探讨体重指数对绝经后老年妇女不同部位骨密度的影响

目的分析不同体重指数患者的腰椎和股骨近端、股骨颈、Ward’s三角区的骨密度及T值评分,探讨体重指数对绝经老年妇女不同部位骨密度的影响。方法以我院225例年龄均为60以上的绝经老年妇女为研究对象,计算体重指数将患者分为体瘦组、正常组和肥胖组,检测患者腰椎和股骨近端、股骨颈、Ward’s三角区的骨密度,分析各部位骨密度变化与体重指数的关系。结果体瘦组的患者各部位骨密度明显低于正常和肥胖组的患者,体瘦组与正常组或肥胖组比较,腰椎(L1～L4)、股骨颈、股骨近端、Ward’s三角区的骨密度均有显著的差异(P<0.01);正常组与肥胖组比较,仅L3和L4的骨密度有显著的差异(P<0.05),其余部位的骨密度无显著的差异(P>0.05)。结论体重和体重指数是影响骨密度的一个重要因素,体重和体重指数与绝经老年妇女不同部位的骨密度存在一定的相关性,低体重指数的绝经老年妇女,骨丢失而引起的骨量减少明显,易发生骨质疏松。     

新疆乌鲁木齐地区绝经后妇女骨密度情况的调查

目的探讨该地区绝经期妇女随绝经年限延长,腰椎及股骨近端骨密度减低情况,及绝经对骨密度的影响。方法应用法国DMS公司生产的CHALLENGER双能X线骨密度仪测定正位腰椎(L2-4)及股骨近端(NECK区、Troch区)BMD。结果各组腰椎(L2-4)BMD低于股骨近端(NECK区、Troch区)的BMD,并且配对t检验显示腰椎BMD与股骨颈及股骨大转子部位BMD差异有显著性(P<0.01)。随绝经年限的增加腰椎及股骨近端(NECK区、Troch区)的BMD有下降的趋势。在绝经前10年内,骨密度相对丢失较快,尤其腰椎BMD下降明显。排除了年龄和BMD的影响,对40~49岁的围绝经期妇女按是否绝经为因变量腰椎及股骨近端(NECK区、Troch区)BMD协方差分析结果:腰椎BMD(F=13.28,P=0.0004);股骨NECK区BMD(F=15.47,P=0.0001);股骨Troch区BMD(F=4.79,P=0.0305),由此可见,绝经作为一个因素在绝经期初期妇女的骨密度影响较大。结论该地区绝经期妇女随绝经年限延长,腰椎及股骨近端骨密度减低速度在绝经后10年内较快,绝经作为一个因素对中年妇女骨密度的减低有较大影响。     

绝经后妇女绝经年限、孕次、产次与腰椎骨密度的关系分析

目的 探讨绝经后妇女孕次、产次与腰椎骨密度(BMD)的关系。方法 调查204例健康的绝经后妇女年龄、绝经年限、孕次、产次、测量其身高、体重及正位腰椎BMD,并进行相关分析。结果 随着绝经年限的增加,腰椎各部位BMD逐渐降低。孕1-2次及产1次者的腰椎各部位BMD高于其他,并随着孕次和产次的增加BMD逐渐降低。单因素相关分析显示绝经年限与正位腰椎各部位BMD均呈显著负相关(P<0.01);孕次与第二腰椎(L2)、第三腰椎(L3)、第二腰椎至第四腰椎(L2-L4)呈显著负相关(P<0.05);产次与第二腰椎(L2)、第三腰椎(L3)、第二腰椎至第四腰椎(L2-L4)呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。但调整年龄、体重指数、孕次及产次后,绝经年限与正位腰椎各部位BMD均无显著相关(P>0.05)。调整年龄、体重指数、绝经年限后,孕次、产次与正位腰椎各部位BMD均无显著相关(P>0.05)。多元逐步回归分析显示绝经年限、孕次、产次与正位腰椎各部位BMD仍无显著相关(P>0.05)。结论 绝经后妇女绝经年限、孕次、产次与腰椎BMD的关系有待进一步研究。     

