Implementation of a protocol proposed by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency for antibiotic use in very low birth weight infants

ObjectiveTo analyze the implementation of a protocol proposed by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária – ANVISA) to improve sepsis diagnosis in very low birth weight newborns.MethodsThis was a prospective study that evaluated the implementation of a protocol involving clinical and laboratory criteria (hematologic scoring system of Rodwell and C-reactive protein serial measurements), recommended by ANVISA, to improve the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis in very low birth weight newborns. The study included all patients who were born and remained in the neonatal intensive care unit until discharge or death, and excluded those with congenital diseases. The main outcomes measured in newborns before (2006-2007) and after implementation of the protocol (2008) were the rates of early and late-onset sepsis, use of antibiotics, and mortality. Means were compared by Student's t-test and categorical variables were compared by the chi-squared test; the significance level for all tests was set at 95%.ResultsThe study included 136 newborns with very low birth weight. There was no difference between groups regarding general clinical characteristics in the studied periods. There was, however, a decrease in the number of diagnoses of probable early-onset sepsis (p < 0.001), use of antimicrobial regimens (p < 0.001), and overall mortality and infection-related mortality (p = 0.009 and p = 0.049, respectively).ConclusionThe implementation of the protocol allowed improvement of sepsis diagnosis by reducing the diagnosis of probable early-onset sepsis, thus promoting efficient antimicrobial use in this population.     

Predictors of excess birth weight in Brazil: a systematic review

Objective

To describe the main predictors for excess birth weight in Brazilian children.

Effectiveness of a measure program to prevent admission hypothermia in very low-birth weight preterm infants

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of a thermoregulation bundle for preventing admission hypothermia in very low-birth weight preterm infants.

Prevalence of excessive screen time and TV viewing among Brazilian adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose

To evaluate the prevalence of excessive screen-based behaviors among Brazilian adolescents through a systematic review with meta-analysis.

超低和极低出生体重儿神经发育结局及影响因素分析

目的 评估超低/极低出生体重儿 （ELBWI和VLBWI） 在纠正年龄 （CA） 18月时神经发育结局,探讨影响神经发育结局的因素。方法 收集2013年1月至2014年6月入住新生儿重症监护病房并存活出院的ELBWI和VLBWI病例,在CA40周、1、3、6、12、18月定期随访,评估神经发育结局。按神经发育状况分为神经发育正常组和神经发育异常组,比较两组临床资料的差异,分析ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育的危险因素。结果 共338例ELBWI和VLBWI纳入研究,15例在住院期间死亡。CA18月时,145例 （44.9%） 存活且随访资料完整,75例 （23.2%） 死亡,失访103例 （31.9%）。CA18月时,145例患儿中神经发育损伤71例 （49.0%）,3例 （2.1%） 脑性瘫痪;未发现单眼或双眼失明的视觉损伤及需要助听器的听觉损伤。Logistic回归分析发现BPD和败血症是ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育异常的独立危险因素 （OR=3.530,P < 0.001;OR=2.528,P=0.035）,BPD发生程度越重,神经发育异常的发生率越高。结论 败血症、BPD （尤其是重度BPD） 是ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育异常的危险因素。     

极低出生体质量儿胎粪钙卫蛋白水平及影响因素分析

目的 了解极低出生体质量儿胎粪钙卫蛋白(FC)水平及其影响因素.方法 收集2018年6月—2019年5月住院的极低出生体质量儿出生后第1次胎粪,采用免疫荧光法定量检测胎粪钙卫蛋白水平,并收集患儿一般资料及母孕期资料.结果 共纳入87例极低出生体质量儿,男45例、女42例,中位胎龄30.3周(29.1～31.1周),中位...     

母乳喂养质量改进对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响

目的 探讨NICU 中母乳喂养质量改进措施对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响。方法 回顾性调查收集2014 年7 月至2015 年7 月收治的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进前组）以及实施母乳质量改进措施后的2015 年8 月至2016 年6 月的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进后组）资料。对两组患儿住院期间亲母母乳喂养情况（喂养率、喂养量、喂养时间）、静脉营养持续时间、达到全肠道喂养的时间,喂养不耐受发生率等指标进行比较。结果 实施质量改进后,亲母母乳喂养率和喂养量均明显增高,母乳强化剂添加时间、静脉营养时间、达全肠道喂养时间均较改进前提前,喂养不耐受的发生率较改进前有所改善,差异有统计学意义。结论 亲母母乳喂养质量改进措施可提高NICU 亲母母乳喂养率,改善早产儿消化系统相关并发症。     

