Effect of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and fucidic acid on the gel characterization of polyvinylalcohol-based wound dressing

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) and fucidic acid on the gel characterization for the development of sodium fucidate-loaded wound dressing. The cross-linked hydrogel films were prepared with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) using the freeze-thawing method. Their gel properties such as gel fraction, swelling, water vapor transmission test, morphology, tensile strength and thermal property were investigated. In vitro protein adsorption test and release were performed. Na-CMC decreased the gel fraction and tensile strength of the hydrogels, but increased the swelling ability, water vapor transmission rate, elasticity and porosity of hydrogels. Thus, the wound dressing developed with PVA and Na-CMC was more swellable, flexible and elastic than that with only PVA because of its cross-linking interaction with PVA. However, the drug had a negative effect on the gel properties of hydrogels but there were no significant differences. In particular, the hydrogel composed of 2.5% PVA, 1.125% Na-CMC and 0.2% drug might give an adequate level of moisture and build up the exudates on the wound area. Thus, this sodium fucidate-loaded hydrogel could be a potential candidate for wound dressing with excellent forming.     

Development of polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate gel-matrix-based wound dressing system containing nitrofurazone

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel matrix-based wound dressing systems containing nitrofurazone (NFZ), a topical anti-infective drug, were developed using freeze-thawing method. Aqueous solutions of nitrofurazone and PVA/SA mixtures in different weight ratios were mixed homogeneously, placed in petri dishes, freezed at -20 degrees C for 18h and thawed at room temperature for 6h, for three consecutive cycles, and evaluated for swelling ratio, tensile strength, elongation and thermal stability of the hydrogel. Furthermore, the drug release from this nitrofurazone-loaded hydrogel, in vitro protein adsorption test and in vivo wound healing observations in rats were performed. Increased SA concentration decreased the gelation%, maximum strength and break elongation, but it resulted into an increment in the swelling ability, elasticity and thermal stability of hydrogel film. However, SA had insignificant effect on the release of nitrofurazone. The amounts of proteins adsorbed on hydrogel were increased with increasing sodium alginate ratio, indicating the reduced blood compatibility. In vivo experiments showed that this hydrogel improved the healing rate of artificial wounds in rats. Thus, PVA/SA hydrogel matrix based wound dressing systems containing nitrofurazone could be a novel approach in wound care.     

Accelerated wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects of physically cross linked polyvinyl alcohol–chitosan hydrogel containing honey bee venom in diabetic rats

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of impaired wound healing. The objective of this study was to develop a bee venom-loaded wound dressing with an enhanced healing and anti-inflammatory effects to be examined in diabetic rats. Different preparations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (Chit) hydrogel matrix-based wound dressing containing bee venom (BV) were developed using freeze–thawing method. The mechanical properties such as gel fraction, swelling ratio, tensile strength, percentage of elongation and surface pH were determined. The pharmacological activities including wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects in addition to primary skin irritation and microbial penetration tests were evaluated. Moreover, hydroxyproline, glutathione and IL-6 levels were measured in the wound tissues of diabetic rats. The bee venom-loaded wound dressing composed of 10 % PVA, 0.6 % Chit and 4 % BV was more swellable, flexible and elastic than other formulations. Pharmacologically, the bee venom-loaded wound dressing that has the same pervious composition showed accelerated healing of wounds made in diabetic rats compared to the control. Moreover, this bee venom-loaded wound dressing exhibited anti-inflammatory effect that is comparable to that of diclofenac gel, the standard anti-inflammatory drug. Simultaneously, wound tissues covered with this preparation displayed higher hydroxyproline and glutathione levels and lower IL-6 levels compared to control. Thus, the bee venom-loaded hydrogel composed of 10 % PVA, 0.6 % Chit and 4 % BV is a promising wound dressing with excellent forming and enhanced wound healing as well as anti-inflammatory activities.     

