X线立体定向放射治疗与全脑放射治疗脑转移瘤的疗效比较

目的 评价X线立体定向放射治疗脑转移瘤的疗效。方法 单纯全脑照射20例（WBI组），单纯X线立体定向放射治疗19例（SRI组），X线立体定向放射加全脑放射治疗39例（SRT＋WBI组）。WBI组和SRT＋WBI组全脑放疗总剂量均为30－40Gy／2－4周。SRT组和SRT＋WBI组立体定向放射治疗，每次剂量为4．5－7．5Gy，每周3次，总剂量21－42Gy。结果 局部控制率、局部复发率和因脑转移所致率，WBI组分别为65．0％、25．0％和52．9％；SRT组分别为94．7％、5．3％和116．7％；SRT＋WBI组分别为89．75、0和8．7％。WBI组与其它2组比较，局部控制率、局部复发率和因脑转移所致死亡率均有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论 X线立体定向放射治疗脑转移瘤，在提高局部控制率、降低局复发率方面优于全脑放疗。     

分次立体定向放射治疗颅内良性肿瘤疗效分析

目的：回顾性分析分次立体定向放射治疗31例颅内良性肿瘤的疗效及并发症。方法：采用单纯分次立体定向放射治疗，每次剂量2．5—5Gy，总量35—52．5Gy，等效常规分割剂量50～62．4Gy。结果：症状消失22例，症状缓解8例，总有效率96，8％(30／31)；病变消失8例，缩小2l例，无1例出现脑血管意外，亦无视神经、面神经、脑干损伤及放射性脑坏死发生，垂体瘤患者无1例激素水平低下。结论：分次立体定向放射治疗颅内良性病变安全有效。有利于降低并发症。     

伽玛刀治疗22例原发视神经鞘脑膜瘤的疗效分析

目的 探讨采用伽玛刀进行低分割、高剂量的分次立体定向放射治疗（FSRT）治疗原发性视神经鞘脑膜瘤的疗效。方法2004年8月至2010年3月收治原发性视神经鞘脑膜瘤22例患者,均采用Hyper SGSI型立体定向体部伽玛射线放射治疗系统进行FSRT治疗,1例进行常规分割,单次剂量2Gy;21例行低分割、高剂量的FSRT治疗,单次剂量3～5Gy靶区累积剂量为36～40Gy。治疗后6个月随访1次,中位随访时间25个月,观察患者的临床症状改善情况、视力保全率及肿瘤控制情况。 结果 截止于末次随访,全组患者的视力控制率为77.3％（17／22）,其中视力改善4例,稳定13例,下降3例,失明2例。视力控制率随时间变化略有下降,1年视力控制率为95.0％（19／20）,2年视力控制率为75.0％（9／12）,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。肿瘤控制率为100.0％,最大径缩小＞50％的8例（36.4％）,缩小25％～50％的11例（50.0％）,缩小＜10％～25％的3例（13.6％）。突眼症状改善率为100.0％,治疗前突眼度为（17.3±2.7）mm,治疗后突眼度为（14.9±1.5）mm（P＜0.05）。有10例患者出现治疗相关反应,对症治疗可恢复。 结论 采用低分割、高剂量的FSRT治疗原发视神经鞘脑膜瘤的疗效确切,但视力改善不明显,对于确切分割模式及剂量尚需进一步探讨。     

脉络膜恶性黑色素瘤立体定向放射治疗初探

为提高脉络膜恶性黑色瘤的肿瘤控制率并保留患眼及其部分视力探索一条新的治疗途径 ,评价立体定向放射治疗作为脉络膜恶性黑色素瘤治疗方法的价值。方法　 11例脉络膜恶性黑色素瘤患者中单次立体定向放射治疗 2例 ,分次立体定向放射治疗 9例 ;中心 1～ 2个 ,准直器 15～ 40mm ,参考剂量曲线 70 %～ 90 %。单次治疗DT2 5 0 0cGy 次和DT3 5 0 0cGy 次 ,分次治疗DT75 0 y～ 15 0 0cGy 次 ,2～ 4次 ,10～ 15d。结果　中位随访期 30个月 (随访 10～ 43个月内全部患者生存 )。 6例患者保留眼球和部分视力 ,肿瘤缩小或消失 ;5例患者因肿瘤未控 (1例 )、继发性青光眼 (2例 ) ,角膜溃疡 (2例 )而摘除眼球。全部患者未发现远地转移。结论　立体定向放射治疗对眼球后极或后部脉络膜恶性黑色素瘤是一种有效的治疗方法 ,部分患者达到既控制肿瘤又保留眼球和部分视力的目的。     

