Outcomes of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy With Regional Citrate Anticoagulation in Small Children After Cardiac Surgery: Experience and Protocol From a Single Center

Patients after a cardiac surgery in cardiopulmonary bypass often present an acute kidney failure. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is often required. The aim of this study was to present effectiveness and safety of CRRT with regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA‐CRRT) in small children after cardiac surgery. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 15 patients after cardiac surgery and who had RCA‐CRRT performed in 2014. The established protocol was followed. Mean time on the RCA‐CRRT was 192 h 40 min with the circuit mean lifetime of 43 h 33 min. Clotting was found to be a cause of shutdown in 29% of circuits. No severe electrolyte and metabolic disorders were observed. The RCA‐CRRT is a safe procedure for critically ill children with contraindications to the CRRT with heparin anticoagulation. To avoid adverse effects related to metabolic disorders a proper procedure protocol has to be followed.     

Regional citrate anticoagulation: towards a first-choice treatment

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the most widely used technique for the treatment of severe acute kidney injury in the critically ill. The need for prolonged anticoagulation is the most important drawback of CRRT and clinically important bleeding significantly increases the risk of death. Therefore, alternative anticoagulation methods should be more widely adopted. Among the potential alternatives to systemic heparin anticoagulation, regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) is the most promising. By reducing ionized calcium inside the extracorporeal circuit, citrate is able to block the coagulation cascade at different levels. Compared with unfractionated heparin, several studies reported better filter survival times and a marked reduction of transfusion rates with RCA. Despite the positive reports about the efficacy and safety of RCA, the use of this alternative method of anticoagulation appears to be relatively limited. Desirable future improvements in RCA should be focused on simplifying protocols, minimizing the need for calcium and magnesium supplementation, increasing the flexibility of buffer balance, and introducing customized dialysis systems able to deliver automated RCA. In particular, safe protocols with automated delivery of citrate and calcium can allow easy parameter settings that can be adapted to a wide range of clinical situations, facilitating the wider use of RCA in the coming years.     

Antikoagulation bei der extrakorporalen Therapie des akuten Nierenversagens

Anticoagulation is of central importance for efficient continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Premature clotting of the extracorporeal system leads to therapy interruption, is costly, and causes relevant blood loss. Unfractionated heparin is still the standard anticoagulant for CRRT. Disadvantages are increased bleeding risk, often suboptimal coagulation inhibition, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) is in several aspects superior to heparin and is increasingly used for CRRT. It allows significantly longer filter running times, and a bleeding risk can be completely excluded due to its mode of action. In its modern form, RCA is safe and associated with a low rate of mostly mild metabolic changes. In case of severe liver insufficiency, RCA can lead to metabolic complications. In this special situation, CRRT without any anticoagulation can be successful. Patients with acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and need for CRRT should be treated with argatroban as the first choice, and combination with RCA may be useful. The use of RCA only is inadequate.     

Safety and Efficacy of Citrate Anti‐Coagulation Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies in Post‐Cardiac Surgery Patients With Liver Dysfunction

The study's aim was to examine safety and efficiency of citrate anticoagulated continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) in cardiac surgery patients with acute kidney injury and associated liver dysfunction. The study was conducted on critical ICU patients, hospitalized after cardiac surgery, who developed renal and liver acute failures due to low‐flow syndrome. CRRT in continuous veno‐venous hemodiafiltration with regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) was prescribed to address renal failure and avoid bleeding‐risk. Patient Ca⁺⁺ was measured to monitor RCA safety, while thromboelastography (TEG) and circuit Ca⁺⁺ were used to verify efficacy. CRRT effectiveness was evaluated through creatinine and urea levels, while liver function was monitored through bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST GOT) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GT) levels. The study did not require ethical approval. Hepatic and renal failures were confirmed by baseline levels (total bilirubin = 3.1 ± 3.37 mg/dL, AST GOT = 153 ± 147 U/L and gamma GT = 93.3 ± 86 IU/L, creatinine = 1.97 ± 0.88 and blood urea nitrogen [BUN] 98.13 ± 71.34) assessed in 15 patients. During treatment, Ca⁺⁺ (patient and circuit) remained stable and within range for the whole therapy thanks to low citrate dose (2.8 ± 0.3 mmol/L of blood), while hepatic markers did not show any significant changes the therapy, although treatment with citrate is contraindicated in patients with hepatic failure. RCA quality was confirmed by TEG values, which showed an anticoagulated circuit with no effects on patients. These results involved a high filter lifespan (49.76 ± 22.10 h) and with an effective creatinine and BUN clearance. No episodes of citrate intoxication were reported (total/ionized calcium ratio remained stable and physiologic). RCA during CRRT with dilute solutions proved both effective and safe, even in patients with acute liver failure.     

