204例颈动脉重度狭窄患者的临床特点

目的明确颈动脉重度狭窄患者的临床特点。方法采用回顾性病例分析方法,收集204例颈动脉重度狭窄患者的临床资料,从危险因素、临床表现和颈动脉狭窄节段分布等方面对数据进行分析。结果 204例颈动脉重度狭窄患者的主要病因为动脉粥样硬化;危险因素包括高血压、吸烟和大量饮酒等;头部MRI显示的病灶类型包括腔隙性脑梗死、基底节梗死、分水岭梗死和大面积脑梗死。204例颈动脉重度狭窄患者中,狭窄部位在颅外段158例(77.45%),颅内段36例(17.65%),岩段2例(0.98%),全程节段性狭窄或纤细8例(3.92%)。结论中国北方人群的颈动脉重度狭窄患者中,男性多于女性,病因多为动脉粥样硬化,高血压和吸烟是最主要的危险因素,患者发生脑梗死和TIA比率明显高于无临床症状患者,头部MRI显示的病灶多为腔隙性脑梗死,其次是基底节梗死和分水岭梗死;颈动脉重度狭窄的部位多位于颅外段。     

结合OCSP分型、TCD检测观察急性脑梗死患者近期预后

目的研究影响脑梗死近期预后的影响因素。方法以2005—01～2006—12我院神经内科急性脑梗死住院患者共105例为研究对象，进行OCSP分型、TCD检测、ADL评分。结果（1）OCSP分型完全前循环梗死预后最差，部分前循环梗死次之，后循环梗死、腔隙性梗死预后较好。（2）大脑中动脉严重狭窄者预后最差，轻度狭窄及正常血管预后较好。结论建议整合临床信息，把OCSP分型、TCD检测结合起来，以便更好地评估脑梗死预后。     

缺血性脑卒中的亚型分析

目的探讨我国缺血性脑卒中人群亚型和发病的症状学特征。方法对2002年7月～2003年2月因首发缺血性脑卒中于天坛医院住院治疗的300例患者进行MRI、MRA、DSA等影像学检查及其他病因学检查,依据牛津郡社区卒中计划(OCSP)分型法确定每例患者的所属亚型。结果本组患者OCSP分型各亚型的构成比为:腔隙性脑梗死占21．0%,完全前循环梗死21．0%,部分前循环梗死占36．3%,后循环梗死占21．7%。不同性别患者OCSP分型各亚型的分布间差别无显著性意义(P＞0．05)。结论本研究中部分前循环梗死亚型所占比例最高,不同性别患者各亚型的分布无差别。     

急性脑梗死患者临床分型及梗死面积与心电图改变的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死患者临床分型和梗死面积与心电图(ECG)改变的关系.方法 给216例急性脑梗死患者进行ECG检查,按牛津郡社区卒中项目(OCSP)分型和梗死面积分型,对各组患者的ECG检查结果进行分析比较.结果 OCSP分型完全前循环梗死(TACI)组、部分前循环梗死(PACI)组、后循环梗死(POCI)组和腔隙性梗死(LACI)组患者的ECG异常率分别是: 95. 5%、80.4%、62.5%和48.5%,TACI组和PACI组明显高于LACI组(P＜0.05～0.01);大中面积梗死组(83.7%)的ECG异常率明显高于小面积梗死组(60.4%)和腔隙性梗死组(53.2%)(P＜0.05～0.01);小面积梗死组的ECG异常率高于腔隙性梗死组(P＜0.05).OCSP和梗死面积分型各亚型组出现ST-T改变和心律失常的比率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05～0.01).结论 急性脑梗死临床分型病情重和梗死面积大的患者ECG异常率高.     

远隔肢体缺血后适应对不同TOAST和OCSP分型脑梗死的影响

目的探讨远隔肢体缺血后适应(RIPostC)在脑梗死TOAST分型和OCSP分型中对不同亚型脑梗死短期预后的影响。方法按标准选取住院的急性脑梗死患者545例,在常规治疗的基础上进行远隔肢体缺血后适应干预,分别于住院时和治疗7d后进行NIHSS评分,计算好转率。同时对所有入组患者按标准进行TOAST分型和OCSP分型,比较每个分型中不同亚型的NIHSS评分好转率。结果 TOAST分型中大动脉粥样硬化型、心源性栓塞型、小动脉闭塞型、其他原因的卒中型和不明原因型亚型之间的NIHSS评分好转率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。OCSP分型中,完全性前循环梗死和部分性前循环梗死亚型的NIHSS评分好转率优于腔隙性梗死和后循环梗死亚型,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论远隔肢体缺血后适应在脑梗死TOAST分型和OCSP分型中,对不同亚型脑梗死短期预后产生不同的影响,提示RIPostC应在适宜的、有选择的脑梗死亚型中应用。     

不同部位缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉超声特点的研究

目的探讨不同亚型的缺血性脑卒中患者的颅外段颈动脉硬化病变的发生状况及病变程度，为缺血性脑卒中的防治提供依据。方法收集急性缺血性脑卒中患者351例，按头颅CT或MRI结果分为皮质型（CI）、皮质下型（SCI）、椎基底动脉型（VBI）3个亚型，同时应用彩色多普勒超声对颅外段颈动脉病变进行量化评估，分析各型之间不同颅外段颈动脉病变的发生状况及病变程度的差异。结果皮质型脑梗死颈动脉狭窄发生率为75．9％，高于其他组，且差异显著（P〈0．05），皮质型脑梗死颈动脉狭窄〉50％者为25．3％，高于其他组，且差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论在缺血性脑卒中各亚型之间颅外段颈动脉硬化病变的发生状况及病变程度存在差异，其中以CI的病变最明显，其次为VBCI，SCI最低。     