绝经后妇女年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度的关系分析

目的 探讨绝经后妇女年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度的关系.方法 调查248名健康的绝经后妇女的年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限,测量身高、体重、正位腰椎（L2～L4）、髋部骨密度进行分析.结果 随着绝经年限的增长,腰椎和髋部骨密度逐渐降低.单因素相关分析表明年龄、绝经年限与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度无显著相关性（P＞0.05）.调整身高、体重指数后,年龄、绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度无显著相关性（P＞0.05）.多元逐步回归分析显示绝经年限与腰椎、股骨颈及股骨大转子的骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,年龄与腰椎、股骨颈及Ward三角区骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）.结论 年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度有关.     

安徽地区绝经后妇女细胞色素P450基因CYP17多态性与骨密度及血脂相关性研究

目的了解安徽地区汉族绝经后女性的P450基因CYP17多态性分布与骨密度及血脂的相关性。方法随机选择194名安徽合肥地区健康汉族绝经后妇女，运用双能X线骨密度吸收法测定腰椎L2-L4和股骨近端部位的骨密度（BMD），并采用聚合酶链反应一限制性片断长度多态性方法对P450基因的CYP17多态性位点进行基因分析。测定血甘油三酯（TG）总胆固醇（TC），低密度脂蛋白（LDL）。结果①CYP17基因型分布频率依次为TC型，CC型，TT型；②CYP17位点TC型Ward’s三角区BMD明显高于CC型（P〈0．05），与腰椎以及股骨颈和大转子区BMD无关（P〉0．05）。在调整年龄、身高、体重、BMI、绝经年限等因素后，CYP17多态位点与Ward’s三角区BMD显著相关（P〈0．05）。③血TC与股骨颈BMD呈负相关（r=-0．210，P=0．015），LDL与腰椎BMD呈显著负相关（r=-0．225，P=O．009），TG与股骨颈BMD呈显著负相关（r=-0．275，P=0．001），与Ward’s三角区BMD呈负相关（r=-0．174，P=0．043）。各基因型间血脂水平无差异（P〉0．05）。结论①安徽地区绝经后女性P450基因CYP17多态性位点与绝经后女性Ward’s三角区BMD有相关性；②血TC、LDL、TG升高可能是绝经后女性骨质疏松发生的危险因素；③未发现P450基因CYP17多态性位点与安徽地区绝经后女性血脂水平有相关性。     

广州地区1 403例成年女性骨密度测定分析

目的了解本地区成年女性人群腰椎、股骨近端各部位骨密度(Bone mineral density BMD)随年龄、绝经年限、体重、身高的变化规律、各部位骨密度的偏相关分析和多元线性回归分析及骨质疏松患病率情况,为骨质疏松的诊断及预防提供科学依据.方法采用美国NORLAND公司的XR-46系列双能X线骨密度仪测量1 403例成年女性人群腰椎(L2-L4前后位及L3侧位)、非优势(左)股骨近端各部位(股骨颈、大粗隆及Ward's三角)BMD值,按10岁一个年龄组分7组对数据进行统计分析.结果广州地区成年女性腰椎骨峰含量出现在30～39岁组,而股骨近端骨峰含量出现在20～29岁组,腰椎及股骨近端各部位BMD值均随年龄增长而下降,腰椎和Ward's三角部位在50～59岁和60～69岁两年龄组骨量呈快速丢失现象.各部位骨密度的偏相关分析显示各部位的骨密度均呈相关性(P＜0.01).多元线性回归分析显示年龄和体重对绝经前女性股骨颈的骨密度有影响(P＜0.01),而绝经后女性腰3侧位骨密度除了年龄和体重的影响外,身高和绝经年限均对其有影响(P＜0.01).成年女性在达到峰值骨量后随着年龄的增加,各部位骨质疏松的患病率都呈上升趋势.结论女性机体BMD随年龄而变化,年龄、体重、绝经年限及身高等对机体BMD均有一定的影响,保持合适的体重和体型,有利于BMD的增加与维持.对不同年龄段的成年女性人群,预防骨质疏松的发生应以测量不同部位的BMD作为评价手段.     