Novel neomycin sulfate-loaded hydrogel dressing with enhanced physical dressing properties and wound-curing effect

To develop a novel neomycin sulfate-loaded hydrogel dressing (HD), numerous neomycin sulfate-loaded HDs were prepared with various amounts of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium alginate (SA) using freeze-thawing technique, and their physical dressing properties, drug release, in vivo wound curing and histopathology in diabetic-induced rats were assessed. SA had a positive effect on a swelling capacity, but a negative effect on the physical dressing properties and drug release of HD. However, PVP did the opposite. In particular, the neomycin sulfate-loaded HD composed of drug, PVA, PVP and SA at the weight ratio of 1/10/0.8/0.8 had excellent swelling and bioadhesive capacity, good elasticity and fast drug release. Moreover, this HD gave more improved wound curing effect compared to the commercial product, ensured the disappearance of granulation tissue and recovered the wound tissue to normal. Therefore, this novel neomycin sulfate-loaded HD could be an effective pharmaceutical product for the treatment of wounds.     

鱼皮胶原蛋白-壳聚糖复合海藻酸盐水凝胶敷料对烧烫伤创面的促愈合作用

本文以海藻酸钠为原料,复配壳聚糖、鱼皮胶原蛋白,通过Ca2+离子交联制备成海藻酸盐水凝胶敷料。测试了该敷料的物理机械性能及其对大白兔浅Ⅱ度烧烫伤创面的促愈合作用。结果表明：鱼皮胶原蛋白-壳聚糖复合海藻酸盐水凝胶的含水量≥80%,具有良好的吸湿保湿和机械性能,是一种理想的伤口创面敷料;对浅Ⅱ度烧烫伤的愈合周期远远少于医用纱布、市售聚氨酯水凝胶敷料,且能消除伤口炎症,抑制瘢痕的生成,在伤口护理方面有着良好的前景和应用方向。     

PVA-PEG physically cross-linked hydrogel film as a wound dressing: experimental design and optimization

The development of hydrogel films as wound healing dressings is of a great interest owing to their biological tissue-like nature. Polyvinyl alcohol/polyethylene glycol (PVA/PEG) hydrogels loaded with asiaticoside, a standardized rich fraction of Centella asiatica, were successfully developed using the freeze–thaw method. Response surface methodology with Box–Behnken experimental design was employed to optimize the hydrogels. The hydrogels were characterized and optimized by gel fraction, swelling behavior, water vapor transmission rate and mechanical strength. The formulation with 8% PVA, 5% PEG 400 and five consecutive freeze–thaw cycles was selected as the optimized formulation and was further characterized by its drug release, rheological study, morphology, cytotoxicity and microbial studies. The optimized formulation showed more than 90% drug release at 12?hours. The rheological properties exhibited that the formulation has viscoelastic behavior and remains stable upon storage. Cell culture studies confirmed the biocompatible nature of the optimized hydrogel formulation. In the microbial limit tests, the optimized hydrogel showed no microbial growth. The developed optimized PVA/PEG hydrogel using freeze–thaw method was swellable, elastic, safe, and it can be considered as a promising new wound dressing formulation.     

In situ injectable nano-composite hydrogel composed of curcumin, N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized alginate for wound healing application

In this paper, an in situ injectable nano-composite hydrogel composed of curcumin, N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized alginate as a novel wound dressing was successfully developed for the dermal wound repair application. Nano-curcumin with improved stability and similar antioxidant efficiency compared with that of unmodified curcumin was developed by using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(?-caprolactone) copolymer (MPEG-PCL) as carrier followed by incorporating into the N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized alginate hydrogel (CCS-OA hydrogel). In vitro release study revealed that the encapsulated nano-curcumin was slowly released from CCS-OA hydrogel with the diffusion-controllable manner at initial phase followed by the corrosion manner of hydrogel at terminal phase. In vivo wound healing study was performed by injecting hydrogels on rat dorsal wounds. Histological study revealed that application of nano-curcumin/CCS-OA hydrogel could significantly enhance the re-epithelialization of epidermis and collagen deposition in the wound tissue. DNA, protein and hydroxyproline content in wound tissue from each group were measured on 7th day of post wounding and the results also indicated that combined using nano-curcumin and CCS-OA hydrogel could significantly accelerate the process of wound healing. Therefore, all these results suggested that the developed nano-curcumin/CCS-OA hydrogel as a promising wound dressing might have potential application in the wound healing.     

