2017年成都市有毒植物中毒监测分析

目的 探索分析成都市有毒植物中毒流行特征,以明确预防控制工作方向。方法 收集整理2017年国家“食源性疾病监测报告系统”和“食源性疾病暴发监测系统”中成都市报告的有毒植物中毒的病例与事件资料,进行描述性分析。结果 2017年成都市共报告有毒植物中毒散发病例467例,暴发事件29起;其中毒蘑菇中毒散发病例和暴发事件分别占39.8%、75.9%。有毒植物中毒的高发时间是7-9月,毒蘑菇中毒散发病例中农民占60.2%,发生在家庭的占98.9%。散发病例和暴发事件的可疑中毒食物均以毒蘑菇和四季豆为主,占比分别为67.0%和89.7%。农民、家庭及待业人群的可疑中毒食物种类多于其他人群。结论 需大力开展预防有毒植物中毒的分类宣传,提升医疗救治和检测鉴定能力,进一步提高监测系统的敏感性。     

Human Streptococcus suis outbreak, Sichuan, China

From mid-July to the end of August 2005, a total of 215 cases of human Streptococcus suis infections, 66 of which were laboratory confirmed, were reported in Sichuan, China. All infections occurred in backyard farmers who were directly exposed to infection during the slaughtering process of pigs that had died of unknown causes or been killed for food because they were ill. Sixty-one (28%) of the farmers had streptococcal toxic shock syndrome; 38 (62%) of them died. The other illnesses reported were sepsis (24%) and meningitis (48%) or both. All isolates tested positive for genes for tuf, species-specific 16S rRNA, cps2J, mrp, ef, and sly. A single strain of S. suis caused the outbreak, as shown by the identification of a single ribotype. The high death ratio was of concern; prohibiting backyard slaughtering ended the outbreak.     

Older Farmers' Prevalence,Capital, Health,Age-Related Limitations,and Adaptations

ABSTRACT

A major reduction in the proportion of older farmers in the farm population has been predicted for nearly 50 years. Not only has the proportion of older farmers increased but the proportion of younger farmers has decreased dramatically. In 2002, principal operators age ≥ 65 years of age comprised 26.2% of US farmers. These older farmers and farm landlords combined owned 34% of all farm assets. In addition to their economic capital, older farmers have large stocks of social and cultural capital that contribute to their communities and the nation. A large majority of older people in the US population, and older farmers in particular, remain healthy and active. All older adults experience normal age-related deficits in sensory, motor, and cognitive functioning. However, age-related adaptations of healthy older adults, including their experience and compensatory behavioral and information processing strategies, minimize many age-related deficits. These factors allow perhaps 80% or more of older farmers to continue working safely and productively well past typical retirement age.     

Morbidity in Swedish farmers, 1978-1983, according to national hospital records

A number of epidemiological studies have shown that farmers have low mortality rates. To examine morbidity risks for male and female farmers in Sweden, the national hospital care registry was updated with information on occupation derived from the census of 1980. The cause-specific morbidity of farmers was compared with the morbidity of all economically active individuals in the same areas. A total of 60,515 farmers and 2,843,217 controls have been studied. The morbidity rates of the farmers were generally low. Male farmers had a significantly lower risk for cancer diseases, mental diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the digestive system, the uro-genital system, and skin diseases. Female farmers had a lower risk for diseases of the respiratory system, uro-genital system, skin diseases, diseases of the locomotor system, and accidents. A notable discrepancy between males and females concerning cardiovascular diseases was observed Male farmers had a significantly lower risk than other men while female farmers had the same risk level as other economically active women. The relative risk of hospitalization for mental disease was also low. Male farmers had a risk for alcohol-dependent diseases and attempted suicides which was less than one-third of the risk for all economically active men. Concerning work-environment-related diseases in farming, it was shown that young male farmers had low rate ratios. However, the risks were found to increase with every decade, indicating that occupational health risks contribute to morbidity with advancing age.     

Agricultural Injuries in Norway

SUMMARY

A questionnaire survey was conducted among 10,000 farmers of a total farmer population of 73,000. The primary questions to the farmers were related to injuries they may have had in the previous year which made it difficult for them to carry out normal daily work for one or more days. Responses were received from 7,800 farmers.