2111例上海健康女性骨密度值测定与年龄相关骨丢失的研究

目的　建立上海市健康女性骨密度 (BMD)参考值数据库 ,为骨质疏松症的诊断及防治效果评估提供依据。方法　选取健康女性 2 111例 ,为上海市区的居民 ,汉族 ,年龄 2 0～ 84岁 ,分为13组。研究对象均详细填写健康调查表格 ,排除因继发性骨病或服用影响骨代谢药物 ,以及一些特殊职业者。用双能X线吸收仪 (HologicQDR - 2 0 0 0型 )测定所有对象的腰椎 (L1 - 4)、股骨颈 (Neck)、大转子 (Troch)、粗隆间 (Inter)及Ward’s三角区部位的BMD值。结果　峰值骨量 (PBM)出现的年龄段如下 :腰椎为 30～ 34岁 ,股骨近端为 2 0～ 2 4岁。此后 ,随年龄增长而BMD值下降 ,但在 4 0～ 4 4岁时BMD值均有较明显回升 (但低于各部位峰值 ) ,呈“沟壑状”。绝经后妇女在绝经后头 10年及 2 6～30年时有两个骨量快速丢失期 ,前者见于腰椎和股骨上端 ,年丢失率为 1 4 %～ 3 2 % ,后者仅见于股骨上端 ,年丢失率为 1 1%～ 1 4 %。腰椎部位BMD值在 75～ 79岁组略有回升。各部位骨量累积丢失率随年龄增长而增加。到 80岁时 ,各部位的骨量累积丢失为 2 8%～ 5 8% (比PBM)。骨质疏松症检出率在腰椎和Ward’s两部位最高 ,在 6 0～ 6 4岁组分别达 4 8%和 4 3% (以WHO诊断标准 ,T score<2 5SD)。 75岁以后 ,Ward’s部位检出率达 83%。结论     

绝经后2型糖尿病患者不同部位骨密度的 变化情况及影响因素

目的探讨绝经后2型糖尿病女性不同部位骨密度的变化、影响因素及骨质疏松诊断率,为早期诊断、早期防治糖尿病并发骨质疏松提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析在我院内分泌科住院的绝经后2型糖尿病患者169例,采用双能X线骨密度测量仪检测腰椎1-4椎体、左侧股骨颈、Ward’s三角及全髋的骨密度,统计各年龄组不同部位的骨密度值及T≤-2.5SD所占百分比,采用多元逐步回归分析各部位骨密度影响因素。结果各部位骨密度随着年龄的增长而下降,股骨颈及Ward’s三角、全髋部位的骨密度下降幅度较大,腰椎部位骨密度下降相对平缓。随着年龄增长,腰椎和髋部骨质疏松检出率增加。其中在50～59岁年龄组中,骨质疏松检出率最高的部位是L1-L4正位,在60岁以上的年龄组中检出率最高的部位是Ward’s三角。多元回归分析结果显示L1、L2、L3、L4、股骨颈、Ward’s三角及全髋部位骨密度均与BMI呈正相关,除L3、L4外,所有部位骨密度与年龄呈负相关,L3、L4部位骨密度与绝经年限及空腹C肽有关。各部位骨密度与空腹血糖、HbA1C未见相关性。结论随年龄的增长,绝经后糖尿病患者骨质疏松症检出率随测量部位不同而不同。腰椎正位(L1-L4正位)和Ward’s三角分别是50～59岁及60岁以上女性诊断骨质疏松最敏感的部位。影响绝经后2型糖尿病患者骨密度的主要因素为年龄、BMI。低体重、高龄的糖尿病女性因定期检查骨密度预防骨质疏松骨折的发生。     