新型敷料配合湿润烧伤膏在慢性伤口护理中的应用研究

目的探讨湿润烧伤膏与新型敷料联合应用促进慢性伤口康复的方法及效果。方法按随机分组抽签法将60例慢性伤口患者随机分对照组和实验组各30例,对照组换药用生理盐水清洗,让伤口自然愈合、变干,每天换药1次等常规治疗及护理,实验组在常规治疗护理的基础上采用湿润烧伤膏与新型敷料联合应用,措施包括：正确评估伤口,根据伤口愈合不同阶段选择新型敷料及应用湿润烧伤膏,加强基础护理,增加营养,提高免疫力,落实严密的慢性伤口护理监控措施。结果实验组有效率为93.3％,对照组为70％,实验组明显高于对照组,两组比较差异统计学意义（P〈0．05）;经治疗2、3、5W后伤口愈合例数实验组明显多于对照组,两组比较差异统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论湿润烧伤膏与新型敷料联合应用于慢性伤口的治疗及护理,可有效地缩短伤口的愈合时间,提高治疗效果。     

地龙糖浆纳米银水凝胶贴剂的制备及药效研究

目的 研究地龙糖浆纳米银水凝胶贴剂的处方和制备工艺,并考察其对Ⅱ度烫伤的作用效果。方法 以蛋白质含量为指标,优选地龙糖浆制备中地龙和糖浆的最佳比例;以初粘力、持粘力、剥离力及外观为指标,综合评价处方和成型工艺,单因素试验考察甘油、甘羟铝、聚丙烯酸钠的最佳用量,响应面法优化地龙糖浆纳米银水凝胶贴剂基质的最佳处方。构建小鼠Ⅱ度烫伤模型,以京万红烫伤膏为对照,通过小鼠创面愈合率、小鼠创面含水量、创面组织羟脯氨酸含量为指标,评价其药效。结果 地龙与白糖的最佳配比为1：0.8;最佳基质处方为甘油25%、甘羟铝0.4%、聚丙烯酸钠3.5%;该药物可明显提高小鼠创面组织愈合率,缩短愈合时间,缓解小鼠烫伤早期的水肿,增加创面羟脯氨酸的含量。结论 根据最佳处方所得的贴剂外观整洁,质地均匀,粘附性和剥离力符合中国药典的规定,对小鼠Ⅱ度烫伤有较好的疗效。     

基于壳聚糖/海藻酸钠-聚乙烯醇的双层复合水凝胶膜伤口敷料研究

目的 制备聚乙烯醇（PVA）/海藻酸钠（SA）-聚乙烯醇（PVA）/壳聚糖（CS）双层（PAPCS）水凝胶膜伤口敷料，并进行质量评价。方法 将PVA与SA以质量比2∶1混合，配制PVA/SA混合溶液；将PVA与CS分别以质量比1∶1、2∶1、3∶1、4∶1、5∶1混合，配制不同质量比的PVA/CS混合溶液；采用涂布法制备PAPCS双层水凝胶膜伤口敷料。通过水蒸气透过率、溶胀性能、保水性、力学性能、体外凝血性能和血液相容性考察对水凝胶膜的性能进行评价、筛选PVA与CS质量比；通过傅里叶变换红外光谱检测（FTIR）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对PAPCS水凝胶膜的结构和形貌进行表征；通过抑菌实验比较PAPCS以及PAPCS复合载碘交联环糊精金属有机骨架（I₂@COF@PAPCS）的体外抗菌性能。结果 PVA与CS质量比为2∶1时，PAPCS水凝胶膜综合性能较好。PAPCS水凝胶膜为多孔结构，具有良好的溶胀性能、保水性以及力学性能；PAPCS水凝胶膜的水蒸气透过率为（2 643.76±91.62）g·m^-2·d^-1，接近理想范围；与PVA/SA相比，PAPCS的凝血指数显著降低（P＜0.01），为（72.93±3.58）%，溶血率小于5%，具有促进血液凝固的能力且血液相容性良好；与PVA/SA相比，PAPCS对于金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌均有明显抑制作用，抑菌圈直径分别为（11.89±0.22）、（12.28±0.25） mm；I₂@COF@PAPCS对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑菌圈直径分别为（21.95±1.47）、（18.89±0.81）mm，抑菌效果显著优于PAPCS（P＜0.001）。结论 采用涂布法可成功制备双层PAPCS水凝胶膜敷料，其各项性能指标良好，具有明显的凝血、抑菌效果，与I₂@COF复合使用，抑菌作用进一步增强。     