The results of this survey show that 6? of the farmers had such an injury. The number of injuries per million working hours was 29. Nineteen percent of the injuries were caused by animals, 16? by uneven and slippery surfaces and 15? by tractors and equipment.     

Rapid change, climate adversity and the next 'big dry': older farmers' mental health

Objective: To describe the experiences of older farmers in the face of prolonged drought and rapid change. Design: Content analysis of issues and priorities raised in semi‐structured community forums. Setting: Rural centres in NSW. Participants: One hundred and fifty older farmers, their families, Industry and Investment NSW, rural financial and mental health services, the Country Women's Association and other non‐government agencies. Intervention: Five public forums organised under the Rural Adversity Mental Health Program. Results: Prolonged drought caused pressures on farmers that compounded the usual stresses of farming and of ageing. These were experienced in the context of rapid social and industry change, fuel price volatility and the insidious threat of climate change. Three main themes were articulated: loss, government compliance pressures and difficulties accessing and/or inappropriate services. Conclusion: Older farmers felt an overwhelming sense of loss: of profitability and professional success, community status, physical well‐being and comfort, the ability to participate in the modern world and, above all, of relationships (partners, children and friends moving away). They interpreted government compliance requirements as evidence of community and government loss of trust in famers. They resisted using the few mental health services that might be available, fearing being labelled as ‘crazy’ and discouraged by the culturally inappropriate way in which services were offered. Older farmers would benefit from joint services related to health and well‐being simultaneously with modern business management offered in trusted, comfortable settings.     

安徽省新农合制度抗疾病风险能力探析

目的:描述安徽省参合农民因病致贫情况,分析安徽省新农合制度抗疾病风险能力的变化,为完善新农合制度提供建议。方法:在安徽省随机抽取3个县,结合新农合制度在参合率、筹资水平和补偿比方面的变化,从因病致贫率、因病致贫解决程度、因病致贫缓解程度等方面入手,分析2013—2014年新农合制度的抗疾病风险能力。结果:2013—2014年安徽省新农合制度抗疾病风险能力有所提高,但提升有限。结论:应通过改革支付方式、控制病人外流、完善多层次保障体系等手段,逐渐减少农民因病致贫。     

Cancer incidence among Finnish farmers, 1995-2005

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the cancer risk pattern of male and female Finnish farmers and to define the role of the type of farm production as a risk determinant. METHODS: All farmers on 31 December 1978 living on 1 January 1995 were included in the cohort. The data concerning continuation as a farmer and the type of farming was collected from the 31 December 1990 and 1994 farm registries. The observed number of cases in each stratum was divided by the respective expected number based on national incidence rates to calculate the standardized incidence ratio. RESULTS: The overall cancer incidence was smaller than that of the general population. For most of the cancer sites, the standardized incidence ratios were below 1.0. The lowest rates for farmers continuing to farm were determined for mesothelioma and cancers of the liver, larynx, lung, nose, esophagus, and urinary bladder. The only significantly elevated standardized incidence ratio was that for lip cancer. Permanent beef and dairy farmers had the lowest standardized incidence ratios for overall cancer. Dairy farmers of 1978 who had changed their production type to crop farmers had increased their risk for overall cancer from a standardized incidence ratio of 0.82 to 0.92. CONCLUSIONS: The cancer incidence of Finnish farmers was significantly below the national average. The finding that lung cancer risk was low among dairy farmers but increased with a change to another type of farm production gives some support to the hypothesis that endotoxin exposure may decrease cancer risk.     

云南省蒙自县参合农民对新农合定点医疗机构服务质量的评价

目的：探讨参合农民对新农合定点医疗机构服务质量的评价情况,为改进其服务质量提供科学参考.方法：以问卷方式调查通过整群抽样和分层抽样抽取的部分云南省蒙自县参合农民对新农合定点医疗机构服务质量的意见和建议.结果：参合农民对各级定点医疗机构医疗技术水平、服务态度、医疗收费、总体满意度和卫生资源配置情况的评价分布差异分别都有统计学意义（P＜0.001）.经非条件Logistic回归分析表明,参合农民喜欢选择村卫生室就诊的主要原因是医生服务态度好,收费低,随时都可以看病,交通方便等.结论：各级定点医疗机构服务质量一般.建议有关卫生主管部门加强乡村卫生机构建设,改善县级医疗机构的服务态度,全面建设农村药品供应网络.     