Effects of therapeutic approach on the neonatal evolution of very low birth weight infants with patent ductus arteriosus

ObjectiveTo analyze the effects of treatment approach on the outcomes of newborns (birth weight [BW] < 1,000 g) with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), from the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network (BNRN) on: death, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH III/IV), retinopathy of prematurity requiring surgical (ROPsur), necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgery (NEC_sur), and death/BPD.MethodsThis was a multicentric, cohort study, retrospective data collection, including newborns (BW < 1000 g) with gestational age (GA) < 33 weeks and echocardiographic diagnosis of PDA, from 16 neonatal units of the BNRN from January 1, 2010 to Dec 31, 2011. Newborns who died or were transferred until the third day of life, and those with presence of congenital malformation or infection were excluded. Groups: G1 – conservative approach (without treatment), G2 – pharmacologic (indomethacin or ibuprofen), G3 – surgical ligation (independent of previous treatment). Factors analyzed: antenatal corticosteroid, cesarean section, BW, GA, 5 min. Apgar score < 4, male gender, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension (SNAPPE II), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), late sepsis (LS), mechanical ventilation (MV), surfactant (< 2 h of life), and time of MV. Outcomes: death, O₂ dependence at 36 weeks (BPD_36wks), IVH III/IV, ROP_sur, NEC_sur, and death/BPD_36wks. Statistics: Student's t-test, chi-squared test, or Fisher's exact test; Odds ratio (95% CI); logistic binary regression and backward stepwise multiple regression. Software: MedCalc (Medical Calculator) software, version 12.1.4.0. p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results1,097 newborns were selected and 494 newborns were included: G1 - 187 (37.8%), G2 - 205 (41.5%), and G3 - 102 (20.6%). The highest mortality was observed in G1 (51.3%) and the lowest in G3 (14.7%). The highest frequencies of BPD_36wks (70.6%) and ROP_sur were observed in G3 (23.5%). The lowest occurrence of death/BPD_36wks occurred in G2 (58.0%). Pharmacological (OR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.14-0.62) and conservative (OR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.14-0.79) treatments were protective for the outcome death/BPD_36wks.ConclusionThe conservative approach of PDA was associated to high mortality, the surgical approach to the occurrence of BPD_36wks and ROP_sur, and the pharmacological treatment was protective for the outcome death/BPD_36wks.     

极低/超低出生体重儿迟发型败血症发生情况及其危险因素分析

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)极低/超低出生体重儿迟发型败血症(LOS)的发生情况及危险因素。方法收集2011年1月至2013年12月入住NICU的极低或超低出生体重儿的临床资料,根据是否合并LOS分为两组:LOS组和无LOS组。回顾性分析LOS的发生率、病死率、常见病原菌及危险因素。结果纳入的226例极低/超低出生体重儿中,117例(51.8%)发生了LOS,其中45例为确诊LOS,72例为临床诊断LOS。LOS组患儿病死率为13.7%(16/117),明显高于无LOS组(5/109,4.6%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。共培养出51株病原菌,其中32株(63%)为革兰阴性细菌,16株(31%)为革兰阳性细菌,3株(6%)为真菌。多因素logistic回归分析显示,胎龄、小于胎龄儿、肠外营养持续时间、经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)、机械通气是极低/超低出生体重儿LOS发生的独立影响因素(OR分别为:0.84、1.59、1.34、3.11、4.55,均P0.05)。结论极低/超低出生体重儿LOS的发生率及病死率较高。LOS常见病原菌为革兰阴性细菌。胎龄低、肠外营养持续时间长、小于胎龄儿、PICC或机械通气的极低/超低出生体重儿LOS的发生危险可能增加。     

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome-like in the follow-up of very low birth weight preterm infants and associated factors

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome-like symptoms in a population of preterm infants with very low birth weight (<1500 g) at 2 years of corrected age and identify the occurrence of associated risk factors.MethodsCross-sectional study during a five-year period, including preterm infants born with very low birth weight evaluated at 2 years of corrected age. Metabolic syndrome-like symptoms was defined by the presence of three or more of these criteria: abdominal circumference ≥ 90th percentile, fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥ 110 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol ≤ 40 mg/dL, and blood pressure ≥ 90th percentile.ResultsA total of 214 preterm infants with birth weight < 1500 g were evaluated. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome-like symptoms at 2 years of corrected age was 15.1%. Arterial hypertension was present in 57.5%, HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL in 29.2%, hypertriglyceridemia in 22.6%, and abdominal circumference above the 90th percentile in 18.8%. Only 3.7% had hyperglycemia. The presence of periventricular leukomalacia was an independent risk factor for arterial hypertension at this age (OR 2.34, 95% CI: 0.079–0.69, p = 0.008). Overweight and obesity at 2 years of corrected age were independently associated with metabolic syndrome-like symptoms (OR 2.75, 95% CI: 1.19–6.36, p = 0.018).ConclusionMetabolic syndrome-like symptoms can be observed in very low birth weight preterm infants as early as 2 years of corrected age. Overweight and early-onset obesity are significant risk factors for metabolic syndrome-like symptoms, which deserves appropriate intervention for this high-risk population.     