不同脑梗死亚型患者血清Fractalkine浓度的差异

目的：探讨不同牛津郡社区卒中项目（OCSP）亚型急性脑梗死患者血清Fractalkine（FKN）浓度的变化。方法：45例急性脑梗死患者按OCSP分型分为完全前循环梗死（TACI）组、部分前循环梗死（PACI）组、后循环梗死（POCI）组和腔隙性梗死（LACI）组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测发病1～3d、7d、14d和28d时血清FKN浓度，比较各组间的差异。分析FKN浓度与相应时间点美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分和3个月时Barthel指数（BI）的相关性。结果：各种亚型急性脑梗死患者血清FKN浓度均升高，TACI组最为显著；在不同时间点，血清FKN浓度变化大致为TACI〉PACI〉LACI〉POCI，与相应时间点NIHSS评分呈正相关，与3个月时BI呈负相关。结论：血清FKN浓度的变化可能提示急性脑梗死各OCSP亚型患者炎症损伤的差异，并影响神经功能缺损程度和患者3个月时的转归。     

不同病因及病变部位脑梗死患者急性期血压变化规律

目的本研究旨在阐述各亚型急性脑梗死患者人群血压变化规律,以期为脑梗死急性期血压合理控制提供充分的理论依据。方法收集急性期脑梗死未经血压干预患者157例。按TOAST分型:大动脉粥样硬化型(55例)、心源性栓塞型(44例)、小动脉硬化和腔隙性脑梗死型(51例)、其他原因及不明原因型(7例)。按OCSP分型:完全前循环型梗死(30例)、部分前循环型梗死(46例)、腔隙性梗死(51例)、后循环型梗死(30例)。分别研究各亚型患者入院7d内血压变化情况。结果 (1)69%患者此次脑梗死发病前即自知患有高血压,其中约半数患者(36%)从未治疗过高血压。(2)急性脑梗死入院后,首次测量血压增高者占89.6%。(3)脑梗死急性期,发病第1天多数患者表现为血压急剧升高。发病前7d,患者表现为血压逐日下降的趋势。不同的TOAST及OCSP分型患者血压(主要为收缩压)的分布区间不同。大动脉粥样硬化型及腔隙性梗死患者收缩压始终处于较高水平,而其他原因及不明原因型和心源性栓塞型患者收缩压水平相对较低。后循环型梗死表现为较低甚至接近正常水平的收缩压。结论针对不同类型脑梗死患者血压变化规律,需采取不同的血压控制措施。     

临床特征、影像和血管病变分型对脑梗死预后的预测

目的比较牛津地区卒中计划（Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project，OCSP）、影像和血管病变3种分型方法对脑梗死患者预后估计的差异。方法选取2000年1月至2002年5月在北京协和医院神经科住院治疗的脑梗死患者，根据OCSP分型将患者分为腔隙性梗死（LACI）、完全前循环梗死（TACI）、部分前循环（PACI）和后循环梗死（POCI）4种亚型。根据头部MRI所示脑梗死部位，将患者分为皮质、基底节区、放射冠和后循环梗死四种亚型。应用数字减影血管造影、磁共振血管成像、颈部血管彩超和脑血管造影评价患者的血管病变，并参考TOAST（Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment）分型原则将患者分为大血管病变和小血管病变两型。应用Barthel指数（BI）和Rankin评分（Rs）了解不同亚型患者病后1年的功能状态，应用Kaplan—Meier法计算累积生存概率，评价不同亚型患者复发和死亡事件发生的差异。结果在调整各项危险因素后，OCSP分型与病后1年时的BI（P=0．004）、RS（P=0．004）显著相关，如加入病灶大小进行调整后，OCSP分型与BI和RS均无显著相关（P〉0．05），而与病灶大小显著相关（P=0．001）。影像分型与病后1年时的BI、Rs显著相关（P〈0．05），如加入病灶大小进行调整后，影像分型仍与BI、RS显著相关（P〈0．05）。OCSP和影像各亚型患者的复发和死亡事件差异无显著意义（P=0．76，P=0．51）。小血管病变患者复发和死亡事件的发生显著低于大血管病变（0 VS 17．9％，P=0．03）。结论不同分类方法对脑梗死预后的预测作用存在差异。     

结合OCSP分型、TCD检测观察急性脑梗死患者近期预后

目的研究影响脑梗死近期预后的影响因素。方法以2005-01～2006-12我院神经内科急性脑梗死住院患者共105例为研究对象,进行OCSP分型、TCD检测、ADL评分。结果(1)OCSP分型完全前循环梗死预后最差,部分前循环梗死次之,后循环梗死、腔隙性梗死预后较好。(2)大脑中动脉严重狭窄者预后最差,轻度狭窄及正常血管预后较好。结论建议整合临床信息,把OCSP分型、TCD检测结合起来,以便更好地评估脑梗死预后。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.