Electroencephalogram, cognitive state, psychological disorders, clinical symptom, and oxidative stress in horticulture farmers exposed to organophosphate pesticides

The aim of this paper was to study the toxicity of organophosphate (OP) pesticides in exposed farmers for electroencephalography, cognitive state, psychological disorders, clinical symptom, oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase, and DNA damage. A comparative cross-sectional analysis was carried out in 40 horticulture farmers who were exposed to OPs in comparison to a control group containing 40 healthy subjects with the same age and sex and education level. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, DNA damage, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol molecules, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were measured in the blood of subjects. Clinical examination and complete blood test were undertaken in order to record any abnormal sign or symptoms. Cognitive function, psychological symptoms, and psychological distress were examined and recorded. Comparing with controls, the farmers showed higher blood levels of SOD and LPO while their TAC decreased. Farmers showed clinical symptoms such as eczema, breathing muscle weakness, nausea, and saliva secretion. Regarding cognitive function, the orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, and language were not significantly different in farmers and controls. Among examinations for psychological distress, only labeled somatization was significantly higher in farmers. The present findings indicate that oxidative stress and inhibition of AChE can be seen in chronically OP-exposed people but incidence of neuropsychological disorders seems a complex multivariate phenomenon that might be seen in long-term high-dose exposure situations. Use of supplementary antioxidants would be useful in the treatment of farmers.     

Control of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, caused by the virus sub-type H5N1, in Japan in 2004

An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), caused by the virus sub-type H5N1, occurred at four premises in three prefectures in Japan during January and March 2004. As a result, 274,654 poultry died or were slaughtered. This was the first outbreak of HPAI in Japan since 1925. (The earlier outbreak was caused by H7N7.) The disease was successfully eradicated within three-and-a-half months, following an eradication campaign that included depopulating the affected premises, implementing movement controls and intensive surveillance. Control measures were conducted in accordance with the National Manual of HPAI Control. However, during the eradication campaign, some key issues arose, such as delays in notification by the affected farmers. As a result of these experiences, the relevant laws and HPAI Control Manual have been appropriately revised.     

Difference in Accidents,Health Symptoms,and Ergonomic Problems between Conventional Farmers Using Pesticides and Organic Farmers

ABSTRACT

Organic farming has been promoted in Thailand by King Rama the ninth. In addition to being healthier for consumers, organic farming is healthier for agricultural workers. The cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the frequency of chronic disease conditions, accidents, health symptoms, and ergonomic problems among 243 conventional (pesticide using) farmers and 235 organic farmers. Data were collected using questionnaires in face-to-face interviews. The results indicated symptoms that could be related to pesticide exposure (skin rashes, water blisters, headache, dizziness, and loss of appetite) were significantly higher among conventional farmers than organic farmers. The organic farmers reported significantly more health symptoms such as hives, chest pain, mild fever, flatulence, and frequent urination than the conventional farmers. The organic farmers reported significantly more pain, numbness, or weakness in the wrists/hands, fingers, upper back, hips, and ankles/feet than conventional farmers.     

The farm family perception of occupational health: a multistate survey of knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and ideas

It is vitally important to integrate the views and concerns of the farm family into the process of policy development. If the input is not there, policy planners could implement programs that are philosophically separated from the farm families' concerns and attitudes. This would destroy credibility and future farmer support of any new program development. From May of 1988 to April of 1989, a phone and mail survey of approximately 1,500 farmers and spouses was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding agricultural safety and health. The survey was conducted in Iowa, New York, South Carolina, and Washington state. Preliminary results from Iowa and New York indicated that: 1) farmers value highly, and are concerned with, occupational health and safety issues; 2) farmers report that their major concerns include stress, trauma and respiratory problems; 3) farmers would like access to an occupational health and safety service; and 4) any new farm health and safety programs must include farmer input to ensure practicality, applicability, and acceptance.     

