神经外科重症监护病房医院感染现状调查分析

目的了解神经外科重症监护病房医院感染的现状,采取针对性的防控措施。方法调查505例神经外科重症监护病房患者医院感染发生率、感染部位,以及是否实施侵入性操作。采集神经外科重症监护病房环境、物体表面标本792份进行细菌监测。结果神经外科重症监护病房患者医院感染发生率为22.77%,其中呼吸道感染居首位,占46.96%。接受过侵入性操作的患者医院感染发生率显著高于未接受者(均P0.01)。环境细菌监测合格率为61.36%。结论神经外科重症监护病房患者医院感染发生率较高,加强环境管理,严格执行无菌技术操作原则,重视医务人员的手卫生,严防交叉感染,加强基础护理,以降低医院感染发生率。     

综合重症监护病房医院感染的目标监测与分析

目的:对综合重症监护病房的医院感染情况进行目标监测,为感染预防和控制提供可靠依据。方法:对2012年1～7月医院综合重症监护病房开展感染目标监测,并对监测结果进行统计和分析。结果:调查患者共计194例,感染发生率18.04%,日感染发生率15.15‰,根据病情严重程度调整后的感染发生率为5.43%;呼吸机相关肺炎发生率是21.11‰,尿管相关尿路感染发生率是2.54‰,静脉置管相关血流感染发生率是2.11‰;感染部位以下呼吸道为主,占总感染例次的51.41%;检出病原菌中以革兰阴性杆菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌最常见,各占16.33%。结论:ICU的感染发病率较高,应当针对目标监测结果,加强感染预防与控制措施。     

某三甲医院综合重症监护病房医院感染目标性监测分析

重症监护病房(ICU)的医院感染发病率为普通病区的2～5倍[1],是医院感染监控的重点.本研究中对2015年1月-2019年12月入住我院综合ICU的患者开展了医院感染目标性监测,报告如下. 1 资料与方法 1.1 研究对象以2015年1月-2019年12月入住福建医科大学附属闽东医院综合ICU的2 881例患者为研究...     

加强手卫生管理在控制ICU医院感染中的作用

目的:调查重症监护病房医务人员手卫生现状及其对医院感染的影响.方法:采用加强手卫生干预措施,改善手卫生设施、建立有效的监督管理机制.结果:经过1年手卫生干预措施,本医院ICU医院感染率由2008年的42.70%下降到2009年的27.36%.采取干预措施之后,ICU 医护人员手卫生依从性明显加强,各种手卫生指征执行率明显提高.干预后医护人员手卫生依从率由59.0%提高到80.8%,所有手卫生指征执行率都有明显提高.结论:有效手卫生控制,可明降低医院ICU感染率.     

综合性ICU医院感染目标性监测结果分析

目的 通过对ICU医院感染实施目标性监测,及时发现医院感染相关问题并采取针对性防控措施.方法 监测医院感染率、日感染率、3种导管相关感染率及医院感染部位分布等指标.结果 监测1 311例中136例（169例次）发生医院感染,患者感染率为10.37%,例次感染率为12.89%.导尿管插管相关泌尿道感染率为0.843‰,中心静脉插管相关血流感染率为0.486‰,呼吸机相关肺部感染率为32.719‰.医院感染以下呼吸道为主（79.28%）,其次是血液感染（7.69%）,第3位是泌尿道感染（3.55%）.结论 ICU医院感染率高,主要为3种导管相关性感染,注重ICU目标性监测有十分重要的作用,及时发现问题并进行干预能有效降低医院感染发生率.     

术后重症患者在重症监护病房发生医院感染的危险因素分析

WHO的有关调查和其他研究均表明,医院感染发生率最高的是重症监护病房（ICU）,而在ICU中,术后患者往往因其手术过程中创伤大、时间长、侵入性操作多、病情危重等特点,成为医院感染的高危人群。为了解ICU术后患者医院感染的相关因素,为医院感染目标性监测及对医院感染防控提供可靠依据,     

对ICU新进医务人员医院感染知识岗前培训的体会

目的:通过对ICU新选人员的管理和培训,增强其对ICU院感知识的掌握,降低医院感染率,保障医疗安全.方法:针对不同新进人员进行问卷调查在问卷中发现问题进行多种形式多样的教学,ICU各种流程制度及细节管理进行强化培训,培训结束后进行考核、质量考评及奖惩.结果:掌握院感知识,提高个人责任感.通过实施和多样化的医院感染知识培训能有效降低感染率和预防医院感染的发生.结论:岗前培训能让医务人员从细节做起,提高医疗护理安全,让病人满意,社会满意,政府满意.     

重症监护病房成人患者护理人文关怀专家共识

人文关怀是护理的本质和核心,护理人文关怀对改善患者就医体验、促进医护患关系和谐、助力护理专业发展及健康中国建设具有极为重要的作用。而重症监护病房患者由于病房环境及病情特殊性,有着与普通病房患者不同的特殊需求。为推动危重症患者人文关怀管理的规范化,促进以患者为中心最大化人文关怀的目标,改善重症患者体验,特组织相关领域专家共同撰写重症监护病房患者护理人文关怀专家共识,从基本要求、患者入住重症监护病房前、重症监护病房住院期间和出重症监护病房4个方面提出护理人文关怀规范化实施内容,旨在为ICU患者人文关怀实践提供指引。     

综合性ICU医院感染目标性监测结果分析

目的通过对ICU医院感染实施目标性监测,及时发现医院感染相关问题并采取针对性防控措施。方法监测医院感染率、日感染率、3种导管相关感染率及医院感染部位分布等指标。结果监测1 311例中136例(169例次)发生医院感染,患者感染率为10.37%,例次感染率为12.89%。导尿管插管相关泌尿道感染率为0.843‰,中心静脉插管相关血流感染率为0.486‰,呼吸机相关肺部感染率为32.719‰。医院感染以下呼吸道为主(79.28%),其次是血液感染(7.69%),第3位是泌尿道感染(3.55%)。结论ICU医院感染率高,主要为3种导管相关性感染,注重ICU目标性监测有十分重要的作用,及时发现问题并进行干预能有效降低医院感染发生率。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎重症监护病房实施血液净化治疗的应急管理

目的总结新型冠状病毒肺炎重症监护病房实施血液净化治疗的应急管理经验。方法对13例新型冠状病毒肺炎重症患者行血液净化治疗,为满足血液净化治疗要求,将普通病房改建为重症监护病房并合理布局,加强医务人员培训、调整排班模式、实施三级防护和医院感染防控等措施。结果实施128例次血液净化治疗,未出现护理相关不良事件及医院感染。结论实施血液净化治疗应急管理可以保证特殊环境下患者行血液净化治疗的护理安全和护士自身安全。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.