Multiperforated atrial septal aneurysm and a single coronary artery

Multiperforated atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) with left-to-right shunt and elevated pulmonary arterial pressure is rare. We present an adult patient with this unusual anomaly combined with a single coronary ostium emerging from the right sinus of Valsalva. The ASA was excised and the defect repaired successfully.     

房间隔瘤并发继发孔房间隔缺损的介入治疗评价

目的:评价房间隔瘤（ASA）并发继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）介入治疗的临床效果。方法:全组21（男8,女13）例,年龄9～56（24士14）岁。经临床、心电图、X线及经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查诊断为ASA并发继发孔型ASD。TTE检查ASA均膨入右心房,测量ASD最大直径12～28（19±7）mm。其中单孔ASD13例,多孔ASD8例,孔间距离1～7mm者7例,12mm者1例。结果:21例均一次封堵成功,技术成功率100%。所用封堵器的直径为16～40（25±8）mm。8例多孔ASD,有7例置入1个封堵器直接封堵多个缺损孔,1例（两个缺损孔之间距离为12mm）分别用18mm和12mm两个封堵器封堵。术后即刻TTE检查显示16例获完全闭合,5例有少或微量残余分流,完全堵闭率76%（16/21）。术后3d复查TTE2例（10%）有微量残余分流。1～6个月复查19例（90%）心脏大小恢复正常,2例（10%）并发心房纤颤患者心脏不同程度的缩小,1例有微量残余分流。1年后随访12例,无封堵器移位及其他并发症。结论:介入治疗房间隔瘤（ASA）并发继发孔型ASD具有操作简便、安全、技术成功率高及封堵效果好等优点。     

Giant multiperforated atrial septal aneurysm in a patient with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

With the widespread use of transoesophageal echocardiography, atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) is frequently and easily recognized. Diagnostic criteria, however, remain arbitrary. A meticulous search for interatrial shunting (most often patent foramen ovale (PFO)) and associated cardiac diseases is important. ASA is considered a risk factor for cardioembolism, especially in association with patent foramen ovale. We describe a patient with a giant multiperforated ASA presenting with refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Resection of the aneurysm was performed in combination with a surgical Maze procedure.     

房间隔瘤并发继发孔型房间隔缺损介入封堵术的临床评价

目的:评价房间隔瘤(ASA)并发继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)介入封堵术的可行性、安全性和疗效.方法:16例(男4例,女12例),年龄12～66(30.6±14.1)岁.经临床、心电图、X线及经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查诊断为ASA并发继发孔型ASD.TTE检查ASA均膨入右心房, ASD最大直径10～32(17.1±10.4)mm.其中单孔ASD 14例,双孔ASD 2例,孔间距离均小于7 mm.结果:16例均一次封堵成功,成功率100%.所用封堵器的直径为16～42(28.5±6.99)mm.2例双孔ASD中,置入1个封堵器直接封堵2个缺损孔.术中TTE监测检查示15例完全闭合, 1例有少量残余分流.术后3 d复查TTE示均无残余分流;6个月、1年后复查示9例心脏大小恢复正常, 均无残余分流,无封堵器移位及其他并发症.结论:介入封堵治疗ASA并发继发孔型ASD是可行、安全的, 可获得良好的封堵效果.     

Ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva associated with an atrial septal aneurysm

Aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva (ASV) is a rare cardiac disease that may be acquired or congenital. It is usually an asymptomatic condition; however, when it ruptures, symptoms appear and the condition deteriorates rapidly. Atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) is a localized "saccular" deformity of the interatrial septum that is associated with cerebrovascular events of embolic origin. We will report on a case of a 69-year-old woman who was referred to our department because of congestive heart failure. Echocardiographic evaluation, both transthoracic and transesophageal, disclosed a ruptured aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva into the right atrium (RA), which was associated with an aneurysm of the atrial septum.     

房间隔缺损并发心房纤颤患者应用Amplatzer伞封堵房缺后心房纤颤的电复律治疗

目的 :初步评价房间隔缺损并发心房纤颤患者应用 Am platzer伞封堵房间隔缺损后心房纤颤的电复律疗效。方法 :2例患者 （5 1～ 5 3岁 ）。在透视及食管超声心动图监视下经导管置入 Amplatzer伞封堵房间隔缺损。术后即时行超声心动图 ,术后 2 4h,和 1,3,6月 ,分别行经胸超声心动图评价房间隔缺损治疗效果。术后 6月行电复律。结果 :2例患者疗效均佳 ,房间隔未见残余分流 ,电复律成功 ,患者转为窦性心律 ,复律后无并发症及 Amplatzer伞移位。结论 :应用 Am platzer伞封堵房间隔缺损并发心房纤颤患者 ,电复律易成功 ,是一种安全有效的复律方法。     

Interatrial shunting in atrial septal aneurysm

Adequate contrast 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiograms were recorded in 13 to 16 patients with typical 2-D findings of atrial septal aneurysm. Five patients were referred for detection of intracardiac source of emboli after embolic stroke and 11 were evaluated for suspicion of valvular or other forms of heart disease. Contrary to findings of previous clinical studies, all 13 patients had 2-D evidence of right-to-left atrial level shunting. These findings represent the first clinical evidence of a high prevalence of atrial shunting in patients with atrial septal aneurysm.     