Citrate: a different mental approach to extracorporeal circuit anticoagulation

Citrate anticoagulation (RCA) during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in intensive care units (ICUs) is a practical application of a regional technique in which anticoagulation is virtually restrained to the extracorporeal circuit. This technique involves a different mental approach to anticoagulation, which gives RCA an advantage over systemic anticoagulation. The efficacy of anticoagulation depends on the level of citratemia reached in the circuit (from 2 to 6 mmol/L) and the associated decrease in ionized calcium (from 0.5 to 0.1 mmol/L). Compared with heparin in ICU patients in terms of efficacy and safety, citrate is able to maintain circuit patency for the same time, if not longer. It also reduces the risk of bleeding and the need for blood transfusions. Metabolic alterations during RCA such as metabolic alkalosis, hypocalcemia and hypernatremia are rare and of little clinical impact; their incidence is similar to those reported during CRRT with heparin. In patients at risk of citrate accumulation due to liver metabolism failure, the citrate load returning to the patient can be reduced by increasing the dialysis effluent volume. The popularity of RCA worldwide is neither high nor uniform. Apart from clinical indications, its diffusion is influenced by local and logistic conditions, the level of staff skill, and economic factors. However, thanks to the availability of dedicated monitors, disposable materials, and easy-to-learn operative protocols fitting patients' needs the use of RCA is increasing. For these reasons, RCA is expected to become the ruling anticoagulation approach during CRRT in ICUs.     

Regional Citrate Anticoagulation in Predilution Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration Using Prismocitrate 10/2 Solution

Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is associated with a longer filter life and fewer bleeding events. Complexity of the regimen is the major hurdle preventing widespread application. This study describes a simple predilution continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) protocol utilizing a commercially prepared replacement solution containing citrate (Prismocitrate 10/2). Ten patients with acute renal failure were evaluated. The Prismaflex system was used for predilution CVVH, with Prismocitrate 10/2 running at 2500 mL/h as the main predilution replacement. An 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution was infused at 50 mL/h in the first 2 h followed by 30 mL/h; 10% calcium gluconate was given to achieve an ionized calcium (iCa) level of 1–1.2 mmol/L. The circuit was run for 72 h unless there was filter clotting, transportation was required, or the patient did not require further CRRT. Total treatment duration was 504.5 h. The post‐dilution equivalent ultrafiltration rate was 32.9 mL/kg/h (interquartile range [IQR] 31.6–38.2) and the median circuit life was 50.3 h (IQR 25.5–72.0). None of the circuit was changed due to circuit clotting. The median systemic iCa was 0.98 mmol/L (IQR 0.91–1.08). The total calcium‐to‐iCa ratio was 2.33 (IQR 2.21–2.45). None of the patients developed hypernatremia (Na ≥ 150 mmol/L) or citrate toxicity (total Ca‐to‐iCa ratio > 2.5 plus increasing metabolic acidosis), and metabolic alkalosis (pH ≥ 7.5) occurred in one patient. This simple RCA CVVH protocol using commercially‐prepared solution could be a feasible, relatively safe, and effective alternative to the conventional regimen for patients with a body weight up to 80 kg.     