大连地区1112名正常人群骨密度测定结果分析

目的：为了了解大连地区正常人群骨密度的水平和特点，以便为本地区骨质疏松症的研究提供有益的参考数据。方法：本研究应用法国DMS公司生产的Challanger双能X线骨密度仪，对大连地区1112名正常人的腰椎和股骨近端骨密度进行了测定。结果：男性各部位骨峰值年龄在20－29岁；女性Ward氏区骨峰值年龄在20－29岁，其他部位骨峰值年龄在30－39岁。女性腰椎前后位、骨股近端峰值骨量大于男性相应部位的峰值骨量，腰椎各部位BMD与股骨近端BMD存在相关性（P＜0．05）。结论：男性各部位骨峰值年龄在20－29岁；女性Ward氏区骨峰值年龄在20－29岁，其他部位骨峰值年龄在30－39岁。女性腰椎前后位、股骨近端峰值骨量大于男性相应部位的峰值骨量，有显差异（P＜0．05）。采椎各部位BMD与股骨近端BMD存在相关性（P＜0．05）。但r值在0．1－0．3之间，两个部位的测量不能相互替代。     

血糖控制对绝经后糖尿病妇女骨密度水平影响的研究

目的 分析血糖水平控制良好的绝经和绝经后Ⅰ型糖尿病、Ⅱ型糖尿病和非糖尿病妇女腰椎和髋部骨密度(BMD)变化特点及与相关因素的相互关系。方法 对绝经和绝经后排除其他影响骨代谢疾病的，并经内科治疗血糖水平控制良好的151例Ⅰ型糖尿病、270例Ⅱ型糖尿病和574非糖尿病妇女，用双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)测量髋部和腰椎骨密度，通过计算机分析用SSPS10．0医学统计软件比较3类人群腰椎和髋部骨密度的差异及其与有关因素的相互关系。结果 血糖水平控制良好的绝经和绝经后Ⅰ型糖尿病、Ⅱ型糖尿病和非糖尿病妇女髋部和腰椎骨密度随年龄增长，绝经时间的延长和病程的延长呈同步下降趋势，其中以Ward’s区骨密度下降最为明显。同时随着年龄的增加，Ⅰ型糖尿病、Ⅱ型糖尿病和非糖尿病妇女骨质疏松及骨量减少的发生率呈明显增加的趋势。而且与年龄和绝经时间呈明显的负相关，其相关程度要大于与病程和体重的相关程度。结论 糖尿病妇女良好的血糖控制有利于其骨量的保护，但绝经后雌激素水平的下降乃是其骨量丢失的主要原因。     

The effect of age and menopause on bone mineral density of the proximal femur

Although the menopause has been associated with increased bone loss at several skeletal sites, it has not previously been noted in the hip, yet estrogen therapy has been reported to reduce the incidence of hip fractures. We investigated the effect of age and menopause on bone loss in the proximal femur by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanter by dual-photon absorptiometry in 263 normal women aged 20-84. Multiple regression analyses revealed a significant decrease in BMD of the femoral neck and Ward's triangle with age in both pre- and postmenopausal women (p less than 0.001). In the trochanter the decrease with age was significant only in postmenopausal women (p less than 0.001). Further analysis revealed that BMD decreased faster at all sites in the early postmenopausal years. During the first 6 years postmenopause, the decrease in BMD of the femoral neck and trochanter was 3-10 times higher than the change in the decade prior to menopause. About 20% of the lifetime femoral neck loss and 30% of the trochanteric loss occurred in the early postmenopausal period. It is concluded that both age and menopause are major determinants of BMD in the proximal femur. These findings could explain why estrogen therapy has been reported to prevent hip fracture. The rapid early postmenopausal loss in BMD of the proximal femur demonstrates the importance of starting estrogen replacement therapy immediately after menopause for maximum effect.     

