉腕背支的走行、分支及分布.结果骨间前动脉腕背支在伸肌腱深面贴骨间膜背侧下行至尺骨茎突上(1.6±0.8)cm处分为内、外侧终支,并分别与尺动脉腕背支、桡动脉腕背支吻合.腕背支近端较恒定地发出尺、桡侧骨皮支,其中尺侧骨皮支经伸肌间隙沿尺骨小头走行,沿途分出皮支和尺骨骨膜支.尺侧骨皮支长(1.4±0.7)cm,外径( 0.9±0.2)mm,可提供3.1cm×3.2cm×0.3cm尺骨远段背侧骨膜瓣.结论可以尺动脉腕背支为蒂设计尺骨远端骨膜瓣转位修复三角纤维软骨的新术式.     

前臂背侧嵌合骨皮瓣的应用解剖学研究

目的为前臂背侧嵌合骨皮瓣的设计提供解剖学基础。方法在22例成人上肢标本上解剖,观测骨间后动脉皮支分布,支配尺侧腕伸肌神经支与血管交叉点血管的外径及骨间后动脉与前动脉吻合情况。同时观测尺骨茎突近端5cm范围内,尺骨背侧骨膜血管支数目及血运来源。结果骨间后动脉沿途发出6-10个皮支,在深筋膜浅层形成丰富血管网吻合。可分为两种类型,Ⅰ型：间隔1-2cm发出皮支（15例）;Ⅱ型：分远、近两组（7例）。支配尺侧腕伸肌神经支与血管交叉点动脉外径（1．4±0．2）mm。在尺骨茎突近侧（2．4±0．5）cm处骨间后动脉与前动脉腕背支形成恒定吻合。尺骨茎突近侧5cm范围内,骨间后动脉向尺骨远段发出（3．0±0．8）支骨膜支（19例）;骨间后动脉发出2支骨膜支,骨间前动脉背侧支发出1支骨膜支（2例）;骨间前动脉背侧支发出2支骨膜支（1例）。结论以骨间后动脉为蒂可切取前臂背侧皮瓣、尺骨远端骨瓣形成嵌合组织瓣,修复手部皮肤缺损合并小块骨组织缺损。     

掌背动脉的解剖和临床应用观察

为了解掌背动脉的解剖资料，对４３只成人尸体手第１￣４掌背动脉解剖发现：第１掌背动脉８６％由桡动脉发出，１４％由拇指主要动脉或桡动脉浅支替代，第２掌背动脉８６％起自腕背动脉。第３、４掌背动脉６７％由腕背动脉与掌深弓深支吻合而成。第１￣４掌背动脉有皮支４￣８支，并有远近两个吻合点、掌背血管具有多源性和吻合丰富的特点，且分布优势在掌指关节。设计皮瓣手术切取方便，特别适用于手指皮肤软组织缺损的修复。临床已     

掌背动脉的解剖和临床应用观察

为了解掌背动脉的解剖资料，对４３只成人尸体手第１～４掌背动脉解剖发现：第１掌背动脉８６％由桡动脉发出，１４％由拇指主要动脉或桡动脉浅支替代，第２掌背动脉８６％起自腕背动脉，第３、４掌背动脉６７％由腕背动脉与掌深弓深支吻合而成。第１～４掌背动脉有皮支４～８支。并有远近两个吻合点。掌背血管具有多源性和吻合丰富的特点，且分布优势在掌指关节。设计皮瓣手术切取方便，特别适用于手指皮肤软组织缺损的修复。临床已应用１２例。     

骨间前动脉腕背支尺骨膜瓣修复三角纤维软骨的解剖学基础

目的:为三角纤维软骨修复提供新的手术方法。方法:在40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体标本上,解剖观测骨间前动脉腕背支的走行、分支及分布。结果:骨间前动脉腕背支在伸肌腱深面贴骨间膜背侧下行至尺骨茎突上(1.6±0.8)cm处分为内、外侧终支,并分别与尺动脉腕背支、桡动脉腕背支吻合。腕背支近端较恒定地发出尺、桡侧骨皮支,其中尺侧骨皮支经伸肌间隙沿尺骨小头走行,沿途分出皮支和尺骨骨膜支。尺侧骨皮支长(1.4±0.7)cm,外径(0.9±0.2)mm,可提供3.1cm×3.2cm×0.3cm尺骨远段背侧骨膜瓣。结论:可以尺动脉腕背支为蒂设计尺骨远端骨膜瓣转位修复三角纤维软骨的新术式。     