不同分次剂量的立体定向放射治疗胶质瘤的临床研究

目的：探讨X线立体定向不同分次剂量放射治疗脑胶质细胞瘤的疗效。方法：对78例脑胶质细胞瘤患者,进行不同分次剂量的立体定向放射治疗。随机分为A、B、C三组,各组26例。A组分次剂量3.0Gy/次,5次/周,肿瘤总量DT45.0-50.0Gy;B组分次剂量5.0Gy/次,（3-4）次/周,肿瘤总量DT40.0Gy;C组分次剂量8.0Gy,2次/周,肿瘤总量DT32.0Gy。三组均采用非共面弧形旋转照射或固定野多野照射。另选一组为D组,常规放射治疗的患者共28例,肿瘤总量DT60.0Gy。结果：A、B、C、D组有效率分别为86.3%、83.3%、82.2%和73.2%,各组间有效率比较,差异无统计学意义,P〉0.05。1、2、3年生存率A、B、C、D组分别是92.3%、93.7%、77.9%、69.0%,84.5%、83.7%、57.8%、66.9%和80.0%、78.2%、41.7%、56.8%。A组与C组间生存率比较,3年生存率差异有统计学意义,P〈0.05。结论：不同分次剂量X线立体定向放射治疗,中等分次剂量疗效肯定。     

鼻咽癌局部复发分次立体定向放射治疗

目的　探讨分次立体定向放射治疗技术 ,在局部复发晚期鼻咽癌再程放疗中的应用。方法　 1997年 7月到 2 0 0 0年12月 ,采用分次立体定向放射治疗局部复发鼻咽癌 2 3例。所有病例均采用 6MVX线照射 ,设 1～ 3个中心 ,80 %剂量曲线将靶区完全包含。总剂量DT2 4～ 64Gy(中位剂量 5 2 .2Gy) ,单次剂量DT4～ 8Gy(中位剂量 6.4Gy)。 结果　局部复发鼻咽癌经分次立体定向放射治疗后 ,1年生存率为 78.3 % (18/2 3 )、2年生存率为 69.6% (16/2 3 )。 3 9.1% (9/2 3 )的患者随访期内死亡 ,其中死于局部复发 1例 ,死于远处转移 5例 ,鼻咽大出血 3例。结论　分次立体定向放射治疗用于局部复发鼻咽癌的治疗是安全有效的 ,但单次剂量和总剂量值得进一步研究。     

立体定向放射治疗肺癌脑转移疗效分析

目的探讨不同放射治疗方法对肺癌脑转移的疗效.方法176例由病理学证实的肺癌脑转移患者分为4组:单纯全脑放疗(WBRT)组、全脑放疗加立体定向放射外科(WBRT SRS)组、单纯立体定向放射治疗(SRT)组、全脑放疗加立体定向放射治疗(WBRT SRT)组.SRS治疗单次靶区平均周边剂量8～20Gy,总剂量20～32Gy;SRT治疗单次靶区平均周边剂量2～5Gy,总剂量25～60Gy;WBRT1.8～2Gy/次,总剂量30～40Gy.结果四组的局部控制率分别为47.0%、87.7%、86.5%和78.0%;中位生存期分别为5.0,11.0,11.5和10.0个月;局部无进展生存期分别为3.33,8.33,9.33和7.67个月;颅脑无新病灶生存期分别为4.11,8.57,9.03和6.12个月.在死因分析中,WBRT组死于脑转移的比率为57.6%,较其他三组高.而WBRT SRS组的晚期放射反应的发生率为12.2%,较其他组高.结论肺癌单发脑转移瘤患者的最佳治疗方式是单纯立体定向放射治疗,治疗失败后再行挽救性全脑照射或立体定向放疗.对于多发脑转移,全脑放疗加立体定向放射治疗(WBRT SRT)在提高生存率以及减少并发症方面优于其他治疗方法.     