Bone density in white Brazilian women: Rapid loss at the time around the menopause

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and proximal femur (neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanter) in 417 normal women (aged 20–79) living in São Paulo, Brazil. Bone density decreased with age at all sites. At the spine, the greatest decrease occurred during the sixth decade, with an average 11.4% bone loss compared with the previous decade. Stratifying the subjects according to menopausal status revealed that the fastest bone occurred at the time around the menopause (ages 45–60) when the rate of bone loss (-0.66%/year) was almost twice as rapid as in postmenopausal women (-0.39%/year). Although significant linear rates of bone loss were detected in all proximal femur sites before the menopause, a menopause-dependent pattern was less evident that at the spine. Lifetime rates of bone loss at the appendicular skeleton were-0.43,-0.62, and-0.35%/year at the femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric area, respectively. After the menopause, BMD declined with menopausal age at all sites, although the rate of bone loss was faster at the femoral neck (-0.62%/year) and Ward's triangle (-0.84%/year) than at the spine-0.49%/year). The results are consistent with the notion that in women, the fastest bone loss occurs at the time round the menopause, most likely consequent to ovarian failure; and that faster rates of bone loss are detected at the proximal femur than at the lumbar spine in late postmenopausal women.     

Bone density of the radius,spine, and hip in relation to percent of ideal body weight in postmenopausal women

Summary Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine (L2–L4) and hip (at femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and greater trochanter sites) were determined by dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA), and of the radius by single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) in healthy postmenopausal women aged 40–70 years. The relationships of BMC and BMD to years since menopause were examined separately in 97 women who were above 115% of ideal body weight (IBW) and in 128 women below. The heavier women had significantly greater mean BMC and BMD at each site than did the normal-weight women. In the normal-weight women, there was a significant negative correlation between BMD and years since menopause at each measurement site except the greater trochanter. In the obese women, BMD decreased with increasing years since menopause at the radius site only and BMC declined with increasing years after menopause at the hip (femoral neck and Ward's triangle region) as well as the radius. Thus, body size is a significant determinant of BMD in this population. The pattern of loss of BMD from Ward's triangle and femoral neck regions of hip are similar to that of the spine. The BMC and BMD findings in the hip suggest that remodeling occurs at this weight-bearing site which has a favorable effect on bone strength.     

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal women: A cross-sectional study of 717 finnish volunteers

The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 717 healthy women aged 20–70 years. The maximal mean BMD was found at the age of 35–39 years in the spine and at the age of 20–24 in the femoral neck and Ward's triangle. No significant change in lumbar BMD was found from the age of 20 to 39 years. The spinal BMD values were relatively stable from age 20 to 39 years, whereas a linear decrease in BMD in the femoral neck and Ward's triangle was already apparent in the youngest age group (20–24 years). The major fall in BMD in all sites was related to the menopause. The overall decreases in BMD from the peak values to those at age 65–70 years were 20.4%, 19.0% and 32.6% in the lumbar spine, femoral neck and Ward's triangle, respectively. The correlation of trochanteric BMD with age was poor. BMD was positively correlated with weight in all measurement sites. Nulliparity was found to be a risk factor for osteoporosis. The present study confirmed that the menopause has a significant effect not only on spinal BMD but also on femoral BMD. Lumbar BMD was lower and BMDs in the proximal femur were higher in Finnish women than in white American women. This emphasizes the importance of national reference values for BMD measurements.     

Relationship between bone mineral density of the proximal femur and lumbar spine and quadriceps and hamstrings torque in healthy Japanese subjects

The purpose of this study was to examine the corelations between the muscle torque of the leg extensors (quadriceps femoris) and leg flexors (Hamstrings) and the bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur and lumbar spine. To investigate the decline in BMD of proximal femur and lumbar spine, we examined the relative importance of muscle torque, age, and body weight in the prediction of BMD in 340 healthy volunteers (109 males, and 231 females). Age and body weight were independent predictors of femoral BMD in men. Body weight and quadriceps torque were independent predictors of femoral BMD in premenopausal women. Body weight and years after menopause were independent predictors of BMD in postmenopausal women. The BMD was greatly affected by menopause, whereas the muscle torque was independent of the menopause, and showed the negative relationship to age. These results suggest that muscle-building exercise may have the potentiality to elevate the BMD in the proximal femur in premenopausal women.     

Bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in healthy finnish women

Summary A cross-sectional study of 351 healthy Finnish women aged 20–76 years was done to establish reference values of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The effects of age and of several physical and lifestyle factors on BMD of the lumbar spine and proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle area) were investigated. Altogether 58 women were excluded from the final analysis due to significant spinal osteoarthritis or other diseases or drugs known to influence calcium or bone metabolism. The precision of the method was 0.9, 1.2, 2.7, and 2.4% in the lumbar, femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter area, respectively. Lumbar BMD was increased by 30% (P<0.001) in 15 patients with osteoarthritis (21% of women 50 years or older), but it was apparently unaffected in 5 cases with aortic calcification. Except for the trochanter area, BMD diminished along with age, and this was significant after the menopause. The peak of mean BMD was observed at the age of 31–35 years in the spine and at the age of 20–25 years in the femoral neck and Ward's triangle. BMD was in a positive relationship to weight both in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and to the use of oral contraceptives in premenopausal women and to that of estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Labors and pregnancies had a weak positive effect on BMD in premenopausal women. As compared with nonusers premenopausal women who had used alcohol showed a slightly decreased BMD of Ward's triangle. In postmenopausal women there was a positive correlation between alcohol intake and BMD.     

Menopause-related changes in bone mineral density in Japanese women: A longitudinal study on lumbar spine and proximal femur

We investigated 2-year longitudinal changes of bone mineral density (BMD) in lumbar spine and proximal femur in 64 Japanese women aged 38–67. Forty subjects were premenopausal (mean age 44.9) and 24 postmenopausal (mean age 54.6) at enrollment of the study. Six subjects experienced menopause during the 2-year study period and were defined as the perimenopausal group. Measurements of BMD were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at L2–4, femoral neck, greater trochanter, and Ward's triangle. Paired t test revealed no significant decrease in BMD at any site in the premenopausal group. Significant annual decrease in BMD was observed in the perimenopausal group at L2–4, femoral neck, and greater trochanter. A similar tendency was observed in Ward's triangle, but did not reach statistical significance. In the postmenopausal group, significant decrease in BMD was found at the proximal femur, but not at L2–4. Significant inverse correlation between age and change rate of BMD was found at L2–4, but not at the proximal femur, in premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, there was a significant association between body weight (BW) change and change rate in BMD at L2–4, femoral neck, or greater trochanter. This association was not found in the premenopausal group. These results suggest that effect of menopause on BMD may be different in individuals and sites of the skeleton. BW change may affect change in BMD in postmenopausal women. However, the limited variability in both BW and BMD changes among premenopausal women in this study may explain the poor association between change in BW and change in BMD in the premenopausal group. As individual differences in each group is considerably large, annual measurements of BMD may be necessary to find possible candidates for early intervention.     

Contributions of chronological age,age at menarche and menopaus and of anthropometric parameters to axial and peripheral bone densities

Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 128 normal postmenopausal women at different skeletal sites: lumbar spine and proximal femur, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and the cancellous and cortical envelopes of the distal third of radius and tibia, using precise low-dose quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Multivariate analysis included chronological age, ages related to menstrual history (menopause and menarche) and anthropometric factors, e.g. height and weight, as independent predictive variables. Weight is a much-studied predictor of bone density. At sites of high bone turnover, i.e. cancellous envelope, the effect of weight appeared overshadowed by estrogen-related parameters: age-past-menopause was the first predictor of BMD in the cancellous compartment of radius and in Ward's triangle, and the number of reproductive years was the strongest predictor of BMD in the cancellous compartment of tibia and in the spine (L2–4). This suggests that in addition to menopause, the length of menstrual life should be considered as an explanation for the variations in current bone mass in postmenopausal women.At the cortical level of radius, the effect of chronological age was predominant. At the cortical level of tibia, height and weight were the best predictors of BMD.We conclude that the influence of parameters related to menstrual history is predominant in sites with mainly cancellous tissue and that anthropometric factors constitute the best predictors of BMD in the cortical sites of weight-bearing bones.