桡动脉腕背分支为蒂的手背逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨手背部桡动脉腕背分支为蒂的三种逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的手术方法及临床应用。方法桡动脉在腕背鼻烟窝穿出,与尺动脉掌深弓吻合之前,发出腕背皮支、第1掌背动脉、拇指背侧支以三支动脉为蒂,形成逆行鼻烟窝皮瓣、第1掌背动脉皮瓣、拇指背侧动脉皮瓣,修复虎口挛缩和指、示指、腕掌、腕背侧皮肤缺损。结果切取桡动脉腕背皮支逆行岛状皮瓣13例,修复拇指、虎口、指、腕掌、腕背组织损伤及缺损。术后随访皮瓣外形及手功能恢复效果满意。结论桡动脉腕背分支行岛状筋膜皮瓣血运好,质地柔软,切取方便,不牺牲主要动脉,是修复手部皮肤缺损的一种简单安全、损伤小的方法。     

带掌背动脉的逆行掌骨关节面复合组织瓣修复手部骨关节缺损

在手各掌骨间隙背侧，走行有４条掌背动脉，在各掌骨头之间，无发出一条恒定的吻俣支，与指掌侧总动脉或其分支相连，构成掌骨掌背动脉的血管吻合网，并有二条小静脉伴行，与腕背侧血管网吻合向腕掌关节和掌骨供血。     

骨间掌动脉背侧支岛状皮瓣的临床应用

我们应用骨间掌动脉背侧支岛状皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损 6例 ,效果满意 ,报告如下。1　应用解剖骨间掌动脉在旋前方肌上缘分为两支 ,一支为主干延续支 ,在旋前方肌深面走向远端 ,终于腕掌侧动脉网 ,另一支穿过骨间膜成为背侧支 ,于拇短伸肌、指总伸肌间隙向远端走行 ;在拇短伸肌肌腹肌腱移行处发出皮支 ,其长约 3.0 cm,动脉直径约 1mm,行至筋膜内分出上行支、下行支。上行支走向前臂近端桡侧与骨间背动脉桡侧支之降支形成吻合。背侧支主干向远端走行时分为两支 ,加入腕背动脉网。静脉回流以伴行静脉呈迷宫式途径回流。若头静脉也包括在皮瓣内 ,…     

前臂骨间掌侧动脉腕背支尺骨骨(膜)瓣治疗桡骨骨不连

目的探讨前臂骨间掌侧动脉腕背支尺骨骨(膜)瓣治疗桡骨骨不连的临床效果。方法在前臂背侧设计S形偏尺侧切开,切除桡骨骨折不愈合之硬化骨,以钢板固定骨折端,用带骨间掌侧动脉腕背支血管蒂尺骨骨(膜)瓣移植治疗桡骨骨折不愈合5例,尺骨骨(膜)瓣最小为2·5cm×1·5cm,最大为3.0cm×2·0cm,血管蒂长4~5cm。结果全部病例均在术后3个月出现明显骨痂,术后8个月骨性愈合,上肢功能恢复满意。结论前臂骨间掌侧动脉腕背支尺骨骨(膜)瓣是治疗桡骨骨不连的一种较好的方法选择。     

前臂背侧血管分布特点与皮瓣设计

目的：通过成人前臂背侧血管的解剖学观测，为临床选用皮瓣提供依据。方法：用５０例上肢标本，对前臂背侧血管的分支分布和吻合进行详细的解剖学观察和分析。结果：骨间后动脉和骨间前动脉腕背支是前臂背侧的营养血管，动脉间以及与尺、桡动脉腕背支相吻合。结论：本研究为下述血管为蒂的三种逆行皮瓣，提供了可靠的解剖学依据：（１）以桡动脉腕背支为蒂前臂背侧中下段皮瓣；（２）以骨间前动脉腕背支的尺侧骨皮支为蒂前臂背侧中下段尺侧皮瓣；（３）以骨间前动脉腕背支的桡侧骨皮支为蒂前臂背侧中下段桡侧皮瓣。上述皮瓣可携带骨膜、骨质，用于手部创伤的修复。     