江西省低保户参加新农合后医疗需求与利用的调查

目的：了解新型农村合作医疗制度对江西省低保户农民的医疗服务需求的变化及利用情况。方法：采用分层整群抽样，抽取婺源县、芦溪县和修水县低保农户375户，入户调查。结论：新型农村合作医疗制度实施后，慢性病影响低保户农民健康状况仍然比较突出，但对两周门诊医疗服务需求变化有所下降。新型农村合作医疗政策导向，有利于减轻农民经济负担。完全解决低保户农民因病致贫、因病返贫问题，可借鉴国外经验，开展健康卡制度，保障低保户农民基本医疗服务需求。建立农民养老保险制度，以政府出资和社会团体及个人捐赠相结合方式成立低保户救助基金，从根源上解决低保户农民健康问题和经济困难问题。     

Perceptions of tuberculosis and health seeking behaviour in rural Inner Mongolia, China

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore perceptions of TB, and health care seeking pathways, among poor rural communities in Inner Mongolia. METHODOLOGY: Twenty focus group discussions (FGDs) were held and 105 farmers were included. Six hundred and fourteen randomly selected respondents were surveyed through interview questionnaire, in three poor rural counties with a high TB prevalence. MAIN FINDINGS: A substantial proportion of community members were unclear or misinformed as to how TB was transmitted. Sixty percent of respondents identified prolonged cough as a main symptom of TB, while only 40% perceived TB to be caused by 'close interaction with TB patient'. In addition, 70% could not afford TB treatment and fell into debt as a result of having to seek medical care. Social stigma associated with TB influenced marriage prospects and impeded important social interactions within the community. Respondents' perceptions of TB were associated with their socio-economic status. Women, young people, low-income groups and those with less education tended to be less knowledgeable about TB. All farmers in the study reported only seeking health care after they failed to treat themselves; and most of them then sought care from less qualified village level health care providers. Less educated people, low-income groups and old people were identified as less likely to seek care, or more likely to seek care at village level where it is cheaper. Both financial and structural barriers were found to stop farmers seeking health care. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Perceptions of TB and social stigma associated with the disease, together with socio-economic factors, shape the health seeking behaviour of poor farmers. Accessibility and affordability of TB health care issues should be dealt with through a multi-pronged approach, including health promotion in addition to expansion of the DOTS strategy and rural health insurance schemes.     

Proportionate mortality of crop and livestock farmers in the United States, 1984-1993

BACKGROUND: Livestock farmers are more likely to be exposed to a variety of different farming hazards than crop farmers. An analysis of occupation and industry-coded U.S. death certificate data from 26 states for the years 1984-1993 was conducted to evaluate mortality patterns among crop and livestock farmers. METHODS: Cause-specific proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) were calculated using a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) computer program designed to calculate sex and race specific PMRs for occupations and industries in population-based data. RESULTS: Among white male (WM) livestock farmers, there was a significantly higher mortality from cancer of the pancreas, prostate and brain, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma, acute and chronic lymphoid leukemia, and Parkinson's disease. WM crop farmers showed significantly higher mortality risk for cancer of the lip, skin, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphoid leukemia. CONCLUSIONS: These disease trends suggested that livestock farmers might be exposed to more carcinogens or agricultural chemicals than crop farmers.     

AgrAbility Fills Important Niche in Safety,Health

ABSTRACT

Farmers have substantial sun exposure and increased skin cancer risk but poor sun protection practices. There are few studies regarding the underlying factors that contribute to inadequate skin cancer prevention practices in the farming population, and minimal data to guide skin cancer awareness and educational interventions for this population. The purpose of this study was to assess skin cancer knowledge, sun protection behaviors and barriers, health care information sources, and the impact of skin cancer screening among midwestern farmers and nonfarmers. Individuals attending a free skin cancer screening during 2011 Wisconsin Farm Technology Days were surveyed for self-reported sun protection use, extent of sun exposure, and skin cancer and sun protection beliefs and knowledge. A total of 476 individuals participated in the study, including 194 farmers. Although farmers identified sun protection benefits, few reported optimal practices, with only 23% of farmers reporting sunscreen use always or frequently when out in the sun for 15 minutes or more. Common barriers to sun protection included discomfort with wearing long pants and long shirts, forgetfulness with sunscreen use, and inconvenience with wearing wide-brimmed hats. Higher knowledge scores in farmers were associated with better sun protection. Farmers utilized different sources of health care information compared with nonfarmers, including farm magazines and newspapers, radio, and farm organizations. Providers should consider the unique characteristics of the farming population to provide skin cancer prevention education that is tailored to the needs of this population, such as reminders for sunscreen use and resources for sun-protective hats that do not interfere with work. Among individuals without prior history of skin cancer, 34% of farmers and 22% of nonfarmers (P = .0127) were referred for additional evaluation due to identification of a concerning lesion at the screening event. Thus, farmers may preferentially benefit from skin cancer screening events, and this population should be targeted for additional screening events in the future. This study identifies unique characteristics of the farming population that can assist providers in caring for this population and guide the future development of skin cancer awareness, prevention, and screening initiatives to benefit farmers.     