Transition From Heparin to Citrate Anticoagulation for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Safety,Efficiency, and Cost

Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has recently been recommended as first‐line over heparin. Evidence suggests that RCA prolongs filter life and may reduce bleeding risk, but there is little research on the benefits to dialysis dose delivery or cost, or the effectiveness of transitioning to RCA first‐line. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect on dialysis delivery, cost and safety when transitioning from systemic heparin to RCA for first‐line anticoagulation for CRRT. A single‐center, retrospective observational study was conducted from 2006 to 2012, during which a transition from heparin to a simplified RCA protocol occurred. Demographic and dialysis data, pathology results and costs were obtained. Data were analyzed for both heparin and RCA, and for before and after the transition. 166 patients had 992 dialysis days (heparin 334 vs. RCA 658); demographics were well matched; RCA used less filters per day (P = 0.03), had more days when prescribed dialysis was achieved (85% vs. 60%, P < 0.001), and less filter “down‐time” per day (2.4 vs. 6.1 h, P = 0.02). RCA was estimated to cost AU$487 per day, compared to heparin at $479 per day. When the data were analyzed, comparing before and after the transition, these results remained statistically significant. There was no statistical difference in clinical safety events. Transition to first‐line RCA was safe, provided more time on filter and consumed less filter circuits using a simple and user friendly protocol. The adjusted cost difference appears negligible.     

Efficacy of separated system continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critical acute kidney injury

Integrated system continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), the most popularly utilized mode for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), needs a sophisticated and expensive machine that is available only in limited critical care units. Separated system CVVH, which can be simply set up, might be an effectively alternative to CRRT. A one-year prospective observational study regarding the efficacy of separated system CVVH was conducted with 192 critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. All patients underwent separated system CVVH with the pre-dilution mode and a mean CVVH dose of 34.9±2.7mL/kg/h. The APACHEII score was 23.2±8.4 and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was 12.0±4.3. No complications, including air-embolism or circuit clotting, were observed and the survival rate was 32.3%. Separated system CVVH is simple, safe, and efficient and could provide cheaper treatments than the integrated system. It could thus be an effective, alternative treatment for critical acute kidney injury patients when the integrated mode is unavailable.     

Lepirudin for anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated with continuous renal replacement therapy

Lepirudin is a potent, direct thrombin inhibitor used for anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II (HIT). The half-life of lepirudin is prolonged in patients with renal insufficiency. Preliminary studies suggest that it is safe to use lepirudin in patients being treated with intermittent hemodialysis but information regarding its use with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is scarce. CRRT is used in acute care settings to remove fluid and uremic toxins in patients with renal failure with hemodynamic instability. Patients with HIT, renal failure, and hemodynamic instability pose a complex situation for clinical management. These patients require anticoagulation with nonheparin agents with simultaneous CRRT. There are no guidelines in the literature regarding the management of this patient group. We report our experience with lepirudin at managing four such patients with HIT, being treated with CRRT.     

连续低效每日透析滤过治疗急性重症肾损伤的临床观察

目的观察连续低效每日透析滤过（SLEDD—f）治疗急性重症肾损伤患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法收集我院2006～2010年急性重症肾损伤患者49例,并将其分为连续低效每日透析滤过组（观察组）和连续性肾脏替代治疗组（对照组）。连续性肾脏替代治疗组患者全部行连续性静脉．静脉血液滤过（CVVH）治疗,比较两组患者的临床疗效及治疗并发症。结果观察组患者治疗有效率与死亡率分别为81．82％和9．09％,对照组分别为77．78％和7．41％,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。观察组尿量恢复时间为（8．7±2．6）天,对照组为（9．5±2．3）天,观察组治疗人均9．18次,对照组8．45次,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。对照组每次平均23．4小时,低分子肝素用量为17000U／d;观察组每次平均8．5小时,低分子肝素用量为6000U／d,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论连续低效每日透析滤过治疗急性重症肾损伤的疗效与连续性肾脏替代治疗相当,但治疗时间更短,肝素用量少,治疗费用低。     

Factors Affecting Circuit Life During Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Children With Liver Failure

Despite abnormal clotting, circuits clot during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in children with acute liver failure (ALF). We report our experience. All children with ALF needing CRRT were studied over 2 years. Patient and circuit factors associated with circuit use were evaluated. Thirty‐one children in liver failure (median age 7.4 years) underwent CRRT, of which 17 (54.8%) died. A total of 98 filtration episodes were used. The smallest access catheter was 6.5 Fr, while the largest was 13.5 Fr. The most common filter used was HFO7 (63%). Mean duration (SD) of circuit use was 33.13(30.83) hours. Of the 98 filtration episodes, circuits blocked in 25, whereas the access catheter blocked in 25. Fifty‐two circuits were changed electively for a variety of reasons. Prostacyclin was the anticoagulant in 62 filtration episodes. The remaining filtration episodes had either no anticoagulation or heparin. The mean (SD) “downtime” was 5.13 (9.15) hours. We found a significant association between fresh frozen plasma (FFP) use with circuit blockade. Neither the duration of CRRT nor the “downtime” influenced mortality. The CRRT circuits blocked in children despite deranged clotting in liver disease. Circuits are changed for a variety of reasons other than clotting. The use of FFP reduces circuit life.     