双轴点掌背皮动脉皮瓣修复腕手指软组织缺损

目的探讨应用双轴点掌背皮动脉皮瓣修复腕或手指软组织缺损的手术方法及其疗效. 方法 1995年～2003年,通过解剖学研究发现,由掌背动脉发出的近侧及远侧皮支在皮下组织内形成恒定的弓状动脉吻合,以其近侧或远侧皮支为蒂,手背皮肤为供区,可形成顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣.临床应用了27例,采用顺行修复手背3例,皮瓣范围2.0 cm×4.0 cm～4.0 cm×6.0 cm;逆行修复手指24例,其中食指12例,中指6例,环指4例,小指2例,皮瓣范围 2.5 cm× 3.5 cm～3.0 cm×7.0 cm.供区均直接闭合. 结果术后皮瓣均成活.经1～3年随访,皮瓣外形及手功能满意,术后3个月开始恢复感觉,1年后恢复保护性感觉.供区外形及功能正常. 结论以掌背皮动脉为蒂的顺行或逆行皮瓣修复腕或手指软组织缺损,是一种较好的手术方法.     

改良掌背逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的：探讨切取掌背皮瓣的改进方法及其临床应用效果方法：复习相关掌背动脉解剖学研究成果,改进掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的切取方法,以背侧指蹼中点和两掌骨基底部汇合点连线设计为轴线,距指蹼缘近侧约1．5cm为旋转点,在深筋膜下、伸肌腱腱膜浅层解剖皮瓣,保留掌背动脉远端皮支,临床分别应用修复12例食、中、环、小指中、近节皮肤软组织缺损。结果：12例皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣术后远端出现张力性水疱,皮瓣远端部分表皮坏死,后创面经换药后愈合。术后随访3～6个月,皮瓣质地、外观满意,手背部外形功能良好。结论：自深筋膜下、指伸腱膜浅面解剖皮瓣,保留掌背动脉远端皮支的掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣手术方法操作简便,对供区损伤小,应用于修复手指近、中节皮肤软组织软缺损创面临床效果好。     

Anatomical basis for a vascular pedicled island flap from the dorsal area of the wrist.

We explored the cutaneous vascularity of the dorsal wrist area to examine the possibility of using reverse island flaps from this area for reconstruction of the hands and fingers. Four dominant arterial branches including the dorsal branches of the ulnar and radial arteries and terminal branches of the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries, which supplied the dorsal skin over the extensor retinaculum, were explored. The location, number, and diameter of skin perforators from these arteries were examined. The dorsal branches of the radial and ulnar arteries that passed along the dorsal cutaneous nerves gave off 2-4 skin perforators (diameter 0.1-0.2 mm) at the level of the carpal bone and always connected distally to perforating arteries from the palmar arterial system at the metacarpal head. Skin perforators from the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries were found passing through the extensor retinaculum in the second and third and fifth and sixth intercompartmental areas. The terminal branches of the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries always continued to the dorsal carpal arch, and lay over the distal carpal row. It may be anatomically possible to raise two different island flaps from the dorsum of the wrist.     

Vascular anatomy of the metacarpal bones and the interosseous muscles

The utilization of the metacarpal bones and interosseous muscles in the reconstruction of the hand should be based on the vascular anatomy of the metacarpal bones and the interosseous muscles. The authors studied the vascular anatomy of the metacarpal bones and the interosseous muscles to design a split metacarpal musculoosseous flap. Eighteen cadaveric hands from 9 cadavers were included in the study. The dorsal metacarpal arteries arise from the arch and course along the metacarpal bones closer to the ulnar borders of the bones supplying their periosteum through the muscular branches. Despite the indistinct pattern of muscular supply and anastomotic branches to the palmar surface, in all hands the arteries extend constantly along the metacarpal bone closer to the ulnar border. For defects or any pathology of the carpal bones, the metacarpal bones could be split at the ulnar border distally and a split metacarpal musculoosseous flap (based proximally depending on the dorsal metacarpal artery) could be performed (or based distally along with a distal intermetacarpal anastomosis).     

