黄芪对糖尿病大鼠肾组织血管生成素表达的影响

目的探讨黄芪对糖尿病大鼠肾组织中血管生成素(Ang)及其受体Tie-2和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响。方法18只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病组和糖尿病黄芪治疗组。实时PCR和免疫组化法分别检测3组大鼠肾组织中Ang-1、Ang-2、Tie-2和VEGF的mRNA和蛋白表达。结果与正常对照组比较,糖尿病组大鼠肾组织VEGF mRNA以及VEGF、Ang-2和Tie-2蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.01);与糖尿病组大鼠比较,糖尿病黄芪治疗组大鼠肾组织VEGF mRNA表达显著升高,而Tie-2蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.01),两组间Ang-1和Ang-2的mRNA和蛋白表达未见统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论黄芪对糖尿病大鼠肾组织Ang表达的调节作用不明显,但可下调其受体Tie-2的表达。     

黄芪对糖尿病大鼠肾组织血管生成素表达的影响

目的 探讨黄芪对糖尿病大鼠肾组织中血管生成素(Ang)及其受体Tie-2和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响. 方法 18只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病组和糖尿病黄芪治疗组.实时PCR和免疫组化法分别检测3组大鼠肾组织中Ang-1、Ang-2、Tie-2和VEGF的mRNA和蛋白表达. 结果 与正常对照组比较,糖尿病组大鼠肾组织VEGF mRNA以及VEGF、Ang-2和Tie-2蛋白表达明显升高(P＜0.01);与糖尿病组大鼠比较,糖尿病黄芪治疗组大鼠肾组织VEGF mRNA表达显著升高,而Tie-2蛋白表达显著下调(P＜0.01),两组间Ang-1和Ang-2的mRNA和蛋白表达未见统计学差异(P＞0.05). 结论 黄芪对糖尿病大鼠肾组织Ang表达的调节作用不明显,但可下调其受体Tie-2的表达.     

通心络联合干细胞移植对糖尿病足大鼠促血管新生的影响

目的观察通心络联合外周血干细胞移植治疗对糖尿病足溃疡大鼠促血管新生的影响。方法 2012年10月—2013年8月于河北以岭医药研究院药理实验室进行实验。高脂喂养联合低剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型,通过冰块降温和液氮冷冻,诱导大鼠糖尿病足溃疡模型。将造模成功的50只大鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、通心络组、干细胞组、通心络+干细胞组5组,每组10只,正常对照组和模型组大鼠以等体积的生理盐水灌胃;通心络组给予通心络0.8 g/kg灌胃,1次/d;干细胞组给予干细胞移植治疗;通心络+干细胞组给予干细胞移植同时给予通心络0.8 g/kg灌胃,1次/d,于给药7 d后处死动物取材进行指标检测。ELISA法测定血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、晚期糖基化终末产物(AGE)、晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE),RT-PCR法测定组织局部VEGF mRNA、RAGE mRNA表达水平。结果各组间比较血清VEGF、AGE、RAGE有显著差异(F=28.675、18.018、35.946,P均=0.000),与模型组比较,通心络组、干细胞组及通心络+干细胞组血清VEGF显著增加(P<0.05),AGE、RAGE显著降低(P<0.05);与干细胞组比较,通心络组血清VEGF显著增加(P<0.01),AGE、RAGE降低(P<0.05),通心络+干细胞组血清VEGF显著增加(P<0.01),AGE、RAGE显著降低(P<0.01);与通心络组比较,通心络+干细胞组血清VEGF增加(P<0.05),AGE、RAGE降低(P<0.05);各组间溃疡局部组织VEGF mRNA、RAGE mRNA表达有显著差异(F=8.152、7.650,P=0.000),与模型组比较,通心络组增加溃疡局部VEGF mRNA表达,降低RAGE mRNA表达(P<0.05),通心络+干细胞组显著增加溃疡局部VEGF mRNA表达,降低RAGE mRNA表达(P<0.01),干细胞组溃疡局部组织VEGF mRNA、RAGE mRNA表达无统计学差异(P>0.05);与干细胞组比较,通心络组显著增加溃疡局部VEGF mRNA表达(P<0.01),降低RAGE mRNA表达(P<0.05),通心络+干细胞组显著增加溃疡局部VEGF mRNA表达(P=0.002),显著降低RAGE mRNA表达(P<0.01);与通心络组比较,通心络+干细胞组增加溃疡局部VEGF mRNA表达(P<0.05),降低RAGE mRNA表达(P<0.05)。结论通心络联合外周血干细胞移植能够提高糖尿病足溃疡大鼠血清和溃疡局部组织中VEGF水平,降低AGE、RAGE水平,促进血管新生。     