持续性肾脏替代疗法治疗横纹肌溶解征的时机选择

目的:探讨早晚期应用持续性肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)治疗横纹肌溶解征(RM)的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析43例接受CRRT治疗的RM患者的临床资料,根据患者发病到开始进行CRRT治疗的时间分为早期组和晚期组,其中早期组22例,发病起至肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)升高超过5万U/L或者较入院时升高3倍以上时行CRRT治疗;晚期组21例,发病起至出现急性肾损伤(AKI)时行CRRT治疗。比较其治疗前、后的血肌红蛋白(Mb)、CPK、肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮(BUN)等指标和急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)的变化,探讨应用CRRT治疗RM的时机及对预后的影响。结果:早期组的死亡率和平均住院日均明显低于晚期组[9. 1%vs 33. 3%;(18. 5±5. 8) d vs(27. 8±4. 7) d,均P 0. 05];经过CRRT治疗后,早期组血Mb、CPK、SCr、BUN等各指标亦明显低于晚期组(P 0. 05)。结论:早期CRRT治疗RM效果更显著。     

Acute Self-Induced Poisoning With Sodium Ferrocyanide and Methanol Treated With Plasmapheresis and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Successfully: A Case Report

Self-induced poisoning with chemicals is one of the most commonly used suicide methods. Suicide attempts using massive pure sodium ferrocyanide and methanol are rare. This article discusses the management of acute intentional self-poisoning using sodium ferrocyanide and methanol.We present a case of acute self-induced poisoning using sodium ferrocyanide and methanol admitted to our hospital 2 hours after ingestion. He was deeply unconscious and unresponsive to painful stimuli. The laboratory findings showed acute kidney injury and severe metabolic acidosis. We took effective measures including endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation to ensure the vital signs were stable. Subsequently, we treated the patient using gastric lavage, bicarbonate, ethanol, plasmapheresis (plasma exchange), and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) successfully. He gradually recovered from poisoning and was discharged without abnormalities on the 6th day. Follow-up for 3 months revealed no sequelae.Blood purification including plasmapheresis and CRRT is an effective method to scavenge toxicants from the body for acute self-poisoning with sodium ferrocyanide and methanol. Treatment strategies in the management of poisoning, multiple factors including the removal efficiency of toxin, the protection of vital organs, and the maintenance of homeostasis must be considered.     

A simplified protocol for individualized regional citrate anticoagulation for hemodialysis: A single-center,randomized clinical study

Introduction:The lack of individualized treatment protocols and complicated procedures are important factors limiting the use of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) technology in hemodialysis. This study aims to validate the safety and efficacy of a simplified individualized RCA protocol for hemodialysis.Materials and methods:From June 2019 to August 2019, 45 patients with active bleeding or bleeding tendency undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in the Nephrology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were randomly divided into a modified conventional RCA protocol group with a low-flux dialyzer, a simplified individualized RCA protocol group with a high-flux dialyzer, and a simplified individualized RCA protocol group with a low-flux dialyzer.Results:A total of 45 patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 57.38 ± 19.05 years, and 78% were men. Forty-three patients completed 4 hours of hemodialysis, and the median total clotting scores in the 3 groups were 11, 12, and 12. Compared with the modified conventional RCA protocol group with a low-flux dialyzer, the 2 simplified individualized RCA protocol groups had better clotting scores for the dialyzer, arterial bubble trap, and single-pool urea clearance index (spKt/V_BUN) and lower costs. Moreover, these parameters did not differ between the 2 simplified individualized RCA protocol groups. No electrolyte or acid–base imbalances or citrate poisoning was observed in any of the 3 groups. Adverse events did not differ significantly among the 3 groups.Conclusions:The simplified individualized RCA protocol is safe, effective, and easy to implement. Therefore, this protocol can be promoted for clinical practice.Trial Registration:This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Study Registry under registration number ChiCTR1900023801.     