The anatomic basis of the fourth dorsal metacarpal flap: a cadaveric dissection

PURPOSE: To study the vascularization of the fourth dorsal intermetacarpal space and to determine the contribution of the dorsal metacarpal artery and the interosseous muscle fascia to flap viability. The fourth dorsal intermetacarpal space is considered to be less reliable as a donor site because of previously reported vascular variations. METHODS: We performed 15 cadaver dissections. The vascular tree was injected with black latex through the radial and ulnar arteries at the forearm. The skin paddle was designed within the fourth intermetacarpal space. The proximal border was placed at the wrist joint line. The distal border was located 1 cm proximal to the head of the fourth and fifth metacarpal. The width of the skin paddle was based on whether the donor site could be closed directly. A zigzag incision was performed from the distal end of the skin paddle to the volar edge of the interdigital web. The borders of the skin paddle were outlined down to the fascia of the dorsal interosseous muscle. Once the fourth dorsal metacarpal artery was identified each vascular connection was dissected and recorded. RESULTS: The fourth dorsal metacarpal artery was identified in all specimens under the dorsal interosseous muscle fascia. The distal recurrent branch consistently entered the base of the flap superficial to the extensor digitorum communis tendon of the small finger and the dorsal interosseous muscle fascia. Cutaneous perforators branching off the dorsal metacarpal artery were not found consistently. CONCLUSIONS: Reliable flaps can be raised from the fourth dorsal intermetacarpal space based solely on the distal recurrent branch, excluding the dorsal metacarpal artery and interosseous muscle fascia.     

改良第四掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的：探讨用改良的第四掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指软组织缺损的临床效果。方法：对16例新鲜肢体作血管灌注造影,发现掌背动脉指背支与指动脉背侧支在近节指背中段相吻合。设计以指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的第四掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复环,小指软组织缺损13例。供区均直接缝合。结果：13例皮瓣全部成活。术后随访3个月至1年,皮瓣质地;厚度良好。结论：该皮瓣血供可靠,切取方便,旋转弧度较长,适用于修复环、小指末节软组织缺损。     

掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣修复手指皮肤贯通缺损

目的 探讨掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣修复手指皮肤贯通缺损的治疗效果.方法 2006年2月至2009年8月,根据掌背动脉皮穿支的走行、分支与分布特点,将手背侧皮瓣设计成"哑铃型",转位修复手指皮肤贯通缺损9例.结果 术后皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合,随访1～18个月,皮瓣外形与手部功能恢复满意.结论 掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣是修复手指近节皮肤贯穿缺损的理想方法之一.     

掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣修复手指皮肤贯通缺损

目的 探讨掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣修复手指皮肤贯通缺损的治疗效果.方法 2006年2月至2009年8月,根据掌背动脉皮穿支的走行、分支与分布特点,将手背侧皮瓣设计成"哑铃型",转位修复手指皮肤贯通缺损9例.结果 术后皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合,随访1～18个月,皮瓣外形与手部功能恢复满意.结论 掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣是修复手指近节皮肤贯穿缺损的理想方法之一.     

骨间返动脉为蒂尺骨上段骨膜瓣移位的临床应用

目的：为治疗尺骨中上段和肱骨下段骨不连提供一种新的术式。方法：在３６侧成人上肢标本上，观测了骨间返动脉的走行、分布和吻合。通过解剖学研究，我们设计、应用了以骨间返动脉为蒂的尺骨上段骨膜瓣移位术。结果：经采用该骨膜瓣移位治疗尺骨上段骨不连２例、中段骨不连１例和肱骨下段骨不连１例，均取得满意疗效。结论：骨间返动脉尺骨上段骨膜瓣具有位置表浅、解剖容易和手术安全可靠等优点，适用于修复尺骨中、上段和肱骨下段骨不连和小范围骨缺损。