当白生肌膏与雷夫诺尔在肛瘘术后换药的疗效对比

目的：观察当白生肌膏与雷夫诺尔应用于肛瘘术后换药的临床疗效。方法将120例低位单纯性肛瘘术后患者随机分为当白生肌膏组和雷夫诺尔组,当白生肌膏组患者在换药后应用当白生肌膏纱条填塞创面,雷夫诺尔组在换药后应用雷夫诺尔纱条填塞创面,比较两组创面渗出量、疼痛情况创面愈合的速度和时间。结果当白生肌膏组创面渗出量、愈合速度及创面愈合时间优于雷夫诺尔组（ P＜0．05）。结论低位单纯性肛瘘术后应用当白生肌膏换药,可以减少创面渗出、加快创面愈合。     

医用壳聚糖创面修复膜对阑尾炎手术伤口恢复的效果

目的探讨医用壳聚糖创面修复膜对阑尾炎手术伤口恢复的临床效果。方法行开腹手术治疗的60例阑尾炎患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各30例。两组术后均给予常规伤口处理,观察组在此基础上加用医用壳聚糖创面修复膜。比较两组疗效。结果观察组伤口愈合效果显著好于对照组,愈合时间显著短于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论医用壳聚糖创面修复膜能够促进阑尾炎手术伤口更好更快的恢复,使用方法简单,适用范围广泛,值得临床考虑。     

Thermosensitive Hydrogel as a Tgf-β1 Gene Delivery Vehicle Enhances Diabetic Wound Healing

PURPOSE: To accelerate diabetic wound healing with TGF-beta1 gene delivery system using a thermosensitive hydrogel made of a triblock copolymer, PEG-PLGA-PEG. METHODS: Two 7 x 7 mm full thickness excisional wounds were created in parallel at the back of each genetically diabetic mouse. The hydrogel containing plasmid TGF-beta1 was administered to the wound and formed an adhesive film in situ. Controls were either untreated or treated with the hydrogel without DNA. We used a commercial wound dressing, Humatrix, either with or without DNA, to compare the therapeutic effect with the thermosensitive hydrogel. RESULTS: We found that thermosensitive hydrogel alone is slightly beneficial for reepithealization at early stage of healing (day 1-5), but significantly accelerated repithelializaion, increased cell proliferation, and organized collagen were observed in the wound bed treated with thermosensitive hydrogel containing plasmid TGF-beta1. The accelerated reepithelialization was accompanied with enhanced collagen synthesis and more organized extracellular matrix deposition. Humatrix alone or with plasmid TGF-beta1, had little effect. CONCLUSIONS: Thermosensitive hydrogel made of PEG-PLGA-PEG triblock copolymer provides excellent wound dressing activity and delivers plasmid TGF-beta1 to promote wound healing in a diabetic mouse model.     