介入和分次立体定向适形放射治疗原发性肝癌的疗效观察

目的采用肝动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter hepaic arterial chemoembolization,TACE)介入治疗与分次立体定向适形放射治疗(fractionated sterotactic confomal radiation therapy,FSCR)的结合治疗晚期原发性肝癌,观察其治疗效果.方法TACE治疗2～3次后,进行分次立体定向适形放射治疗,剂量48～60Gy,照射8～30次.结果采用TACE与分次立体定向适形放射治疗晚期原发性肝癌能够使肿瘤直径显著缩小,由治疗前的89.15±16.34mm缩小至治疗后的43.87±7.3mm,P＜0.05;AFP由治疗前的675.67±147.24μg/ml降低至治疗后的221.91±52.26μg/ml,P＜0.01;患者一年生存率达到77.27%.结论TACE与分次立体定向适形放射治疗晚期原发性肝癌能够明显提高患者的生存期.     

肺癌脑转移不同放射治疗方法的疗效分析

［目的］探讨不同放射治疗方法对肺癌脑转移的疗效。［方法］１７６例有病理学证实的肺癌脑转移患者分为４组：单纯全脑放疗组(WBRT)、全脑放疗加立体定向放射外科(WBRT＋SRS)，单纯立体定向放射治疗(SRT)，全脑放疗加立体定向放射治疗(WBRT＋SRT)。SRS治疗组，单次靶区平均周边剂量８Gy～２０Gy，总剂量２０Gy～３２Gy；SRT治疗组，单次靶区平均周边剂量２Gy～５Gy，总剂量２５Gy～６０Gy；WBRT组，１．８Gy～２Gy／次，总剂量３０Gy～４０Gy。［结果］４组的局部控制率分别为４７．１％、８７．７％、８６．５％、７８％；中位生存期分别为５．０、１１．０、１１．５、１０．０个月；局部无进展生存期分别为３．３３、８．３３、９．３３、７．６７个月；颅脑无新病灶生存期分别为４．１１、８．５７、９．０３、６．１２个月。单纯全脑放疗组死于脑转移的占５７．６％，较其他３组高。而全脑放疗加立体定向放射外科组的晚期放射反应的发生率为１２．２％，较其它组高。［结论］肺癌单发脑转移瘤患者的最佳治疗方式是单纯立体定向放射治疗。多发脑转移，全脑放疗加立体定向放射治疗(WBRT＋SRT)在提高生存率以及减少并发症方面优于其他治疗方法。     

全身立体定向放射治疗肿瘤47例初探

立体定向放射治疗(stereotactic radiotherapy，SRT)是利用立体定向技术对病灶实施分次聚集照射。泰山医学院附属医院2000年4月16日-2001年10月28日采用SRT系统，对47例肿瘤患者进行了立体适形放射治疗，近期效果较好，总结报道如下。     

Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy with CyberKnife for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: high local control with low toxicity