通络方剂对糖尿病大鼠肾脏氧化应激的影响

目的:研究两种剂型通络方剂(超微粉和微粉)对糖尿病SD大鼠肾脏氧化应激的影响.方法:链脲佐菌素(60 mg/kg)腹腔注射诱导糖尿病大鼠.1周后测血楮≥16.7 mmol/L为糖尿病,将大鼠随机分为糖尿病对照组(DMC,n=7)、通络方剂超微粉组(DM UT,n=8)和通络方剂微粉组(DM FT,n=8)3组,同时取8只大鼠作为正常对照组(NC).DM UT组和DM FT组按每天1 g/kg UT或FT灌胃,NC和DMC组给予等量的生理盐水溶液.干预4周后,测肾质量/体质量(KW/BW)和24 h尿蛋白(24 h UP),比色法检测肾皮质抗氧化酶和丙二醛(MDA),实时PCR法检测NADPH氧化酶亚基p47phox和p22phox mRNA表达的改变.结杲:与正常大鼠相比,糖尿病大鼠肾皮质MDA含量、24 h UP和KW/BW升高,总超氧化物歧化酶(TSOD)活性降低,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性升高,均有统计学意义;正常大鼠与糖尿病大鼠问过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性差异无统计学意义.与DMC组相比,两个通络方剂干预组糖尿病大鼠肾皮质MDA、24 h UP和Kw/BW明显降低;TSOD和GSH-Px活性增强,差异均有统计学意义.DMC组和两个通络方剂组间CAT活性差异无统计学意义.其中DM UT组对24 h UP,KW/BW、MDA、TSOD和GSH-Px的作用较DM FT组更明显,差异有统计学意义.与正常大鼠相比,糖尿病大鼠肾皮质NADPH氧化酶亚基p47phox mRNA表达增强,差异有统计学意义.与DMC组相比,两个通络方剂干预组p47phox mRNA表达降低,差异有统计学意义,但两干预组间差异无统计学意义.在各实验组问NADPH氧化酶亚基p22phox mRNA表达的差异无统计学意义.结论:通络方剂能增强糖尿病大鼠肾脏TSOD和GSH-Px活性,降低NADPH氧化酶p47phox mRNA的表达,可能因此抑制肾脏氧化应激水平,减轻糖尿病大鼠早期的肾脏损伤.     

通络方剂对糖尿病大鼠肾小球足细胞的保护作用

目的观察通络方剂对糖尿病大鼠肾小球足细胞的保护作用,探讨糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤的可能机制。方法通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(60mg/kg)制作糖尿病大鼠模型,将成模大鼠随机分为糖尿病组(DM组,12只)、糖尿病TLR干预组(DM+TLR组,12只),另设正常对照组(CON组,8只)。DM+TLR组大鼠予以TLR[0.4g/(kg.d)]灌胃,DM组和CON组每日均在同一时间予同体积蒸馏水一次性灌胃。干预12周后测定各组大鼠24h尿蛋白定量;取大鼠肾皮质,采用电子显微镜观察肾小球足细胞超微结构;采用体视学方法计数足细胞、计算足细胞相对密度;采用蛋白质印迹分析法检测足细胞nephrin蛋白的表达;测定血浆和肾皮质中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果与CON组比较,DM组和DM+TLR组大鼠肾质量/体质量比值、血糖和24h尿蛋白升高(P均<0.01);12周时DM组大鼠肾小球基底膜增厚、足细胞足突融合、微绒毛化,足细胞计数减少(P<0.01)、足细胞相对密度降低(P<0.01)且nephrin表达减少(P<0.01)。DM+TLR组足突形态接近正常,基底膜增厚,但较DM组减轻,足细胞计数、足细胞相对密度和nephrin表达量均高于DM组(P均<0.01)。与CON组比较,DM组和DM+TLR组大鼠在观察终点血浆和肾皮质SOD、GSH-Px活性均降低(P<0.01,P<0.05),MDA含量则升高(P<0.01,P<0.05);与DM组相比较,DM+TLR组血浆和肾皮质SOD、GSH-Px活性增加(P均<0.01),MDA含量降低(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论 TLR可以改善糖尿病大鼠肾小球的足细胞损伤,可能与其抗氧化应激作用有关。     

菩人丹超微粉对STZ诱导糖尿病大鼠视网膜病变的保护作用及其对NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的：探讨菩人丹超微粉（PRD）对糖尿病大鼠视网膜的保护作用及其对核因子κB （NF-κB）信号通路的影响,并阐明其作用机制。方法：40只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、低剂量PRD组和高剂量PRD组。给药3个月后,测定各组大鼠血糖水平,RT-PCR法检测大鼠视网膜组织中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和血管生成素2（Ang-2） mRNA表达水平,Western blotting法检测大鼠视网膜组织中晚期糖基化终末产物（AGEs）、晚期糖基化终末产物受体（RAGE）、NF-κB、VEGF和Ang-2蛋白表达水平。结果：与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠血糖水平及视网膜组织中VEGF、Ang-2 mRNA表达水平和AGEs、RAGE、NF-κB、VEGF、Ang-2蛋白表达水平明显升高（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,低和高剂量PRD组大鼠血糖水平及视网膜组织中VEGF、Ang-2 mRNA表达水平和AGEs、RAGE、NF-κB、VEGF、Ang-2蛋白表达水平明显降低（P<0.05）。结论：PRD可能通过特异性阻断AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB信号通路对糖尿病大鼠视网膜起保护作用。     