Argatroban: a direct thrombin inhibitor for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and other clinical applications

Argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor derived from arginine, is an effective anticoagulant indicated for prophylaxis or treatment of thrombosis in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Argatroban has been used as an alternative anticoagulant in patients with HIT in various clinical conditions including interventional cardiovascular procedures that require anticoagulation. Satisfactory clinical outcomes with acceptable complications have been reported in these patients. Whether argatroban offers additional clinical advantage over conventional heparin therapy in patients without HIT remains unclear. Argatroban has been evaluated as an alternative anticoagulant to replace heparin in various clinical studies, especially in patients with coronary artery disease or cerebral vascular disease. To date, it remains unclear if argatroban is more effective than heparin, although the agent seems to cause less bleeding complications. This article reviews the pharmacology of argatroban and its clinical application beyond the management of HIT, with particular emphasis on interventional cardiology procedure, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, cerebral thrombosis or ischemic stroke, peripheral obstructive arterial disease, and extracorporeal circulation.     

Prognostic Impact of Early Versus Late Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy Based on Early Warning Algorithm in Critical Care Patients With Acute Kidney Injury

The aim of our study is to evaluate the impact of early vs. late initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), defined by clinical information system (CIS) software using an early warning algorithm based on acute kidney injury network (AKIN) stages, on survival outcome of critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Of 1144 patients (mean [SD] age: 61.3 [17.9] years, 57.7% were males) hospitalized in ICU over a 2‐year‐period from January 2016 to December 2017, a total of 272 patients who had developed AKI requiring CRRT were included in this retrospective cross‐sectional study. Data on patient demographics (age, gender), reason for ICU hospitalization, AKIN stage, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, indications for CRRT, and time of CRRT initiation with respect to AKIN early warning algorithm were retrieved from hospital records and the CIS software database. Survivorship status was assessed based on total, in‐hospital and 90‐day post‐discharge mortality rates and analyzed with respect to CRRT onset before vs. after AKIN alarm. CRRT was initiated before the AKIN alarm in 41(15.0%) patients, and after the AKIN alarm in 231(85.0%) patients involving treatment within 0–24 h of alarm in 146 (63.2%) patients and within 24–120 h of alarm in 85 (36.8%) patients. Mortality occurred in 175 (64.3%) patients involving 25 (61.0%) out of 41 patients who received CRRT before AKIN alarm and 150 (64.9%) out of 231 patients who received CRRT after AKIN alarm. Mortality rate was significantly higher in those who received CRRT 24–120 h vs. 0–24 h after the AKIN alarm (82.4% vs. 54.8%, P < 0.001). Pre‐ and post‐CRRT SOFA scores were significantly lower in patients who received CRRT 0–24 h vs. 24–120 h after the AKIN alarm (P = 0.009 and P = 0.004, respectively), while pre‐CRRT APACHE II scores were significantly lower in patients who received CRRT before vs. after the AKIN alarm (P = 0.008). In conclusion, our findings indicate the potential role of using AKIN stage‐based early warning system in guiding time to start CRRT and improved survival in critically ill patients with AKI, provided that the CRRT was initiated within the early (first 24 h) of the alarming AKIN Stage II–III events. Future well‐designed clinical trials addressing early vs. late initiation of CRRT in critical care patients with AKI are needed to find and answer to the ongoing controversy and help clinicians in refining their indications for starting CRRT.     