The aim was to evaluate the clinical outcome of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with CyberKnife for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. From October 2000 to March 2009, 100 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma were treated with hypofractionated SRT. Forty-three patients were male, and 57 were female. The patient's ages ranged from 16 to 82 years (median, 59 years). Five patients were medically inoperable, and 1 refused surgery; the remaining 94 were recurrent cases or those receiving postoperative adjuvant SRT. No patients had a history of previous cranial radiotherapy. Tumor volume ranged from 0.7 to 64.3 mL (median, 5.1 mL). The marginal doses were 17.0 to 21.0 Gy for the 3-fraction schedule and 22.0 to 25.0 Gy for the 5-fraction schedule. Toxicities were evaluated with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. The median follow-up period for living patients was 33 months (range, 18-118.5 months). The 3-year overall survival and local control rates were 98% and 98%, respectively. In-field and out-field tumor regrowth were observed in 3 and 2 patients, respectively. Transient cyst enlargement occurred in 3 cases. A post-SRT grade 2 visual disorder occurred in 1 patient. Symptomatic post-SRT hypopituitarism was observed in 3 of 74 patients who had not received hormone replacement therapy after surgery. CyberKnife SRT involving 21 Gy in 3 fractions or 25 Gy in 5 fractions is safe and effective for surgical treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. Hypofractionated SRT appears useful for protecting the visual nerve and neuroendocrine function, especially for tumors located near the optic pathways and large tumors.     

A study on the radiation tolerance of the optic nerves and chiasm after stereotactic radiosurgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate the risk of clinically significant radiation optic neuropathy (RON) for patients having stereotactic radiosurgery of benign tumors adjacent to the optic apparatus. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We reviewed the dose plans and clinical outcomes of 218 gamma knife procedures (215 patients) for tumors of the sellar and parasellar region (meningiomas, n = 122; pituitary adenomas, n = 89; craniopharyngiomas, n = 7 patients). Previous surgery or radiation therapy was performed in 156 (66%) and 24 (11%) patients, respectively. Median follow-up was 40 months (range 4-115). RESULTS: The median maximum radiation dose to the optic nerve was 10 Gy (range 0.4-16.0). Four patients (1.9%) developed RON at a median of 48 months after radiosurgery. All had prior surgery, and 3 of 4 had external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in their management either before (n = 2) or adjuvantly (n = 1). The risk of developing a clinically significant RON was 1.1% for patients receiving 12 Gy or less. Patients receiving prior or concurrent EBRT had a greater risk of developing RON after radiosurgery (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: RON occurred in less than 2% of our patients, despite the majority (73%) receiving more than 8 Gy to a short segment of the optic apparatus. Knowledge of the dose tolerance of these structures permits physicians to be more aggressive in treating patients with sellar or parasellar tumors, especially those with hormone-producing pituitary adenomas that appear to require higher doses to achieve biochemical remission.     

Multidrug resistance proteins expression in glioma patients with epilepsy

This report shows the results of stereotactic radiation therapy for progressive residual pilocytic astrocytomas. Medical records of patients who had undergone stereotactic radiation therapy for a progressive residual pilocytic astrocytoma were reviewed. Between 1995 and 2010, 12 patients with progression of a residual pilocytic astrocytoma underwent stereotactic radiation therapy at UCLA. Presentation was headache (4), visual defects (3), hormonal disturbances (2), gelastic seizures (2) and ataxia (1). MRI showed a cystic (9), mixed solid/cystic (2) or solid tumor (1); located in the hypothalamus (5), midbrain (3), thalamus (2), optic chiasm (1) or deep cerebellum (1). Median age was 21 years (range 5-41). Nine tumors received stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT). Three tumors received stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), two of them to their choline positive regions. SRT median total dose was 50.4 Gy (40-50.4 Gy) in a median of 28 fractions (20-28), using a median fraction dose of 1.8 Gy (1.8-2 Gy) to a median target volume of 6.5 cm(3). (2.4-33.57 cm(3)) SRS median dose was 18.75 Gy (16.66-20 Gy) to a median target volume of 1.69 cm(3) (0.74-2.22 cm(3)). Median follow-up time was 37.5 months. Actuarial long-term progression-free and disease-specific survival probabilities were 73.3 and 91.7 %, respectively. No radiation-induced complications were observed. Stereotactic radiation therapy is a safe and effective modality to control progressive residual pilocytic astrocytomas. Better outcomes are obtained with SRT to entire tumor volumes than with SRS targeting choline positive tumor regions.     