通心络和α-硫辛酸对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用研究

目的研究通心络和α-硫辛酸(ALA)对糖尿病(DM)大鼠肾皮质的保护作用。方法雄性SD大鼠用链脲佐菌素(60mg/kg)腹腔注射诱导DM。大鼠随机分为健康组(NC)、DM组(DMC)、DM+ALA组(ALA组)、DM+通心络组(通心络组)。ALA组和通心络组每天给予ALA100mg/kg或通心络超微粉1g/kg灌胃,NC组和DMC组大鼠给予等量生理盐水每日灌胃。干预4周后,测肾质量/体质量(KW/BW)和24h尿蛋白(24hUP),比色法检测肾皮质抗氧化酶和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果与NC组相比,DMC大鼠24hUP、KW/BW、MDA含量增加,总超氧化物歧化酶(TSOD)活性降低,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与DMC组相比,ALA组和通心络组24hUP、KW/BW和MDA水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ALA组TSOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与DMC组及ALA组相比,通心络组CAT活性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),TSOD、GSH-Px活性增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通心络和ALA可增加抗氧化酶活性,降低肾皮质氧化应激水平,减低早期DM大鼠肾脏损害。     

血清Ang/Tie2、VEGF在糖尿病肾病病情评估中的应用价值

目的：观察血清中血管生成素-1( Ang-1)、血管生成素-2(Ang-2)及其受体Tie2与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在糖尿病肾病( DN)病情进展中的水平变化规律,探讨平衡其比率在DN中的重要性。方法选取2型糖尿病患者60例,依据尿白蛋白排泄率( UAER)分为3组：正常白蛋白尿患者20例( DM1组)、微量白蛋白尿患者22例( DM2组)、大量白蛋白尿患者18例( DM3组),另设健康对照患者22例( NC 组)。采用 ELISA 法检测受试者血清 Ang-1、Ang-2、Tie2、VEGF水平,同时检测相关生化指标。结果① DM1组血清VEGF、Ang-2水平高于NC组, DM2组、DM3组进一步升高,4组间差异均有统计学意义( P<0．05)。② DM1组血清Ang-1水平高于NC组,DM2组、DM3组逐渐下降,4组间差异无统计学意义。③ Tie2水平差异无统计学意义。④UAER与Ang-2、VEGF 呈正相关性( r =0．470、0．404, P <0．01),与Ang-1呈负相关性(r=-0．310,P<0．05); Ang-2与VEGF、Tie2呈正相关性(r=0．450、0．725,P<0．01);Ang-1与Tie2呈正相关性(r=0．571,P<0．01),与Ang-2、VEGF呈负相关性(r=-0．497、-0．396,P<0．01,P<0．05)。⑤以UAER为应变量行多元线性逐步回归分析显示：Ang-1、Ang-2、VEGF、肌酐进入回归方程,是影响UAER的独立相关因子。结论血清中 Ang-1、Ang-2、Tie2、VEGF 水平与 DN密切相关,可能参与了DN的发生发展,并影响DN病情的进程。检测血清Ang/Tie2及VEGF可作为评估DN病情的重要指标。     

激活素A及卵泡抑素基因在糖尿病大鼠肾脏表达的实验研究

目的:探讨激活素A(ACT-A)及卵泡抑素(FS)基因在糖尿病大鼠肾脏的表达及可能机制。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分成对照组(NC)和糖尿病组(DM),腹腔注射STZ诱导糖尿病模型。各组分别在术后4、8、12和16周处死6只大鼠。观察各组肾重/体重(KW/BW)、24h尿白蛋白排泄率(AER)及肌酐清除率(Ccr)的变化。real time-PCR检测各组肾组织ACT-A及FS基因的表达。结果:与NC组相比,DM组大鼠从第8周末开始KW/BW、AER及Ccr均显著上升(P<0.01),16周末时达峰值。DM组大鼠从第4周末开始ACT-A mRNA表达逐渐增加,第12周末时达峰值(P<0.01)。FS mRNA在NC组各时间点大鼠肾组织大量表达,而在DM组其表达量呈逐渐下降趋势,第16周时只能检测到基础量表达。结论:ACT-A及FS表达失衡在DN的进行性发展中发挥了重要作用。     

2型糖尿病合并肺结核患者T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并肺结核患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞的变化及其临床意义。方法对60例2型糖尿病合并肺结核患者(DM+LTB组)、30例2型糖尿病患者(DM组)、36例肺结核患者(LTB组)、32例健康者(NC组)监测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)和NK细胞的变化。结果DM+LTB组外周血CD3+明显低于DM组、LTB组和NC组(P<0.05),CD4+明显低于NC组(P<0.05),CD4+/CD8+、NK细胞明显低于DM组、NC组(P<0.05),CD8+显著高于DM组、NC组(P<0.05),CD4+、CD8+、NK与LTB组比较无统计学差异。DM组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+显著低于NC组(P<0.05),CD8+、NK细胞水平与NC组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。LTB组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、NK细胞水平明显低于NC组(P<0.05),CD8+高于NC组(P<0.05)。结论2型糖尿病合并肺结核患者存在T淋巴细胞亚群的变化,存在着细胞免疫功能缺陷。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.