Body weight perception and body weight control behaviors in adolescents

Objective

To investigate the association between the perception of body weight (as above or below the desired) and behaviors for body weight control in adolescents.

江苏省15家医院极低/超低出生体重儿抗生素使用现状调查

目的 调查并分析江苏省极低/超低出生体重儿抗生素使用现状,为促进新生儿重症监护室(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)抗生素管理质量及改进提供临床依据。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月1日至2020年12月31日江苏省15家医院收治的极低/超低出生体重儿的一般情况及抗生素使用情况的相关资料,并设计减少抗生素使用措施的10项调查问卷表,通过问卷调查了解干预措施的实施情况。结果 共纳入1 920例极低/超低出生体重儿,其中1 846例(96.15%)使用抗生素,抗生素使用率(antibiotic use rate,AUR)中位数为50/100住院日。15家医院AUR为24～100/100住院日。采用Poisson回归,调整胎龄、出生体重、新生儿危重评分混杂因素后,各医院间调整后抗生素使用率(adjusted antibiotic use rate,aAUR)差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。调查结果显示,10项减少抗生素使用的措施中,8项措施开展的医院不足一半;干预措施实施项目数与aAUR呈负相关(rs=-0.564,P=0.029)。结论 江苏省15家...     

出生体重与慢性肾脏病关联性的系统评价和Meta分析

目的系统评价出生体重与慢性肾脏病风险的关联性。方法电子检索The Cochrane图书馆、MEDLINE、OVID数据库、Springer数据库、维普数据库、万方数据库和中国知网,检索时间为建库截止至2016年6月,纳入以BW为暴露因素、评估生后发生CKD或其相关结局变量的观察性研究,文献需对CKD或其他结局变量的诊断标准做出描述并能提取CKD或其相关结局变量的OR值及其95%CI,语种限定为中、英文;排除文献:研究对象生后12个月内肾功能衰竭和死亡、有宫内感染病史或患先天遗传性疾病,母孕期暴露因素有潜在毒性物质接触史,研究人群包括成人和儿童但无法单独提取儿童数据。由两位作者独立检索关于出生体重(BW)对CKD风险相关的观察性研究,病例对照和队列研究采用NOS量表、横断面研究采用AHRQ量表对文献进行偏倚风险评价,提取OR值和95%CI。应用Stata 12.0对文献进行Meta分析,均选用Der SimonianLaird随机效应模型分析。结果 10篇观察性研究纳入本文分析,其中病例对照4篇(3篇8分,1篇7分),队列研究4篇(3篇7分,1篇8分),横断面研究2篇(1篇7分,1篇8分)。慢性肾脏病风险低出生体重(LBW)较正常BW人群高约80%,OR=1.80,95%CI:1.37~2.35;其中蛋白尿、终末期肾脏病和低e GFR在LBW较正常BW人群的OR及其95%CI分别为2.58(1.49~4.46)、1.42(1.22~1.66)和1.87(1.19~2.94)。终末期肾脏病、低e GFR在高出生体重(HBW)中较正常BW人群的OR及其95%CI分别为1.19(0.94~1.49)和1.09(0.93~1.27),HBW与生后慢性肾脏病之间无明显关联;LBW人群作为慢性肾脏病的高危人群仅见于男性人群中,OR=1.83,95%CI:1.10~3.05)。Egger回归提示纳入文献不存在发表偏倚。结论男性LBW是CKD的高危因素,HBW与生后CKD的发生无明显关联。     

低出生体重儿血锌值及其动态观察

为了比较５２例低出生体重儿血锌值，生后每月随访外周血锌至９个月，将调查对象分为３组，根据简易ＡＡＳ测定方法，将经过特殊处理的标本采用ＳＡＳ／７２７原子吸收分光光度计测定血锌值。结果：低出生体重儿脐血红细胞锌。外周血锌值均低于正常足月儿；低出生体重儿母亲血红细胞锌值低于正常足月儿母亲。对低出生体重儿９个月的随访表明，其外周血锌值仍处在低水平。提示：锌能影响胎儿宫内生长，低出生体重儿应补充足量的锌。     