脓毒症急性肾损伤危险因素及对预后影响318例分析

目的分析脓毒症急性肾损伤的发生及对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2008-01-01—2010-06-30收入中国医科大学附属一院重症加强病房(ICU)治疗的318例脓毒症患者临床资料,分为急性肾损伤组和非急性肾损伤组,应用Logistic回归对发病和死亡的相关因素进行统计学分析。结果 318例脓毒症患者中有119例发生急性肾损伤,发生率为37.4%,平均入ICU 2.4 d(0～26 d)开始出现急性肾损伤,持续时间7.8 d(1～63 d)。依发病24 h内最差指标分期:1期(危险期)74例(62.2%),2期(损伤期)18例(15.1%),3期(衰竭期)27例(22.7%)。60例患者接受持续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)治疗,平均CRRT时间为131.8 h(1～1008 h)。脓毒症急性肾损伤患者死亡48例(其中19例放弃治疗),占脓毒症患者的15.1%。有37例(31.1%)肾功能完全恢复,32例(26.9%)肾功能部分恢复,50例(42.0%)肾功能未恢复(其中23例拒绝CRRT治疗)。弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)、CPR术后及高SOFA评分是急性肾损伤的危险因素。高乳酸血症是脓毒症急性肾损伤患者死亡的危险因素。结论 ICU中脓毒症急性肾损伤的发生率及病死率高,DIC、CPR术后及高SOFA评分会增加脓毒症患者发生急性肾损伤的风险。高乳酸血症会增加脓毒症急性肾损伤患者的死亡风险。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗急性肾损伤的时机模式及剂量

急性肾损伤(AKI)在临床尤其在重症监护室十分常见,但仍缺乏有效的内科治疗手段,其病死率居高不下。连续性肾脏替代治疗具有血流动力学稳定、精确控制容量平衡、缓慢持续清除毒素、清除炎症介质、调节免疫功能等多项优势,是目前治疗重症AKI的重要方法,也是危重患者救治领域的研究热点。它自应用于AKI治疗以来,不断发展,已衍生出多种新型治疗模式,但其具体治疗处方及与间断性血液透析的疗效比较等方面尚存争议。文章将就连续性肾脏替代治疗AKI的时机、模式及剂量做一综述。     

连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗重症急性胰腺炎合并急性肾损伤患者的临床分析

目的：观察连续性肾脏替代疗法（CRRT）治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）合并急性肾损伤（AKI）患者的疗效及预后。方法：采用前瞻性临床对照研究方法,将24例SAP合并AKI患者随机分为常规治疗组（12例）和CRRT治疗组（常规治疗＋CRRT治疗组,12例）。治疗72h后对2组临床治疗效果进行比较（包括APACHEⅡ评分及其他主要临床指标）,同时观察0、6、12、24、48和72h各时间点患者血浆细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6及IL-10浓度。结果：2组患者入组基线情况相似,但CRRT组患者存活率明显高于常规治疗组（75.0%vs58.3%,P〈0.05）。治疗72h后,CRRT组患者APACHEⅡ评分（16.7±5.8vs13.1±3.4,P〈0.05）、体温（38.0±1.3vs37.6±0.5,P〈0.05）、血清肌酐（149.9±34.7vs75.6±50.6,P〈0.05）和剩余碱（-4.83±4.06vs0.63±3.78,P〈0.05）较治疗前明显好转,而常规治疗组患者的变化并不显著。同时,CRRT组患者血浆TNF-α,IL-1,IL-10水平均显著下降（均P〈0.05）。结论：CRRT治疗能快速有效改善SAP患者病情,纠正体内酸碱紊乱、清除体内代谢毒素外,还能清除体内生成过多的促炎和抗炎细胞因子,疗效明显优于传统疗法,应在发生AKI之前即进行治疗。     

Argatroban use during pediatric interventional cardiac catheterization.

Argatroban is a synthetic direct thrombin inhibitor that does not interact with or induce heparin-dependent antibodies. It is approved for use in adults for prevention and treatment of thrombosis associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). It has been administered safely in adults with HIT during coronary interventions. There are no reports of argatroban use for anticoagulation in pediatric patients. The present case describes the use of argatroban during coil embolization of a Fontan fenestration in a child with a history of HIT. The patient received a single bolus dose of 150 microg/kg of argatroban at the onset of the intervention. The fenestration was successfully occluded with a detachable coil. The activated clotting time (ACT) was > 200 sec throughout the procedure. The ACT returned to baseline 72 min after the bolus. No complications occurred. This case demonstrates the safe and successful use of argatroban during a transcatheter intervention in a pediatric patient with a history of HIT. The use of argatroban is promising for anticoagulation in children who require an alternative to heparin.