Clinical outcomes of single-fraction stereotactic radiation therapy of lung tumors

BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects and the morbidities of single-fraction stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) for lung tumors. METHODS: A Microtron device was modified to deliver stereotactic irradiation under respiratory gating. Between August 1998 and December 2004, 59 malignant lung tumors (11 primary tumors, 48 metastases) that measured < 40 mm in greatest dimension were treated by single-fraction SRT. Nine tumors received a minimal dose of < 30 grays (Gy), and 50 tumors received a minimal dose of > or = 30 Gy. The macroscopic target volume ranged from 1 cc to 19 cc (mean, 5 cc). RESULTS: The 1-year and 2-year local progression-free rates (LPFRs) were 93% and 78%, respectively. The overall survival rate was 76.5% at 1 year and 41% at 2 years. Local regrowth of the irradiated tumor was a direct cause of death in two patients. Only the minimal radiation dose to the reference target volume tended to have an influence on the LPFR (P = 0.068). The 2-year LPFRs for patients who received irradiation doses of > or = 30 Gy and < 30 Gy were 83% and 52%, respectively. With regard to morbidities, Grade 3 respiratory symptoms (according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer late radiation morbidity scoring scheme) were noted in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: The results from the current study suggested that single-fraction SRT was tolerable and was capable of attaining excellent local control in patients who had malignant lung tumors that measured < 4 cm in greatest dimension.     

局部晚期鼻咽癌IMRT下视神经及视交叉耐受剂量探讨

目的 探讨局部晚期鼻咽癌患者在IMRT下视神经及视交叉的耐受剂量。方法 回顾分析2009-2013年在我院接受IMRT且视神经或视交叉2%体积受量(D2)>55 Gy的108例局部晚期鼻咽癌的剂量学特点及放射性视神经病变的发病情况。采用CTCAE3.0标准评价视神经和视交叉的不良反应,用Logistic回归法分析RION的危险因素。结果 108例患者中均未观察到严重的放射性视神经病变(3-5级),其中7例患者出现轻微视神经病变(1-2级),未发现患者个人因素或治疗相关因素与RION发生有统计学意义(P>0.05)。108例患者中位随访时间为46个月(13~91个月),3年OS、LRFS、DMFS率分别为90.0%、94.5%、86.4%。结论 常规放疗下得出的视神经和视交叉限制剂量<55 Gy可能不适用于IMRT;IMRT下为提高处方剂量对靶区覆盖率,视神经和视交叉的限制剂量或许可以适当放宽。     

Stereotactic radiotherapy using Novalis for skull base metastases developing with cranial nerve symptoms

Skull base metastases are challenging situations because they often involve critical structures such as cranial nerves. We evaluated the role of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) which can give high doses to the tumors sparing normal structures. We treated 11 cases of skull base metastases from other visceral carcinomas. They had neurological symptoms due to cranial nerve involvement including optic nerve (3 patients), oculomotor (3), trigeminal (6), abducens (1), facial (4), acoustic (1), and lower cranial nerves (1). The interval between the onset of cranial nerve symptoms and Novalis SRT was 1 week to 7 months. Eleven tumors of 8–112 ml in volume were treated by Novalis SRT with 30–50 Gy in 10–14 fractions. The tumors were covered by 90–95% isodose. Imaging and clinical follow-up has been obtained in all 11 patients for 5–36 months after SRT. Seven patients among 11 died from primary carcinoma or other visceral metastases 9–36 months after Novalis SRT. All 11 metastatic tumors were locally controlled until the end of the follow-up time or patient death, though retreatment for re-growth was done in 1 patient. In 10 of 11 patients, cranial nerve deficits were improved completely or partially. In some patients, the cranial nerve symptoms were relieved even during the period of fractionated SRT. Novalis SRT is thought to be safe and effective treatment for skull base metastases with involvement of cranial nerves and it may improve cranial nerve symptoms quickly.     