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超低出生体重儿(extremely low birth weight infant,ELBWI)是指出生体重低于1000g的新生儿,大多为胎龄小于32周的极早产儿[1]。伴随围生期医学和新生儿医学的不断发展,ELBWI出生率不断上升,可能存活者的体重和孕周不断降低。     

Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight infants at 18 months of corrected age associated with prenatal risk factors

Background

Very premature infants occasionally have neurodevelopmental disabilities. However, there have been quite limited data on prenatal risk factors associated with their neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Aim

To clarify the relationship between prenatal risk factors and neurodevelopmental outcomes of very premature infants.

Study design

The study design is a retrospective review.

Subjects

One hundred seventy Japanese women with a singleton pregnancy and their infants whose birth weight being less than 1500 g were included. We classified those infants into 118 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and 52 small for gestational age (SGA) infants.

Outcome measures

Infants' neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months of corrected age were evaluated by the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development 2001 (KSPD). We analyzed and compared the infants' outcomes and prenatal risk factors between two groups.

Results

Mortality and rate of infants unevaluable by KSPD because of severe impairment were not significantly different between those groups. However, the developmental quotient score of the cognitive-adaptive area in SGA infants born between 25 and 31 weeks of gestation was significantly lower than that in AGA infants randomly selected as gestation-matched controls. More advanced gestational age and heavier birth weight protected against adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in both groups. Moreover, male infants were related to the excess risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in the SGA group.

Conclusion

In view of the neurodevelopment of the infants, it seems that the most efficient obstetric strategy for improving prognosis of premature infants should be targeted to prolong the pregnancy period as long as the reassuring fetal status and maternal stable health condition are being confirmed.     

Association of late-onset neonatal sepsis with late neurodevelopment in the first two years of life of preterm infants with very low birth weight

Objectiveto establish the influence of late-onset sepsis on neurodevelopment of preterm infants with very low birth weight (VLBW), according to the etiologic agent.Methodthis was a cohort of newborns with birth weight < 1,500 g and gestational age less than 32 weeks, admitted to the institutional intensive care unit (ICU) with up to 48 hours of life, and followed-up at the outpatient follow-up clinic for preterm infants with VLBW until 2 years of corrected age. Exclusion criteria: death within the first 72 hours of life, congenital malformations and genetic syndromes, children with congenital infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), congenital infection (STORCH), presence of early-onset sepsis and cases with more than one pathogen growth in blood cultures. Septic and non-septic infants were compared regarding neonatal outcomes and mortality. Neurodevelopment was assessed using the Bayley Scale (BSDI-II) at 18 to 24 months of corrected age.Results411 preterm infants with VLBW were eligible; the mean gestational age was 29 ± 2.2 weeks and mean birth weight was 1,041 ± 281grams. Late-onset sepsis occurred in 94 preterm infants with VLBW (22.8%). VLBW infants with Gram-positive infection showed motor deficit when compared to the non-septic group, 68.8% vs. 29.3%, respectively (OR 6; 1.6-21.8, p = 0.006); the cognitive development was similar between the groups. The overall mortality rate from infection was 26.7%; considering the pathogens, the rates were 18.7% for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, 21.8% for Gram-positive bacteria, and 50% for Gram-negative bacteria and fungi.Conclusionneonatal sepsis has a significant influence on late neurodevelopment at 2 years of corrected age in preterm infants with VLBW, and Gram-positive infections are associated with motor deficit.     

超低出生体重儿临床诊治的几个问题

本文主要针对超低出生体重儿管理中通常出现的种种问题,包括如何与患儿家属沟通、产儿科间合作、NICU的整体管理、有针对性的专人管理等方面进行讨论,并结合我们这10年中对超低出生体重儿诊疗过程中所积累的经验,如出生时管理、出生后体温、颅内出血的防治、感染的预防和处理、输血的管理、早产儿视网膜病的防治以及出院前及出院后的管理进行概述,以期供临床医生参考.     

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医学上何谓生命?存在呼吸(含被动)和心跳即为有生命,但胎儿例外,胎儿无需呼吸却有生命。一旦娩出断脐变为新生儿,则须迅速发动呼吸来维持生命,然而各种因素致使许多初生儿难以正常建立呼吸,此刻急需复苏,复苏失措则产生真正的窒息,且复苏的需求随其胎龄减小而增加。