Work injuries among Finnish farmers: a national register linkage study 1996-1997

BACKGROUND: Farming is one of the most injury-prone occupations in Finland as it is in other countries. Our goals were to describe work injuries of Finnish farmers and to compare occupational injury rates between various subgroups. METHODS: A national cohort of 69,629 full-time farmers and their 11,657 compensated injuries were identified from an insurance company database. Cohort data were merged with a population census and farm register. Relative incidence rates were calculated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Men had higher injury rates than women, except with regard to injuries caused by animals. Dairy and hog farming were the riskiest activities, and injury rates increased with the number of dairy cows. CONCLUSIONS: One-half of insured farmers in Finland are full-time farmers, which may have lead to underestimation of risk in Finnish injury statistics. Dairy farming is of particular concern because it is both common and has a high injury rate.     

农村居民肺结核病防治知信行现状及影响因素分析

目的了解江苏省农村居民肺结核病防治相关知识信念行为现状，了解文化程度、经济收入等对其影响。方法采用逐级整群抽样调查方法，抽取江苏省金湖县、姜堰市、扬中市3个县市共6个乡镇（街道）和18个村中年龄在65岁以下的农村居民3170人。使用统一的问卷对调查对象的一般情况、肺结核病防治相关知信行等进行调查，并分析文化程度、经济水平等因素对其知信行的影响。结果不同文化程度的农村居民部分防治肺结核病知识、信念、行为情况有差异，文化程度为文盲、小学、初中的农村居民答题正确率普遍较低；高中文化程度农村居民愿意了解肺结核病防治知识和参加宣传及预防肺结核病活动的人数最少，不同文化程度间存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。不同经济水平的农村居民防治肺结核病知识、信念、行为情况不全相同，经济收入在10000元以下的农村居民答题正确率较低，不同经济收入农村居民间存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论不同文化程度、经济收入的农村居民肺结核病相关知、信、行之间存在差异，进行针对性较强的肺结核病的健康教育是很有必要的。     

Atopy, smoking, and chronic bronchitis.

The aim was to test the hypothesis that atopy increases the occurrence of chronic bronchitis. Relations between atopy, smoking, and chronic bronchitis were studied in farmers. The data were from two successive postal surveys and a skin prick tested subsample. The cross-sectional study consisted of 9017 farmers. Those 6899 farmers who did not have chronic bronchitis at the beginning and who continued farming were followed for three years. A sample of 150 farmers was skin-tested with 36 allergens. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis (rate per 1000), standardised for age and sex, was 41 in non-atopic non-smokers, 101 in atopic non-smokers, 106 in non-atopic smokers, and 257 in atopic smokers (effect of atopy: p less than 0.001; effect of smoking: p less than 0.001). The standardised incidence rates of chronic bronchitis (per 1000 farming years) were 14, 34, 36, and 50, respectively (atopy: p less than 0.001; smoking p less than 0.001). The relative risk of chronic bronchitis, calculated from the incidence data adjusting for the effects of age, sex, smoking or atopy by logistic regression analysis was 2.2 for atopy (95% confidence interval 1.8-2.7) and 2.3 for smoking (1.8-2.9). Only 20 farmers had chronic bronchitis in the skin-tested subjects; the results were consistent with the findings in the surveys but did not reach statistical significance for atopy. In conclusion, atopy and smoking have independent and additive effects on the occurrence of chronic bronchitis at least in dusty farming work.