A novel electrospun membrane based on moxifloxacin hydrochloride/poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate for antibacterial wound dressings in practical application

This study reports on the performance of sodium alginate (SA)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MH) nanofibrous membranes (NFM) capable of providing antibacterial agent delivery for wound-dressing applications. The aim of this work was to prepare antibacterial NFM with good permeability properties by employing PVA and SA as carriers. A group of 12% PVA/2% SA solutions blended in various ratios (8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5 and 4:6, v/v) and containing 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 wt% MH were studied for electrospinning into nanoscale fibermats. The optimum ratio found to form smooth fibers with uniform fibrous features was 6:4. The drug release behavior of the electrospun, the antibacterial effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and the animal wound dressing capabilities were also investigated. As much as 80% of the MH was released from the electrospun after 10?h of incubation at 37?°C. In addition, the NFM with 0.5 MH exhibited less activity, whereas those with higher concentrations of MH exhibited greater antibacterial effect. Furthermore, the MH-loaded electrospun accelerated the rate of wound dressing compared to other groups. The results of the in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that MH/PVA/SA nanofibers might be an interesting bioactive wound dressing for clinical applications.     

复方多粘菌素B软膏在外伤换药中的应用

目的探讨复方多粘菌素B软膏应用于外伤患者伤口的效果以及换药时纱布覆盖伤口后粘连的效果。方法选取2015年7月至2016年1月来我科就诊的外伤患者148例,将患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组74例。治疗组采用清创包扎后在伤口上涂抹复方多粘菌素B软膏,然后使用无菌纱布覆盖;对照组采用0.5%安尔碘常规换药法,清创包扎后使用无菌纱布覆盖,观察两组外伤患者伤口的愈合时间、有效率及纱布粘连率。结果治疗组的外伤伤口愈合时间较对照组缩短[(3.57±1.43)d vs.(4.80±1.61)d,P<0.05],有效率高于对照组(98.6%vs.79.7%,P<0.05),而纱布粘连率低于对照组(66.2%vs.93.2%,P<0.05),换药次数少于对照组(2.49±0.76 vs.1.81±0.75,P<0.05)。结论复方多粘菌素B软膏治疗外伤伤口的愈合效果显著,可使愈合时间缩短,减少伤口张力,揭除纱布时不会牵拉伤口,减轻了患者的痛苦,使用简便、安全。     

复方多粘菌素B软膏对慢性伤口的治疗效果分析

目的探讨复方多粘菌素B软膏对慢性伤口的治疗效果。方法选择2017年1月~2018年12月收治的40例慢性伤口患者作为治疗组,2015年1月~2016年12月收治的40例慢性伤口患者作为对照组。对照组患者采取常规处理治疗,治疗组患者采取常规处理联合复方多粘菌素B软膏治疗。比较两组治疗效果、伤口愈合时间、换药次数、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分以及住院时间。结果治疗组治疗总有效率100.00%高于对照组的75.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组伤口愈合时间(19.34±1.68)d短于对照组的(24.46±2.43)d,换药次数(6.47±0.45)次少于对照组的(10.40±0.21)次,VAS评分(5.25±0.41)分低于对照组的(7.21±0.51)分,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组住院时间(18.34±0.45)d短于对照组的(25.12±0.15)d,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论常规处理联合复方多粘菌素B软膏治疗慢性伤口效果更好,可加速创面愈合,减少换药次数,缩短患者住院的时间。     

Neomycin-loaded poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA-MA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ion exchange nanofibers for wound dressing materials

In this study, poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA-MA) blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was electrospun and then subjected to thermal crosslinking to produce PSSA-MA/PVA ion exchange nanofiber mats. The cationic drug neomycin (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1%, w/v) was loaded onto the cationic exchange fibers. The amount of neomycin loaded and released and the cytotoxicity of the fiber mats were analyzed. In vivo wound healing tests were also performed in Wistar rats. The results indicated that the diameters of the fibers were on the nanoscale (250 ± 21 nm). The ion exchange capacity (IEC) value and the percentage of water uptake were 2.19 ± 0.1 mequiv./g-dry fibers and 268 ± 15%, respectively. The loading capacity was increased upon increasing the neomycin concentration. An initial concentration of 0.1% (w/v) neomycin (F3) showed the highest loading capacity (65.7 mg/g-dry fibers). The neomycin-loaded nanofiber mats demonstrated satisfactory antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and an in vivo wound healing test revealed that these mats performed better than gauze and blank nanofiber mats in decreasing acute wound size during the first week after tissue damage. In conclusion, the antibacterial neomycin-loaded PSSA-MA/PVA cationic exchange nanofiber mats have the potential for use as wound dressing materials.     