Percutaneous treatment of atrial septal aneurysm

Among a total number of 203 patients with atrial septal defects (ASD) or patent foramen ovale (PFO) who were treated by percutaneous closure, we selected 29 (19 with ASD and 10 with PFO) who fulfilled the criteria for atrial septal aneurysm. Eight patients had functional class II or III dyspnea, and 12 had a history of previous cerebrovascular accident (38%). Seven of the patients with ASD, had a single defect and 12 had multiple defects; 14 received a single occluder and 5 patients needed 2 or 3 devices. Follow-up transthoracic ultrasound study at 6 months showed the defect to be successfully closed in all 29 patients. After a mean follow-up time of 31 +/- 19 months, all patients were alive and symptom-free. Patients with atrial septal aneurysm and associated ASD or PFO can be successfully treated with Amplatzer septal occluders.     

Familial origin of atrial septal aneurysm

The familial origin of atrial septal defects has been previously reported. This is the first study describing 2 families with atrial septal aneurysm of familial origin. The present study represents both clinically manifested and silent atrial septal aneurysms. Moreover, female gender predominance is also reported. Based on the presented data it could be suggested that all first-degree relatives of affected patients should be screened by cross-sectional echocardiography, particularly if they are women. In these patients, the use of aspirin might be the first line of treatment.     

房间隔缺损封堵术后合并心房颤动的房间隔穿刺及导管消融

目的先天性房间隔缺损（简称房缺）患者介入封堵术后合并的心房颤动（简称房颤）导管消融存在一定挑战,本研究拟评价这类患者房间隔穿刺及导管消融的安全性及疗效。方法共入选16例[年龄（56±12）岁,10例男性]房缺封堵术后接受导管消融的房颤患者,其中阵发性房颤10例,持续性房颤6例。房间隔封堵器之外无穿刺空间者直接穿刺封堵器,在球囊扩张辅助下建立左房入路后单导管完成所有操作。阵发性房颤消融策略为环肺静脉电隔离;持续性房颤消融策略为环肺静脉电隔离联合心房线性消融并实现传导阻滞。结果 16例患者中,房间隔穿刺成功率100%,11例（A组）直接穿刺房间隔成功,5例（B组）穿刺封堵器并经球囊扩张后长鞘可顺利通过。与A组比较,B组房间隔穿刺操作时间[（38±8）min vs（5±3）min]、总透视时间[（54±15）min vs（31±11）min）]以及总手术时间[（224±36）min vs（165±35）min）]显著延长,P均〈0.05。除B组中1例持续性房颤患者未实现二尖瓣峡部传导阻滞之外,所有患者实现既定手术终点,无严重围术期并发症发生,术后3个月复查经胸超声未见房间隔水平左向右分流。平均随访（16±6）个月,12例（75%）患者维持稳定窦性心律。结论房缺封堵术后合并的房颤经导管消融安全,有效。球囊扩张辅助下可直接穿刺房间隔封堵器获得左房入路。     

Acoustic appearance of atrial septal aneurysm.

Atrial septal aneurysm in the otherwise normal heart is a very rare and usually asymptomatic condition. A midsystolic click was described as the only clinical manifestation so far. A low-pitched early-to-midsystolic acoustic phenomenon in a 39-year-old woman corresponding with maximal leftward motion of the aneurysmatic interatrial septum during early systole is the subject of this case report. Our experience, plus review of the literature, supports the suggestion that atrial septal aneurysm should be considered in the interpretation of added systolic sounds.     

Inoue balloon mitral valvotomy in patients with atrial septal aneurysm

Atrial septal aneurysms (ASA) are not uncommonly detected in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis and pose problems during transeptal puncture in patients undergoing balloon mitral valvotomy. From a period of August 1995 to May 1998, we performed a total of 680 Inoue Balloon Mitral Valvotomy (IBMV) procedures with ASA noted in 30 patients, 13 of diffuse and 17 localized type. Transesophageal echocardiography (TOE) was used in all patients with suspected aneurysm on transthoracic echo (TTE) for exact three-dimensional delineation of the location and extent of the aneurysm. The localized type of aneurysms were further subcategorized into five types viz. antero-superior and leftwards (6), postero-superior and rightwards (2), antero-inferior and leftwards (2), postero-inferior and rightwards (5), and central (2), depending on their location in the atrial septum. The site for transeptal puncture was decided after this localization and the remainder of the IBMV procedure was as usual. In the set of thirteen patients with diffuse type of atrial septal aneurysms all but one case had a successful transeptal puncture using standard technique except for a somewhat inferior puncture site so as to be perpendicular to the plane of atrial septum and a successful mitral valve dilatation was possible at first attempt. In the set of 17 patients with localized type of aneurysms, all had a successful transeptal puncture except one. In patients with aneurysms localized antero-superiorly and leftwards the septal puncture was done in a slightly inferior location with transeptal needle pointing some what more posterior, i.e. 5 or 6 o'clock position and in patients with aneurysms localized postero-inferiorly the puncture was done more cephalic with needle directed somewhat anterior, i.e. 3-2 o'clock position. In the two patients with Atrial septal aneurysms located postero-superiorly and to the right the puncture was done slightly inferior but with transeptal needle pointing to about 3 or 2 o'clock position and in the single patient with antero-inferior location the puncture was done in slightly higher but with a more posterior directed needle, i.e. 5-6 o'clock position. The two patients with centrally located localized type of aneurysms had successful transeptal puncture with standard needle direction (4 o'clock) but at a slightly inferior location. We conclude that a good localization of atrial septal aneurysms using transesophageal echocardiography and our technique of transeptal puncture leads to a successful outcome in majority of cases undergoing Inoue balloon mitral valvotomy with associated atrial septal aneurysms.