Fractionated radiosurgery for 9L gliosarcoma in the rat brain

PURPOSE: Fractionated radiosurgery is being carried out in the clinic to improve the therapeutic ratio of single-dose radiosurgery using various fractionation schemes. Because there is a paucity of experimental radiobiological data in the literature on the tumor response and late-responding normal tissue of critical intracranial structures to radiosurgery, the present animal study was designed to compare the response following a single high dose of radiation with that obtained from calculated fractionated doses of radiosurgery. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Male Fischer rats with 9L gliosarcoma growing in their brains were stereotactically irradiated and assayed for the tumor control rate and brain tissue damage. The radiation dose needed for 50% tumor control (TCD50) was used as the endpoint of the efficacy of radiosurgery. Normal brain damage was measured histologically following a period of time over 270 days. Histological evaluation included hematoxylin-eosin (H & E), Luxol fast blue and periodic acid Schiff (LFB/PAS) for the presence of myelin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for the assessment of astrocytic re-activity. The optical density of optic nerves and chiasms staining with LFB/PAS was quantitatively measured using a computer image analysis to assess the magnitude of demyelination. RESULTS: Radiosurgery (RS) was found to be more effective in curing small tumors than large tumors. The dose required to control 50% of the tumored animals for 120 days was 24, 31, and 40 Gy for 2-, 6-, and 12-day-old tumors, respectively. Using 12-day-old brain tumors, two fractions of 23.5 Gy and three fractions of 18.5 Gy were found to be equivalent to the single dose of 35 Gy for tumor control. For normal brain damages, the visual pathways including optic nerves and chiasm were found to be highly radiosensitive structures. A single dose of 35 Gy produced 100% severe optic neuropathy. The fractionated RS regimens spared substantial optic nerve damage. CONCLUSION: The present data provide a strong radiobiological rationale for the use of fractionated RS in the treatment of tumors located near critical normal structures, including visual pathways. The sparing effect of fractionated RS is greater for late-responding tissues, relative to the rapidly proliferating tumor tissues. This report also characterizes the dose/time tolerance relationship of optic neuropathy after single and fractionated RS.     

Stereotactic radiotherapy using Novalis for craniopharyngioma adjacent to optic pathways

Craniopharyngioma has benign histological character. However, because of proximity to optic pathways, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus, it may cause severe and permanent damage to such critical structures and can even be life threatening. Total surgical resection is often difficult. This study aims to evaluate treatment results of Novalis stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for craniopharyngioma adjacent to optic pathways. Ten patients (six men, four women) with craniopharyngioma and median age of 56.5 years (range 10–74 years) were treated by SRT using Novalis from July 2006 through March 2009. Median volume of tumor was 7.9 ml (range 1.1–21 ml). Three-dimensional noncoplanar five- or seven-beam SRT or coplanar five-beam SRT with intensity modulation was performed. Total dose of 30–39 Gy in 10–15 fractions (median 33 Gy) was delivered to the target. Ten patients were followed up for 9–36 months (median 25.5 months). Response rate was 80% (8/10), and control rate was 100%. Improvement of neurological symptoms was observed in five patients. No serious complications due to SRT were found. SRT for craniopharyngioma may be a safe and effective treatment. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine long-term tumor control or late complications.     

垂体瘤立体定向放射外科治疗临床观察

 目的　分析报告微小垂体腺瘤 SRS治疗观察结果。方法　 94年 8月至 98年 8月对1 8例经挑选的垂体瘤实施了 SRS治疗。中位肿瘤最大直径为 1 0 mm,中位年龄 34岁 ,中位肿瘤边缘剂量 2 0 Gy。结果　 87.5% (1 4/1 6)的病例获得临床症状改善 ,1 2 .5% (2 /1 6)无变化。影象学观察结果显示 37.5% (6/1 6)肿瘤缩小 ;56.3% (9/1 6)肿瘤体积无变化。 2 1 .4% (3/1 4)激素水平在 SRS治疗后 1年降至正常 ,57.1 % (8/1 4)激素水平有所下降 ,2 1 .4% (3/1 4)未变。结论　肿瘤周边剂量1 8～ 2 2 Gy为安全有效的治疗剂量。建议谨慎掌握对年轻病人 SRS剂量 ,对体积较大、有明显侵袭性、紧贴视神经的垂体瘤应以显微外科或者立体定向分次照射为首选治疗手段。