Evaluation of glucan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend wound dressing using rat models

Aqueous mixture of beta-glucan and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was cast into films and dried at 110 degrees C without chemical crosslinking. The content of glucan in the film varied from 7% to 50%. The hydrophilicity of the resulting films was evaluated with swelling tests, wet area diffusion tests, and water vapor transmission tests. The swelling ratio, the wetting ratio, and the water vapor transmission rate increased with the glucan content. When contacting water, glucan was released, and the percent release of glucan increased with the glucan content. The addition of glucan made the film more ductile than pure PVA. The results of hemocompatibility test showed no significant effect on the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) and minor adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA). On observing the wound healing of rat skin, the healing time was shortened by 48% using PVA/glucan film comparing to cotton gauze. Therefore, a wound dressing made of PVA/glucan can greatly accelerate the healing without causing irritation.     

Exosome loaded genipin crosslinked hydrogel facilitates full thickness cutaneous wound healing in rat animal model

Full thickness cutaneous wound therapy and regeneration remains a critical challenge in clinical therapeutics. Recent reports have suggested that mesenchymal stem cells exosomes therapy is a promising technology with great potential to efficiently promote tissue regeneration. Multifunctional hydrogel composed of both synthetic materials and natural materials is an effective carrier for exosomes loading. Herein, we constructed a biodegradable, dual-sensitive hydrogel encapsulated human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) derived exosomes to facilitate wound healing and skin regeneration process. The materials characterization, exosomes identification, and in vivo full-thickness cutaneous wound healing effect of the hydrogels were performed and evaluated. The in vivo results demonstrated the exosomes loaded hydrogel had significantly improved wound closure, re-epithelialization rates, collagen deposition in the wound sites. More skin appendages were observed in exosomes loaded hydrogel treated wound, indicating the potential to achieve complete skin regeneration. This study provides a new access for complete cutaneous wound regeneration via a genipin crosslinked dual-sensitive hydrogel loading hUCMSCs derived exosomes.     

Effects of solid carriers on the crystalline properties, dissolution and bioavailability of flurbiprofen in solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (solid SNEDDS)

In order to investigate the effects of solid carriers on the crystalline properties, dissolution and bioavailability of flurbiprofen in a solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (solid SNEDDS), different solid SNEDDS formulations were prepared by spray-drying the solutions containing liquid SNEDDS and various carriers. The liquid SNEDDS, composed of Labrafil M 1944 CS/Labrasol/Trasncutol HP (12.5/80/7.5%) with 2% w/v flurbiprofen, gave a z-average diameter of about 100 nm. Silicon dioxide, a hydrophobic solid carrier, produced an excellent conventional solid SNEDDS with a nanoemulsion droplet size of less than 100 nm, similar to the liquid SNEDDS and smaller than the other solid SNEDDS formulations. The drug was in an amorphous state in this solid SNEDDS. Furthermore, it greatly improved the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of flurbiprofen in rats because it allowed the spontaneous formation of an interface between the oil droplets and the water. Magnesium stearate, a hydrophobic carrier, produced a solid SNEDDS with the largest diameter. However, it greatly enhanced the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability due to the formation of a simple eutectic mixture. The hydrophilic carriers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrantrin (HP-β-CD) did not form a solid SNEDDS but rather a solid dispersion (or microcapsule). HP-β-CD improved the dissolution rate but did not improve the oral bioavailability as much as the hydrophobic polymers. PVA and Na-CMC hardly improved the dissolution rate but maintained constantly high plasma levels in rats for a long period. Thus, the selection of carrier is an important factor in the development of solid SNEDDS, since the carriers had significant effects on the crystalline properties, dissolution and oral bioavailability of flurbiprofen and on the formation of solid SNEDDS.